Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Submitted by
NIKITA BUBERA
MADHAVI GAWLI
SHEETAL KHEDKAR
SUPRIYA BHOIR
Submitted to
2012-2013
DEFINITION:-
Biodiversity Or Biological Diversity is the variation of
taxonomic life forms within a given ecosystem,
biome, or for the entire Earth.
Species Diversity:-
Variability found within the population of a
species or between different species of
community.
Represents broadly the species richness and
their abundance in a community.
Approximately 13.92 million species on earth.
It is the most basic way to keep an account of
biodiversity.
Ecosystem Diversity:-
Ecological complexity showing variation in
ecological niches, tropic structure, food webs,
nutrient cycling etc.
Variations exit with respect to physical parameters
like moisture, temperature, altitude, precipitation
etc.
It is describe for a specific geographical region or
country or state or district.
Example:-
Forest Ecosystem – Dominance of Trees
Tropical Rain Forest
Tropical Deciduous Forest
Temperature Deciduous Forest
Coniferous Forest
India’s Bio Geographic Zones:-
Fuel
Forests used for Fuel Wood.
Fossil fuels Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas are also
products of fossilized Biodiversity.
Productive use value
Ethical value
Ethical issues like “all life must be preserved ”.
Based on the concept of “Live and Let Live”.
Aesthetic value
Eco- tourism
“willingness to pay” concept
Eco-tourism is estimated to generate about 12
million dollars of revenue annually.
Option values
Indian Biodiversity
Every country is characterized by its own .
Diodiversity depending upon its climate.
India has rich biological diversity of flora and fauna.
6% of the global species are found in india.
Total no of species found in India is 150,000.
Out of a total of 25 biodiversity hotspots in the
world, India posses 2, one in the northen region and
one in the western ghats.
Regional Biodiversity
Four types- based upon their spatial distribution.
Point Richness- refers to the number of species that
can be found at a single point in a given space.
Alpha Richness- refers to the number of species
found in a small homogeneous area.
Beta Richness- refers to the rate of change of
species composition across different habitats.
Gamma Richness- refers to the rate of change
across large landscape gradients.
INDIA AS MEGA DIVERSITY NATION
India is one of the 12 mega diversity countries
in the world.
Australia
Brazil
China
Columbia
Ecuador
The United States
India
Indonesia
Madagascar
Mexico
Peru
The democratic Republic of Congo
Threats to Biodiversity
Extinction or elimination of a species is a natural
process of evolution.
However, the rate of loss of species in geological
past has been a slow process.
The process of extinction has become particular fast
in the recent years of human civilization
One of the estimates by E O. Wilson puts the figure
of extinction at 10,000 species per year.
The following are the Threats To Biodiversity:
1. Loss/Degradation of habitat
2. Overexploitation of resources
3. Pollution
4. Extinction of species due to aggressive
non-native species
5. Global environmental changes
Major Causes for loss of Biodiversity
Loss of Habitat- Destruction and loss of natural
habitat is the single largest cause of Biodiversity loss.
Billions of hectares of forests and grasslands
have cleared over the past 10,000 years.
Sometimes the loss of habitat is in installments
so that the habitat is divided in to small and
scattered patches- Habitat fragmentation.
Poaching – Illegal trade of wildlife products.
Ex Situ Conservation:-
This is done by establishment of gene banks, seed
banks, zoos, botanical gardens, culture collections
etc…
This type of conservation is mainly done for
conservation of crops varieties, the wild relatives of
crops and all the local varieties with the main
objective of conserving the total genetic variability of
the crop species for future crop improvement
programs.
The wild-life Conservation Programs in
India:-
Project Tiger:
This programs, with the support of WWF-
International, was launched by The Central
Government of India, in 1973. At beginning there
were nine Tiger Reserves and by 2001, this number
increased up to twenty seven, the number of tigers
also increased from 286 in 1972 to 1500 in 1998.
The project tiger has taught us that “Tiger can not
be protected in isolation, if the tiger is to be
protected, the whole of its habitat is required to be
protected.”
Crocodile Conservation:
This program was introduced in 1975.
The crocodile breeding canters were established in
their natural habitats.
Project Elephant:
This program was launched in 1992 mainly in North
and North-eastern, and south, regions, where their
natural habitats are available.
At present this program has been accepted by 12
states, with all the government effect, the habitats
of elephants are getting reduced; their migration
routs a are disrupted by the human activities.
It is a known fact that no single species can be
protected individually because all of these wild
species are interdependent as each others, so we
must protect the total ecosystem.
INDEX
Definition of Biodiversity
Levels of Biodiversity:
1. Genetic Biodiversity
2. Species Biodiversity
3. Ecosystem Biodiversity
India’s Bio Geographical Zones
Values of Biodiversity
Global Biodiversity
Indian Biodiversity
Regional Biodiversity
India as mega Diversity Nation
Hot Spot of Biodiversity
Global Hot Spot of Biodiversity
Threat to Biodiversity
Major Causes For loss of Biodiversity
Causes for Man-Wild Life Conflicts
Conservation Of Biodiversity
1. In-Situ Conservation
2. Ex-Situ Conservation
The wild-Life Conservation Programs in India
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.scribd.com – Chapter 4. Biodiversity and its
Conservation.
www.scribd.com – BIODIVERSITY AND ITS
CONSERVATION. PPT.
Book Of Environmental Studies- Dr. Ravikant Pagnis
(Tech-Max) semester V- Information Technology.