Aim of experiment:

To determine the concentration of an external solution that is isotonic to cell sap

of the potato cells.

Problem statement:
What is the concentration of external solution which is isotonic to cell sap of
potato cells.

Hypothesis :
The higher the concentration of external solution, the lower the percentage
change in the final mass of potato strips.

Variables:
(i) Manipulated variable : Concentration of external solution
(ii) Responding variable : Percentage change in the final mass of potato strips.
(iii) Constant variable : Volume of solution.

Materials :

A fresh potato, distilled water, tissue paper, 0.1M, 0.2M, 0.3M, 0.4M, 0.5M,and
0.6M sucrose solutions.

Apparatus :

Small beakers, a cork borer, a scapel, a pair of forceps, a ruler, an electronic

balance, and stopwatch.

Technique :

The percentage change in the final mass of potato strips is measured using an
electronic balance and recorded in the table.

Procedure :

1. Seven small beakers is label as dw, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6.

2. Each small beakers from dw - 0.6 is filled with distilled water, 0.1Msucrose
solution , 0.2M sucrose solution, 0.3M sucrose solution, 0.4Msucrose
solution, 0.5M sucrose solution, 0.6M sucrose solution.
3.Use a cork borer to remove seven cylindrical strips from a potato.

4.A scalpel is use to trim the potato to a length of 1cm each.

5.Each potato strip is dry with tissue paper before weighing it.

6.The potato strips is weigh three by three for each beaker for the initial mass of
potato strips.

7.The set that contain three potato strips each is put on each beaker that label dw
until 0.6.

8.Remove each potato strips from its respective beakers after 20 minit pass and
dry it, and weigh it again for final mass of the potato strips.

9.The result is recorded.

Percentage Final Mass

–

Initial Masschange in mass = --------------------------------

- x 100%of potato strips Initial mass of potato

10.A graph of the percentage change in mass of potato strips against the
concentration of the external(sucrose) solution is plot.

Precaution step : Do not place the potato strips on the tissue more than 50 seconds

Teacher signature _________________________(NOR HANANIE BT.

ABDULLAH)

Result :

Concentration Mass of Potato Differencein Mass differenceInitial

of external solution strip(g) Percentage(%) Final
0.0

(distilled water)

2.5 2.72 0.22 8.80.1 2.54 2.74 0.20 7.90.2 2.18 2.38 0.20 9.20.3 2.64 2.84 0.20 7.
60.4 2.83 3.00 0.17 6.00.5 2.61 2.44 - 0.17 - 6.50.6 2.53 2.29 - 0.24 - 9.5

Discussion : The result show that at external concentration of less 0.45

M the cell sap of potato tissue is hypertonic to external (sucrose) solution. When the external solution is
at 0.45M, the sap cell of potato tissue is isotonic to external (sucrose) solution. If the external (sucrose)
concentration isgreater than 0.45M, the cell sap of potato tissue is hypotonic toexternal(sucrose)
solution. So the texture and appearance on lessthan 0.45M is turgid and expanded. The expanded is
hard to seewioth naked eye but we can fell that the potato strip is getting harder.On the 0.45M solution,
the potato strip maintain it shape and whengreater than 0.45M the potato strip become flaccid and
plasmoly. Theaxes on the graph represent the change in percentange of the massof the potato strip.
The x axis represent external solution and the yaxis represent the percentage. The intersect at the
zero of the y axisthe the way to determine the isotonic of solution to the cell sap ofpotato. In the less
then 0.45M ,the osmosis occur as the water diffuseinto the cell sap. In the greater then 0.45M ,the
osmosis occur as thewater diffuse out to the cell sap. In the 0.45M solution, no net
watermovement.Conclusion : Based on the graph, it support the hypothesis and the concentrationof
the cell sap of potato tissueis estimated to be 0.45M.Thehypothesis is accepted.

