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Suppose we want to find the area under the curve and above the x-axis, from x = 1 to x = 3
. So far, we have no tools to find an exact answer, so the best we can do is an
approximation. To do this, we need to divide the region into rectangles and find the area
of each rectangle. The area under the curve is approximately equal to the sum of the
areas of the rectangles.
To see this, let’s divide the region above into two rectangles, one from x = 1 to x = 2 and
the other from x = 2 to x = 3, where the top of each rectangle comes just under the curve.
Notice that the width of each rectangle is 1. The height of the left rectangle is found by
plugging 1 into the equation y = x 2 + 2 (yielding 3); the height of the right rectangle is
found by plugging 2 into the same equation (yielding 6). The combined area of the two
rectangles is 9, so we could say that the area under the curve is approximately 9 square
units.
This is a rough approximation that significantly underestimates the actual area. Look at
how much of the area we missed by using two rectangles. To get a better approximation,
we’ll use more, thinner rectangles.
This time, cut up the region into four rectangles, each with width of ½.
Now find the height of each rectangle the same way as before. Notice that the values we
use are the left endpoints of each rectangle. Calculate the heights below:
Notice how each of the rectangles is inscribed in the region. Suppose we used
circumscribed rectangles instead – that is, we could determine the height of each
rectangle by the higher of the two y-values, not the lower. Then the region, divided into
four rectangles would look like this:
To find the area, we could still use the width of ½, but the heights would change. The
heights of each rectangle are now found by plugging in the right endpoint of each
rectangle. Do that below:
Now that we’ve found the area using the rectangles a few times, let’s turn the method into
a formula. Call the left endpoint of the interval a and the right endpoint of the interval b.
Suppose we divide the region into n rectangles. Then the width of each rectangle is
b-a
. The height of the first inscribed rectangle is y0 , the height of the second
n
inscribed rectangle is y1 , the height of the third is y2 , and so on, up to the last rectangle,
which has a height of yn -1 .
If we use the left endpoint of each rectangle, the area under the curve is this:
�b - a �
A �� ( y0 + y1 + y2 + y3 + K + yn-1 ) .
�
�n �
If we use the right endpoint of each rectangle, the area under the curve is this:
�b - a �
A �� ( y1 + y2 + y3 + K + yn ) .
�
�n �
To get better approximations of the area, we make more, thinner rectangles. This is done
by letting n approach infinity; that is, we create an infinite number of rectangles that are
infinitesimally thin. The formula for “left-endpoint” rectangles becomes
�b - a �
A = lim � ( y0 + y1 + y2 + y3 + K + yn-1 ) .
�
n ��
�n �
�b - a �
A = lim � ( y1 + y2 + y3 + K + yn ) .
�
n ��
�n �
To find the height of each rectangle, we would still use the width of ½, but the heights
would now be found by plugging the midpoint of each interval into the equation. I’ve
done the arithmetic for you:
2 2 2 2
�5 � 57 �7 � 81 �9 � 113 � 11 � 153
� �+ 2 = , � �+ 2 = , � �+ 2 = , � �+ 2 =
�4 � 16 �4 � 16 �4 � 16 �4 � 16
Multiply each height by ½ to get the area of each such rectangle, and add them up:
The general formula for approximating the area under a curve using midpoints is
�b - a � � �
A �� � �y 1 + y 3 + y 5 + K + y 2 n -1 �. Note the fractional subscript. It means to
�n � �2 2 2 2 �
evaluate the function at the number halfway between each integral pair of values of n.
The Trapezoidal Rule
Another method that’s even better than the rectangle method is the trapezoidal method.
Basically, all you do is divide the region into trapezoids instead of rectangles. We’ll use
the same problem and apply the trapezoidal rule.
1
A= ( b1 + b2 ) h .
2
Remember also that b1 and b2 are the two bases of the trapezoid. Finally, remember that
the bases of a trapezoid are considered the two sides which are parallel.
�1 � 17 �1 � �1 �17 �1 � �1 � 33 �1 � �1 �33 �1 � 51
3+ �
� g� g �+ � g� + 6 �g �+ � g�
6+ � g �+ � g� + 11�g �= = 12.75 .
�2 � 4 �2 � �2 �4 �2 � �2 � 4 �2 � �2 �4 �2 � 4
101
Recall that the “midpoint” value of the area is = 12.625 . The Trapezoid Rule gives a
8
similar approximation.
Notice how each trapezoid shares a base with the trapezoid before it, except for the end
ones. This enables us to simplify the formula for the Trapezoid Rule. Each trapezoid has
a height equal to the length of the interval, divided by the number of trapezoids we use.
If the interval is from x = a to x = b, and the number of trapezoids is n, then the height of
b-a
each trapezoid is , and our formula becomes:
n
1 �b - a �
A� � ( y0 + 2 y1 + 2 y2 + 2 y3 + K + 2 yn -1 + yn ) .
�
2� n �
Example
Approximate the area under the curve y = x 3 from x = 2 to x = 3 using each of the
following:
Solution:
1
a) The width of each rectangle is
. The heights of the rectangles are:
4
3 3 3
�9 � 729 �5 � 125 � 11 � 1331
( 2 ) = 8 , � �=
3
, � �= , and � �=
�4 � 64 �2 � 8 �4 � 64
1 1 729 � 1 �
125 � 1 �
1331 � 893
( 8) + �� �+ � �+ � �= �13.953
4 4 �64 � 4 �8 � 4 �64 � 64
1
b) The width of each rectangle is still
. However, the heights of the rectangles are:
4
3 3 3
�9 � 729 �5 � 125 � 11 � 1331
, and ( 3) = 27
3
� �= , � �= , � �=
�4 � 64 �2 � 8 �4 � 64
1 �729 � 1 �
125 � 1 �
1331 � 1 1197
� �+ � �+ � �+ ( 27 ) = �18.703
4 �64 � 4 �8 � 4 �64 � 4 64
1
c) The width of each rectangle is still . However, the heights of the rectangles are:
4
3 3 3 3
�17 � �
19 � �21 � �23 �
� �, � �, � �, and � �
�8 � �8 � �8 � �8 �
3 3 3 3
1� 17 � 1 �
19 � 1 �21 � 1 �23 � 2075
� �+ � �+ � �+ � �= �16.211
4 �8 � 4 �8 � 4 �8 � 4 �8 � 128
b-a 3- 2 1
d) First, find the height of each trapezoid by using . The height is = .
n 4 4
�3
1 �1 �
3 3
�9 � �5 � � 11 � 3 � 1045
3
A� � � �2 + 2 � �+ 2 � �+ 2 � �+ 3 �= �16.328
�
2 �4 � �4 � �2 � �4 � � 64
� � .
HOMEWORK
10. Approximate the area under the curve y = 2 x - x 2 from x = -1 to x = 1 using the
Trapezoid Rule with n = 4 .
11. Approximate the area under the curve y = 2 x - x 2 from x = -1 to x = 1 using the
Midpoint Formula with n = 4 .
Answers:
893
1. �13.953
64
1197
2. �18.703
64
2075
3. �16.211
128
27
4. = 6.75
4
31
5. = 7.75
4
29
6. = 7.25
4
59
7. = 7.375
8
17
8. = 0.53125
32
25
9. = 0.78125
32
21
10. = 0.65625
32
43
11. = 0.671875
64