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1. Digital signal processing (DSP) involves processing signals in digital form using numerical calculations. It is used in applications like audio processing, radar, sonar, and seismology.
2. DSP evolved from using mainframe computers to specialized DSP chips that are optimized for numerical calculations. Single-chip DSPs then made DSP more affordable and easier to integrate into products.
3. DSP is now commonly used in applications like mobile phones, computers, CD players, hard drives, and more. It is used for tasks like signal compression, filtering noise, extracting information, and more.
1. Digital signal processing (DSP) involves processing signals in digital form using numerical calculations. It is used in applications like audio processing, radar, sonar, and seismology.
2. DSP evolved from using mainframe computers to specialized DSP chips that are optimized for numerical calculations. Single-chip DSPs then made DSP more affordable and easier to integrate into products.
3. DSP is now commonly used in applications like mobile phones, computers, CD players, hard drives, and more. It is used for tasks like signal compression, filtering noise, extracting information, and more.
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1. Digital signal processing (DSP) involves processing signals in digital form using numerical calculations. It is used in applications like audio processing, radar, sonar, and seismology.
2. DSP evolved from using mainframe computers to specialized DSP chips that are optimized for numerical calculations. Single-chip DSPs then made DSP more affordable and easier to integrate into products.
3. DSP is now commonly used in applications like mobile phones, computers, CD players, hard drives, and more. It is used for tasks like signal compression, filtering noise, extracting information, and more.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Verfügbare Formate
Als RTF, PDF, TXT herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
generally, however, a signal is a stream Digital signal processing is one of the of information representing anything brightest spots in the semiconductor from stock prices to data from a remote- business today, and one of the few deserving the title "breakthrough”. DSP is the processing of signal by Sensing satellite. The term "digital" digital means. This paper describes comes from "digit", meaning a number introduction to DSP, background, (you count with your fingers - your evolution. Now a days DSP is used in digits), so "digital" literally means audio signal processing, control numerical; the French word for digital is engineering, digital image processing, numerique. A digital signal consists of a and in speech processing. The paper stream of numbers, usually (but not includes a brief discussion of its necessarily) in binary form. The applications highlighting audio signal processing of a digital signal is done by processing, radar, sound navigation performing numerical calculations. and ranging and reflection seismology. 1.Analog and digital signals Keywords In many cases, the signal of interest is Transducer, Embedded controller, initially in the form of an analog Quantization, Psychoacoustics electrical voltage or current, produced INTRODUCTION for example by a microphone or some other type of transducer. In some DSP, or Digital Signal Processing, as the situations, such as the output from the term suggests, is the processing of readout system of a CD (compact disc) signals by digital means. A signal in this player, the data is already in digital context can mean a number of different form. An analog signal must be things. Historically the origins of signal converted into digital form before DSP processing are in electrical engineering, techniques can be applied. An analog and a signal here means an electrical electrical voltage signal, for example, signal carried by a wire or telephone can be digitized using an electronic circuit called an analog-to-digital The introduction of the microprocessor converter or ADC. This generates a in the late 1970's and early 1980's made digital output as a stream of binary it possible for DSP techniques to be used numbers whose values represent the in a much wider range of applications. electrical voltage input to the device at However, general-purpose each sampling instant. microprocessors such as the Intel x86 family are not ideally suited to the 2.Signal processing numerically-intensive requirements of DSP, and during the 1980's the Signals commonly need to be processed increasing importance of DSP led in a variety of ways. For example, the several major electronics manufacturers output signal from a transducer may well (such as Texas Instruments, Analog be contaminated with unwanted Devices and Motorola) to develop electrical "noise". The electrodes Digital Signal Processor chips - attached to a patient's chest when an specialized microprocessors with ECG is taken measure tiny electrical architectures designed specifically for voltage changes due to the activity of the the types of operations required in digital heart and other muscles. The signal is signal processing. (Note that the often strongly affected by "mains acronym DSP can variously mean pickup" due to electrical interference Digital Signal Processing, the term used from the mains supply. Processing the for a wide range of techniques for signal using a filter circuit can remove or processing signals digitally, or Digital at least reduce the unwanted part of the Signal Processor, a specialized type of signal. Increasingly nowadays, the microprocessor chip). Like a general- filtering of signals to improve signal purpose microprocessor, a DSP is a quality or to extract important programmable device, with its own information is done by DSP techniques native instruction code. DSP chips are rather than by analog electronics. capable of carrying out millions of floating point operations per second, and 3.Development of DSP like their better-known general-purpose The development of digital signal cousins, faster and more powerful processing dates from the 1960's with versions are continually being the use of mainframe digital computers introduced. DSPs can also be embedded for number-crunching applications such within complex "system-on-chip" as the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), devices, often containing both analog which allows the frequency spectrum of and digital circuitry. a signal to be computed rapidly. These techniques were not widely used at that 5.DSPs vs. Microprocessors time, because suitable computing