Question 1
a(i) Observation 1 :The change in length of potato strips in 0.1 M concentration of
sucrosesolution is +0.25 cm.Observation 2:The change in length of potato strips in 0.4
M concentration of sucrosesolution is
–
0.30 cm.(ii) Inference 1:There is an increase in length of potato strip in 0.1M sucrose solution
becausethis solution is hypotonic to the cell sap of the potato cells. Water diffuses into the cell
sap of the potato cells by osmosis.Inference 2:There is a decrease in length of potato strip in
0.4M sucrose solution because thissolution is hypertonic to the cell sap of the potato cells. Water
diffuses out of the cell sap of the potato cells by osmosis.b) As the concentration of the sucrose
solution increases, the length of potato strips decreases.The concentration of the sucrose that did
not cause any change in length of the potato isisotonic to the cell sap of the potato.c) (i) &
(ii)Concentrationof sucrosesolution (M)Length of potato strips (cm)Change inlength of potato
strips(cm)Initial
Final1 2 Mean 1 2 Mean0.1 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.30 5.20 5.25 +0.250.2 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.10 5.10 5.10 +
0.100.3 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.90 4.90 4.90 -0.100.4 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.60 4.80 4.70 -0.30d) (i)
Concentration of the sucrose solution(ii) Length of the potato strip(iii) Temperature// Soaking
time //Type of potato//Size and shape of potato(e) (i) Use different concentration of sucrose
solution(ii) Measure and record the initial and final length of potato strips using a ruler.(iii) Fix
the surrounding temperature to be constant // Fix the soaking time to be 30 minutesfor all the
experiments.

f)g) 0.25 M. There is no change in the length of the potato strips at this concentration. Thismeans
the rate of movement of water molecules in and out of the potato cells is the same.(h) (i)
Osmosis(ii) The cell sap of the potato (0.25M) is hypertonic to the 0.2 M sucrose solution.
Watermolecules from the 0.2M sucrose solution move into the vacuoles of the potato cells,
causingthe vacuoles to exert pressures on the cytoplasm. The cells swell and lengthens
the potatostrips.i)

Osmosis is movement of water molecules in or out of the potato strips whichcauses the change in
length of potato strips which is affected by the concentrationof the sucrose solution in which the
potato strips are immersed.
2. a)(i) Solution X is hypotonic to the cell sap of potato cells. Water molecules fromsolutionX
move into the vacuoles of the potato cells by osmosis. The enlargedvacuole will pushagainst the
cytoplasm, causing the cells to inflate. This causes the potato strip to lengthen.(ii) Solution Y
is isotonic to the cell sap of potato cells. The rate of movement ofwatermolecules in and out of
the cells is the same. Therefore, there is no change in length of thestrip.(iii) Solution Z
is hypertonic to the cell sap of potato cells. Water molecules out fromthevacuoles of the potato
cells by osmosis. The cells shrinks and plasmolysis takes place.(b)(i) Hard(ii) Soft(c) The use of
excessive fertilizers will increase the osmotic concentration in the soil water,causing water
molecules to move out from the root hairs. The plant will wilt and die.Section B3 a)
Simple diffusion
- Movement of molecules in gas or liquid from a region of highconcentration to a region of lower
concentration.
Facilitated diffusion
- Movement of big molecules along a concentration gradient with thehelp of protein
carriers across the plasma membrane.
Osmosis
- Movement of water molecules from a region of less concentrated solution to aregion of more
concentrated solution across a semi-permeable membrane.
Active transport
- Movement of particles across the plasma membrane against theconcentration gradient with the
help of protein carriers and the presence of energy from ATP.b)
Active transport

