A Project On:

Biodiversity
Prepared By:
Bhatu Tanvi M.
Guided By:
Dr. B. A. Jadeja Sir
Academic Year
2017-2018
Botany Department
M.D.Science College,
Porbandar
 MAHARSHI DAYANAND SCIENCE COLLEGE
PORBANDAR

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project work entitled
"Biodiversity"

Prepared By:
Bhatu Tanvi M.

As the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of

Degree of "Bacheloer of Science" (Majoring in Botany)
at
Botany Department

M.D. Science College - Porbandar

&
Is a record of their own work carried out by them under our
supervision during the academic year 2017-2018.

Date: / /2018 Internal Guide

Place: Porbandar
Dr. B. A. Jadeja
Examiners Signature
 DECLARATION

I Undersigned Bhatu Tanvi M. student of T.Y. B.Sc. Sem.6,

M.D. Science College, Porbandar. Hereby declare that the

project work is my own work and has been carried out under

the guidance of Prof. B. A. Jadeja, Lecturer of M.D. Science

College, Porbandar. This has not been submitted to any other

university for securing any other examination.

Date: / /2018

Signature of Student

Bhatu Tanvi M.
 Acknowledgement

"it gives us immense pleasure and deep satisfaction to in

presenting this report of the Project".
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to
our Prof. B.A. Jadeja, who gave the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project on the topic Biodiversity, which also
helped us in doing a lot of Research and we came to know about
so many new things, we are really thankful to them. Secondly we
would also like to thank our parents and friends who helped us a
lot in finishing this project within the limited time. We are
making this project not only for marks but to also increase our
knowledge.
Thanks again to all who helped us.

Thank You,

Bhatu Tanvi M.
 Title: Common Fruit Crops
INDEX
1. Introductions

2. Classification of Fruits

3. Observations

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Uses and Composition

3.3 Origin and Distribution

3.4 Soil

3.5 Climate

3.6 Cultivates (Varieties)

3.7 Propagation

3.8 Irrigation
AIM

1. To Study the Fruits

2. To Study origin and distribution of Fruits & Crops

3. To study the Importance and nutrition value of Fruits Crops

4. To study of Varieties (is available) in Fruits Crops

5. To study the maturing of Fruits Crops

Use

1. To Study the Fruits

Result

 Rainsed crop yield about 12 to 16 quintals 4K/ha and irrigated

crop yields about 25 to 36 quintals 1 ha.

References:

 Economic Botany - Book

 Horticulture - Book - Saras Publication

 https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki>fruit

 www.culturaindia.net>national-symbols

 www.localhistories.org>fruits

 https://www.healthyeating.org>fruits

 https://www.organicsacts.net>fruits

INTRODUCTION
Fruits are undoubtedly an integral part of human's food, and are
prized as a source of refreshment, for their delightful flavour and
aroma. Their history is perhaps as old as that of Adam, Eve and the
forbidden apple. Fruits formed an important part of food of pre-
historic nomads. Many fruits find reference in ancient literature. The
records dating back to 7000 B.C. indicate that date palm was perhaps
the earliest fruits cultivated by man. Pomegranate was grwon as early
as 3500 B.C. References to peach and almond are found in Egyptian
manuscripts written around 1300 B.C. Mention of several fruits like
amla, bael, wild dates, figs, grapes, karonda, lemon, mango, mulberry,
orange, phalsa, banana and pomegranate are made in early medical
works in Sanskrit, the Charaka Samhita and the Sushruta Samhita.
Vriksha Ayurveda, written in 1392 deals with fruit culture and
propagation, including graftage.
The early man used wild fruits as food, but with the advancement of
civilization he started cultivation of some important and useful fruits.
Now fruit cultivation is highly profitable enterprise. Pomology, a
separate branch of horticulture, deals with cultivation of fruits. Today,
fruits are absolutely essential for the maintenance of health. They are
rich in carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins, and are an integral part
of the balanced diet of man. They are an important source of both
digestible and indigestible carbohydrates, Digestible carbohydrates
are present largely in the form of sugars and starches, and indigestible
cellulose and pectic materials provide roughage which is essential for
proper functioning of digestive system.
The Cultivation of fruit crops in large number in farms is known as
Fruit Culture. This is also called Pomology. It is aimed at increasing
the fruit production of a country to meet the requirement of protective
foods. It is dealing with cultivation, harvesting, post-harvest handling
and processing of fruits.
India has 13 different agroclimatic regions, each of which is best for
growing some fruit crops. Therefore, almost all types of fruits-tropical
and temperate fruits-can be grown in one or other part of the country.
India is the second largest producer of fruits (41.50 million
tonners/year). China ranks first in the World's fruit production.
In India about 3.35 million hectares area is under the cultivation of
fruit crops. India ranks first in the production of mango (26.05%) ,
banana (30.24%) and sapota. Uttar Pradesh (23.89%) ranks first in
total area under fruit cultivation, followd by Assam (10.22%).
In Tamilnadu, nearly 1.600 lakh hectares area is under fruit
cultivation, which accounts 6% of the total fruit growing area in India.
Banana, mandarins, limes, lemons, grapes, guava, mango, sapota, etc
are major fruit crops cultivated in Tamilnadu.
In recent years, fruit culture becomes more and more scientific in
terms of improved varieties and advanced cultural practices being
adopted to grow the crops. The cultural practices are standardized
region wise for each and every fruit crop to increase the search
Institutes of ICAR have been taking much efforts in developing
improved techniques for the cultivation of fruit culture and fruit
production have been increasing year-by-year.
CLASSIFCATION OF FRUITS
Botanically, the fruit is a mature of ripened ovary. Generally, ovary
alone grows into a fruit, but at times other accessory parts like calyx,
thalamus, etc. are also involved in false fruit of apple, pear etc. Fruits
have been classified in several ways like on the basis of the number of
ovaries involved and on climatic adaptability.
Classification based on the number of ovaries involved in fruit
formation
Fruits are classified into three groups on the basis:
1. Simple fruits: Simple fruits are developed from a single ovary.
They may be dry or fleshy and dehiscent or indehiscent.
2. Aggregate fruits: Aggregate fruits develop from several ovaries
(free carpals) of the same flower. The individual ovaries develop
into a drupe or an achene.
3. Multiple or composite fruits: Multiple fruits are developed from
a whole inflorescence.
Classification based on climatic adaptability
On the basis of climatic adaptability fruits are classified into the
following three categories:
1. Temperate fruits: These fruits grow in cold climate and the
plants are generally deciduous, e.g. apple, pear, peach etc...
2. Tropical fruits: These fruits grow in tropical climate and are
extremely sensitive to low temperatures. The plants are
evergree. Mango, sapota, pine apple, custard apple, etc. are
some examples of tropical fruits.
3. Sub-tropical fruits: These fruits grow in sub-tropical climate and
can withstand a low temperature. The plants may be deciduous
or evergreen. Litchi, pomegranate, jujube, loquat, date palm,
 grapes and jambolan are some examples of the sub-tropical
fruits.
India has a variety of agro-climatic conditions, where all types
of fruits-temperate, tropical and sub-tropical can be grown. Many
fruits, such as banana, mango and citrus, are indigenous to India,
while other have been introduced. In the Himalayas temperate fruits
can be grown most successfully from Kashmir to the hills or Uttar
Pradesh.
India has a large range of varieties of fruits in its basket and
accounts for 10 per cent of world's total fruit production. India is the
largest producer of mango, banana, cheeku and acid lime. About 39
per cent of world's mango and 23 per cent of world's banana is
produced in the country. In grapes, India has recorded the highest
productivity per unit area in the world. Some important fruit crops are
described in the following pages.