equipment was generally available only DSPs differ from microprocessors in a in universities and other scientific number of ways. Microprocessors are research institutions. typically built for a range of general purpose functions, and normally run 4.Digital Signal Processors large blocks of software, such as (DSPs) operating systems like UNIX. Microprocessors aren't often called upon for real-time computation. Usually, they single-chip MOS (Metal-Oxide are at liberty to shuffle their workloads Semiconductor) DSPs. Cheaper and around and choose their own course of easier to design-in than building blocks, action, waiting to finish a printing job, these "monolithic" processors meant that for instance, before responding to a user digital signal processing could be cost- command. And though microprocessor effectively integrated into an array of has some numeric capabilities, they're ordinary products. The early single-chip nowhere near fleet enough for most DSP processors were relatively simple 16-bit applications. Where a microprocessor is devices, which, teamed with 8- or 10-bit well-rounded and versatile, the DSP is a ADCs, were suitable for low-speed single-minded specialist, racing through applications,neral-purpcoders such as a smaller range of functions at lightning talking toys, simple controllers, and speed. DSPs are often used as a type of vocoders; (voice encoding devices used "embedded controller," a processor that, in telecommunications). Since then, free accompanied by all necessary software, scale has broadened the market is built into a piece of equipment and is significantly. The company introduced dedicated to a single group of tasks. In the first 24-bit DSP56000 in 1987 and computer systems, DSPs may be the first 16-bit single-chip ADC in 1989. employed as attached processors, These chips have since been joined by assisting a general purpose host the 16-bit DSP56100 and DSP56800, microprocessor. 24-bit DSP56300 and DSP56600, 32-bit 96002, and together make up the first 6.DSP Evolution and only architecturally compatible line of 16-, 24- and 32-bit DSPs. Just a decade and a half ago, digital signal processing was more theory than 7.Applications of DSP practice. The only systems capable of doing signal processing were massive DSP technology is nowadays mainframes and supercomputers and commonplace in such devices as mobile even then, much of the processing was phones, multimedia computers, video done not in real time, but off-line in recorders, CD players, hard disc drive batches. For example, seismic data was controllers and modems, and will soon collected in the field, stored on magnetic replace analog circuitry in TV sets and tapes and then taken to a computing telephones. An important application of center, where a mainframe might take DSP is in signal compression and hours or days to digest the information. decompression. Signal compression is The first practical real-time DSP systems used in digital cellular phones to allow a emerged in the late 1970s and used greater number of calls to be handled bipolar "bit-slice" components. Large simultaneously within each local "cell". quantities of these building-block chips DSP signal compression technology were needed to design a system, at allows people not only to talk to one considerable effort and expense. Uses another but also to see one another on were limited to esoteric high-end their computer screens, using small technology, such as military and space video cameras mounted on the computer systems. The economics began to change monitors, with only a conventional in the early 80s with the advent of telephone line linking them together. In audio CD systems, DSP technology is used to perform complex error detection sequence of symbols, usually binary and correction on the raw data as it is numbers, which permits digital signal read from the CD. processing. It must be noted that all real world audio signals are continuous-time Although some of the mathematical analog signals. Therefore, sampling and theory underlying DSP techniques, such quantization must be applied to convert as Fourier and Hilbert Transforms, the continuous-time analog signal to a digital filter design and signal discrete-time digital representation. compression, can be fairly complex, the While such a conversion is lossy, most numerical operations required actually to modern audio systems use this approach implement these techniques are very as the techniques of digital signal simple, consisting mainly of operations processing are much more powerful and that could be done on a cheap four- efficient than analog domain signal function calculator. The architecture of a processing. DSP chip is designed to carry out such The focus in audio signal processing is operations incredibly fast, processing most typically a mathematical analysis hundreds of millions of samples every of which parts of the signal are audible. second, to provide real-time For example, a signal can be modified performance: that is, the ability to for different purposes such that the process a signal "live" as it is sampled modification is controlled in the auditory and then output the processed signal, for domain. Which parts of the signal are example to a loudspeaker or video heard and which are not, is not decided display. All of the practical examples of merely by physiology of the human DSP applications mentioned earlier, hearing system, but very much by such as hard disc drives and mobile psychological properties. These phones, demand real-time operation. properties are analysed within the field of psychoacoustics. The major electronics manufacturers Processing methods and application have invested heavily in DSP areas include storage, level compression, technology. Because they now find data compression, transmission, application in mass-market products, enhancement (e.g., equalization, DSP chips account for a substantial filtering, noise cancellation, echo or proportion of the world market for reverb removal or addition, etc.) electronic devices. Sales amount to billions of dollars annually, and seem likely to continue to increase rapidly 7.2Echo Location 7.1Audio signal processing Audio signal processing, sometimes A common method of obtaining referred to as audio processing, is the information about a remote object is to processing of a representation of bounce a wave off of it. For example, auditory signals, or sound. The radar operates by transmitting pulses of representation can be digital or analog. radio waves, and examining the received An analog representation is usually signal for echoes from aircraft. In sonar, electrical; a