Osmosis
Active transport needsenergyOsmosis does not needenergyActive transport involvesthe
movements of molecules or ions against aconcentration gradient.Osmosis transport involvesthe
movements of watermolecules along aconcentration gradient.Active transport takesplaces
through the plasmamembrane of a living cell.Osmosis takes placesthrough a semi-
permeablemembrane.Active transport needsprotein carriersOsmosis does not needprotein carriers
4.(a) Plasma membrane is selectively permeable. It permits lipid-soluble molecules such
asglycerol, vitamins A, D, E and K to move across. Small, uncharged molecules such as
watermove freely across. Large molecules such as glucose and amino acids move across theplasma membrane
with the aid of carrier proteins. Larger molecules such as starch cannotmove across the
plasma membrane.(b) Plasma membrane consists of phospholipids bilayer and proteins.
Phospholipid moleculeconsists of a polar head which is hydrophilic and a pair of non-polar fatty
acid tails which ishydrophobic. Two types of proteins are pore proteins and transport
proteins.Plasma membrane is semi-permeable which allows certain substances to move in and
outfreely. Small, uncharged molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide move freely
throughthe phospholipids bilayer through simple diffusion.Water molecules which are attracted
to the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipids moveacross through osmosis.Lipid-soluble
molecules such as fatty acids and ethanol dissolve in the lipid bilayer and moveacross through
simple diffusion.Large, water-soluble molecules such as glucose and amino acids require the
aid of transportproteins to move them across the plasma membrane through facilitated diffusion
or activetransport.Ions such as K+ and Na+ are transported across the plasma membrane through
facilitateddiffusion or active transport with the help of transport proteins.c) Vegetables soak in
salt solution which is hypertonic to the cell sap of vegetable cells.Harmful insecticides or
fungicides which had been sprayed on the vegetables earlier diffuseout of the cells to the
salt solution. Water from the cell sap in the vacuole also diffuses out thesalt solution through
osmosis. The vegetables become flaccid. This action cleans thevegetables of harmful insecticides
but causes the vegetables to be flaccid and soft.

Procedures A
1 Seven petri dishes/boiling tubes were labeled A, B, C, D, E, F and G.
2 Each petri dish was filled with sucrose solution as follows:

Petri dish/boiling tubes Sucrose solution

20 ml of distilled water

A B 20 ml of 0.1 M sucrose solutionC 20 ml of 0.2 M sucrose solutionD 20 ml of 0.3 M sucrose

solutionE 20 ml of 0.4 M sucrose solutionF 20 ml of 0.5 M sucrose solutionG 20 ml of 0.6 M su
crose solution3 A cork borer was used to obtain 21 cylindrical strips of potato. Each strip was cut
toa length of 5cm each.4 Each strip was weighed to obtain the initial mass and the results were
recorded.5 3 strips were placed in the respective petri dish and was left for 30 minutes.6 The
strips were taken out and dried with filter paper.7 The strips were weighed again to obtain the
average final mass.8 The results were recorded in a table.9 The graph of concentration of sucrose
solution against change in mass of the stripwas plotted.Precautions:1.

Dry the potato strips thoroughly with filter paper.

Presentation of data

Concentrationof sucrosesolution (M)

Average initialmass of strip (g)

Average finalmass of strip (g)

Change in massof strip (g)

0.0 M0.1 M0.2 M0.3 M0.4 M0.5 M0.6 M
Procedure B
 1 Seven petri dishes/boiling tubes were labeled A, B, C, D, E, F and G.2 Each petri dish was
filled with sucrose solution as follows:
Petri dish/boiling tubes

Sucrose solution
A 20 ml of distilled waterB 20 ml of 0.1 M sucrose solutionC 20 ml of 0.2 M sucrose solutionD
20 ml of 0.3 M sucrose solutionE 20 ml of 0.4 M sucrose solutionF 20 ml of 0.5 M sucrose soluti
onG 20 ml of 0.6 M sucrose solution3 A cork borer was used to obtain 21 cylindrical strips
of potato. Each strip was cut to alength of 5cm each.4 3 strips were placed in the respective petri
dish and were left for 30 minutes.5 The strips were taken out and dried with filter paper.6 The
strips were measured again to obtain the average final length.7 The results were recorded in a
table.8 The graph of concentration of sucrose solution against change in length of the stripwas
plotted.
Precautions:1. Dry the potato strips thoroughly with filter paper.
Presentation of data

Concentrationof sucrosesolution (M)

Average initiallength of strip(cm)

Average finallength of strip(cm)

Change inlength of strip(cm)
0.0 M0.1 M0.2 M0.3 M0.4 M0.5 M0.6 M

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