SHAHIDALI M KHAKI AGA KHAN ACADEMY Msa D-2352-019

1.
a. MOST:- white-throated sparrow
LEAST:- American Robin
b. [(29.8-28.3)/28.3]*100= 5.3%
c. The mass change in the MW is greater both positively (in site 1—being
around 0.5) and negatively (in site2 – being around -0.5), than HT, who’s
mass increased +0.38 in site 1, and -0.18 in site 2.
d. The mass change in HTs was rather smll, yet very accurate, very close to
the mean, therefore having a small error bar. However, in ARs, the
change is big, but the error bar is just as big, showing that there was a
wider range of mass changes.
e. Generally, all the birds had a higher level of triglyceride in site 1 than in
site 2. HT having the highest levels, around 1.5, and MW having the
lowest, almost 1.2)
f. The triglyceride levels were very high, but more in site one than in site
two. The butyrate levels are much higher in site two than in site 1. this
shows that the higher availability of food allows form more fat to store,
and the abundance of food causes less need for fasting.
g. The hypothesis can be confirmed because, in site 1, there is a greater
mean mass of the birds than in site 2, also, the mean mass change in site
one is far greater than the mean mass change in site two, the pattern is
seen both seasonal, and over 17 years. Also, higher levels of triglyceride
are seen in site 1 than in site 2, showing that there is more fat deposition
in the birds in site 1, than site 2. Also, a lower level of butyrate in site 1
than site 2, shows less need of fasting/using up of energy in site one than
site two, showing that food is more abundant in site 1 than site 2.
h. ADVANTAGE: it is more accurate than when weighing
DISADVANTAGE: more expensive, and takes more time
2.
a.
i. Original length0.2*10.8/1.5=1.44um
magnification=diagram/original=10.8(104)/1.44=75000x

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ii. 0.2*0.8/1.5=0.1067um
b. If there is a tear in tissue, or break in bone, the surrounding cells divide
through mitosis to repair it. Also, after fertilization, the embryo divides
through mitosis, and develops until the baby is fully formed.
c.
d.
i.
ii. Development of sex organs, and the changes undergone during
adolescence (voice breaking, shooting up(growth), etc)
3.
a. they are bonded to each other by hydrogen bonding, and covalently
bonded to the pentose sugar.
b. The breaking of hydrogen bonds between molecules is endothermic, and
absorbs a lot of energy to be able to evaporate, and so when they do
evaporate, it causes a cooling effect on the organism.
c. GlucoseLactate + energy
4.
a. Because, if they are carriers, that means that the trait, which is x linked,
is not ‘implemented’. That means, the person must be a male, because
then he would have a Y and an X(which carries the gene)
b.
i.
I Bacterium
II
ii.

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SECTION B

7.
a)

b) in interphase, after the 2 sister cromatids are formed, the chromosomes are
very close together, and overlap. When they overlap, where they overlap is
called the chiasmata. This is shown below:

chiasmata
B A
here crossing over occurs:

chiasmata

A B

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and therefore two new chromosomes are found:

A B

c) Downs syndrome is caused when there are 3 chromatids in the 21st

chromosome. This is when there was an extra chromatid from the father or
the mother’s genes. Thus a problem in meiosis. There are 2 places where the
problem could have occurred. The first one is in anaphase 1. This is where
the spindle fibers pull a cromatids to their direction to separate the sister
chromatids. If this happens, meiosis will continue, and in telophase 2, one of
the new cells would have an extra chromosome. Another area where this
could happen is in anaphase 2. Here, again, if the spindle fiber pulls both
chromatids, instead of one, after telophase, the cell will have an extra
chromatid. This cell will go on, and fuse with the other gamete, and the
zygote will have an extra chromatid, causing downs syndrome. The pulling
of an extra chromatid would be a result of the spindle fiber in prophase 2
attaching to an extra chromatid. It is shown in the diagram below:

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8)
a. When CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere increase, more UV light is
trapped by its bonds, and then thrown back in the form of infrared/heat, within the
atmosphere, and thus enhancing the greenhouse effect, and thickening the naturally
caused blanket of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. However, it is not as direct as
that. The CO2 could be absorbed by plants, thus not affecting the greenhouse effect.
Also, CO2 is not the only greenhouse gas, so even if it’s concentration increases, but
another greenhouse gas decreases in concentration, there may not be an effect on the
green house effect.
b. A long time ago, medicines were let into the market, and used after only
seeing its benefits. This allowed drugs that had dangerous side effects to
be openly used, causing many problems, including deaths. The
precautionary principle means that when a medicine is found, the scientist
has to prove that it does not have any dangerous side effects, before it can
be released into the market. It is first clinically tested in the lab, and then
tested on animals, then on volunteers, to prove that it is safe.
This is to make sure that drugs like Thalidomide, which was only tested
for its beneficial properties, and had adverse effects on the fetuses, do not
get released into the market.
c. Another basic example of this is the fly’s resistance to bug spray. The
company DOOM in Kenya has had to continuously develop new
compositions for bug sprays because the insects keep on becoming
immune. Especially the insects which reproduce quickly like flies. This is
how it happens.
Firstly, some flies have immunity through mutation. However, this
mutation(s) happen over time, and generations, where small mutations
continue to ‘build up’ and this is usually just one or two flies. These
immune flies survive the ‘spraying’. As they reproduce, they continue to
pass on the genes to be able to become immune. This takes some time,

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and after generations, a community of immune flies is formed. Due to

their rapid reproduction rate, this happens quickly.

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