voltage level represents the sound waves are transmitted through the air pressure waveform of the sound. water to detect submarines and other Similarly, a digital representation submerged objects. Geophysicists have expresses the pressure wave-form as a long probed the earth by setting off explosions and listening for the echoes distance determination without reducing from deeply buried layers of rock. While the operating range. Second, DSP can these applications have a common filter the received signal to decrease the thread, each has its own specific noise. This increases the range, without problems and needs. Digital Signal degrading the distance determination. Processing has produced revolutionary Third, DSP enables the rapid selection changes in all three areas. and generation of different pulse shapes and lengths. Among other things, this 7.3Radar allows the pulse to be optimized for a Radar is an acronym for Radio particular detection problem. Now the Detection And Ranging. In the simplest impressive part: much of this is done at a radar system, a radio transmitter sampling rate comparable to the radio produces a pulse of radio frequency frequency used, at high as several energy a few microseconds long. This hundred megahertz! When it comes to pulse is fed into a highly directional radar, DSP is as much about high-speed antenna, where the resulting radio wave hardware design as it is about propagates away at the speed of light. algorithms. Aircraft in the path of this wave will reflect a small portion of the energy back 7.4Sonar toward a receiving antenna, situated near Sonar is an acronym for Sound the transmission site. The distance to the Navigation and Ranging. It is divided object is calculated from the elapsed into two categories, active and passive. time between the transmitted pulse and In active sonar, sound pulses between 2 the received echo. The direction to the kHz and 40 kHz are transmitted into the object is found more simply; you known water, and the resulting echoes detected where you pointed the directional and analyzed. Uses of active sonar antenna when the echo was received. include: detection & localization of The operating range of a radar system is undersea bodies, navigation, determined by two parameters: how communication, and mapping the sea much energy is in the initial pulse, and floor. A maximum operating range of 10 the noise level of the radio receiver. to 100 kilometers is typical. In Unfortunately, increasing the energy in comparison, passive sonar simply listens the pulse usually requires making the to underwater sounds, which includes: pulse longer. In turn, the longer pulse natural turbulence, marine life, and reduces the accuracy and precision of the mechanical sounds from submarines and elapsed time measurement. This result in surface vessels. Since passive sonar a conflict between two important emits no energy, it is ideal for covert parameters: the ability to detect objects operations. You want to detect the other at long range, and the ability to guy, without him detecting you. The accurately determine an object's most important application of passive distance. sonar is in military surveillance systems that detect and track submarines. Passive DSP has revolutionized radar in three sonar typically uses lower frequencies areas, all of which relate to this basic than active sonar because they propagate problem. First, DSP can compress the through the water with less absorption. pulse after it is received, providing better Detection ranges can be thousands of kilometers. DSP has revolutionized sonar in many of layers, giving rise to echoes of echoes the same areas as radar: pulse being detected at the surface. These generation, pulse compression, and secondary echoes can make the detected filtering of detected signals. In one view, signal very complicated and difficult to sonar is simpler than radar because of interpret. Digital Signal Processing has the lower frequencies involved. In been widely used since the 1960s to another view, sonar is more difficult than isolate the primary from the secondary radar because the environment is much echoes in reflection seismograms. How less uniform and stable. Sonar systems did the early geophysicists manage usually employ extensive arrays of without DSP? The answer is simple: transmitting and receiving elements, they looked in easy places, where rather than just a single channel. By multiple reflections were minimized. properly controlling and mixing the DSP allows oil to be found in difficult signals in these many elements, the locations, such as under the ocean. sonar system can steer the emitted pulse to the desired location and determine the Conclusion direction that echoes are received from. Digital signal processing has become a To handle these multiple channels, sonar widely accessible commercial systems require the same massive DSP technology. In the last few years, a computing power as radar. variety of high-performance, integrated DSPs have made digital signal 7.5Reflection seismology processing technology easier and more affordable to use. Digital signal As early as the 1920s, geophysicists processing generates business discovered that the structure of the communication at the user's fingertips earth's crust could be probed with sound. and professional audio sound in real Prospectors could set off an explosion time. The market for DSP chips is and record the echoes from boundary growing at twice the rate of the layers more than ten kilometers below semiconductor industry as a whole, the surface. These echo seismograms according to Forward Concepts of were interpreted by the raw eye to map Tempe, Arizona In the next few years, the subsurface structure. The reflection digital signal processing will give rise to seismic method rapidly became the hundreds of new products and change primary method for locating petroleum what people expect from technology. and mineral deposits, and remains so today. References: 1.K.Nagoorkani:Digital Signal In the ideal case, a sound pulse sent into Procesing,RBA publications the ground produces a single echo for 2.Sanjit K.Mitra: Digital Signal each boundary layer the pulse passes Procesing,Tata McGraw Hill. through. Unfortunately, the situation is 3.Jhonny R.Jhonson:Introduction to not usually this simple. Each echo Digital Signal Procesing,Prentice Hall returning to the surface must pass 4.Ashfaq Khan: Digital Signal through all the other boundary layers Processing Fundamentals, Charles River above where it originated. This can Media. result in the echo bouncing between .
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