In the Vineyard of the Text A Commentary to Hugh’s Didascalicon IvAN ILLICHnilich, Hivin piesophen estoy and vec ia ich was Ivan, Contents Sori isnot Hmay wa ns Gordy Made 1926" ‘Nowa Dacoolg acy an ABC Te ape che ep Mind He isin pets pinpty the Une ‘yo ener as FoepanaSeUseate ‘Tete of Cay Pe Chicago 66s ‘The Universi af Chgset, ©1999 by aia Bones ‘Alper Pubs ‘re he Utd Sere Rc ISBN oa26 572959 (ot) ay of Cong Calin acon Dts ih a, 906 Tete ied of the ea cometary tags Dida rae ete pap erences 1 Hag of Sa Vows Yoga ge Diwesion. Leng sad chlhipHiten™ Adel jortoc. Mamet Meira tinny 1 Tae AHL tos corde vous (©The pepe ae ti abenon men minima eer ‘eas of he Aman Naor! Sard ornate See “remanent Pyro Poa Lia Saas ATS ote Introduction 1 Reading toward Wisdom 7 Twctnn ‘Aucroras Srupiine Discrpuna Sunnis ‘Loneew ‘Ta race 45 anno ‘Tae new seur Anactras Onde, Memory and History » ‘NEVER 100% DOWN ON AXTEENG ‘Onno Aras “The Taaasuns ciesr mi Tie READER’s ART ‘Dur uistone oF wEMo ‘Te wawvee's Sean. ar" SERVICE OF PRArER, -Mamony 1RAikiNG As PRELUDE TO WISDOM. Hisronia as rounpattoN ‘ALL entation 1s waonaterCome Monastic Reading ‘Meprearion Inthe vei - Vineyard of encoun enue the Lext Schon Reading ” Hogi apps a rarace ‘Twn bor 70 meaD In sete oF StaxeR INCOME Thar Canon Rectan wos BY IS ECO ‘Tar running oF te ace ‘The sew cutie MONOPoLIzes LerrIns Steer neADING ‘im scuouasric picrAno rom Revotded Speech othe Record of Thought 93 “Tn ALPHA ASA TECEROLOGY [Front iz Tack OF UPIERANCE TOT MIRROR ‘os ri count OX A STORY TO TH STORY ‘anour a susjicT COnpneartorVistoue arrenns ‘Stare evens DEANE ACESS ‘Riniasine npeaxe [Avtnion vensts CoMPHAR, COMMEETATOR, AND Luvour ‘in nowsantz Boor From Book to Text ns "TOWARD & HISTORY OF THE TEXT AS OBJECT ‘Tue anernacrion of THE TET Lino ano Fes “Ate ans Pec” Bilogaptiy wsIntroduiction “This book commemortes the dawn of zhoasticreading. ells about the tmergence of an apa eer that George Steer calls bok ish and which for eight hundsed year legitimated tt estabnens oF western scholsc nsrusons. Univeral hookishess became the ‘ote of western secolarrligion, and schooling ts church. Western 2 ‘al ely has now pur aside faith i bookisines ae eas pu aside Christianity. Since the book has ceased tobe the ultimate rato for thei exstence, educational isiwtons have proliferated. The seen, the medium, and eommuieason” have surtepiouly replaced the ag, leer, and reading There deal with the begining f the epoch ‘of bookishness which snow closing Ido so because chs isthe appro [rate moment ro cultivate a vere of appronches fo the page tht hhave mor heen able ro flows under the monopoly of schol reading fess wpe ao commis. [iti pelt rl bee {0 on pera or monte Iya des hoes guise noiet iy ena d autres mangees par ls cannibals jj canals wn ose gu et bot (on pent les fare cus mélodies commmercisles ‘which hae loti cocki rode ‘There ae some hours which down there are others estes by ennnibale Tigow 3 tied which swallows thera fnd.one can make singing commercial of hem “These lines evoke the approach I take to my subj. They ate rom 3 poem by Vicente Haidobro, the Chilean associate of Apollinae, "wounded when he ranfr president of iscountry in 925, ater a War oerespondent in Spain and France." ‘concentrate myatenton on a eetng but very important moment the hicry ofthe sphaee when, ale centri af Chitin a Eg, che page was sucdealyeansfored ftom a score for plows murs- bets into an optically organized text for logical thinkers. Alter this date a ew kind of dsscal reading became the dominant metaphor {oct highest form of socal aes ‘Quite reel teadig-asavmetapor has been broken again. The spc and is caption, the comic book, the table, box, and graph, ‘Photographs, outing, cod integration wih other media demand ort ‘the er textbook hibits which are contrary to those culated in scholastic readership. This book conas no cris ofthese new habs of media manggeent, o the ining methods by which hese Ibe are established Te alko does aot in anyway question the pot ‘ance end beauty of bookish reading in ts manifold ways. By ging ack tothe origins o bookishnessT hope ro increas he distance be “tween my reader, wham T expect to bea bookish person, and dhe act isyin which he engages while reading me. Moder theo of how the universe came iat being tll thav an estemay delicate balance wa volved. Had ce tai crucial tenperatires and dimensions been even Butly diferent the Bag Bang could not have aocurred ‘The development ofthe modcin book and of book eae 45 we know leseams to have depended on a compara Fragliyofcraal and ttc actone Classical pine culate was an ephemeral phenomenon. According to Steines ta belong "the age ofthe book” meant to own the means of reading. The book watt Somat obec ft as acre at wll ‘Tercomlee pounce e ound in Viste, Oba compass vl = fae ae seciae dag sens 2 Get en Lm Sp for rereading. The gc presuppose private space andthe rcopition| of the right fo periods of sence a ell ar the exience of eho ‘hambers such a journals, academies, or cafe ice. Book clue queda more or les agreed-upon canon of textual values and ‘modes, And i wae more tban a mean by which those who Beare ‘xpert a could cain mile-claeprvloges for themseus. As long Sr bookish eaing wt the goa of ntation for Catholic, Protestant, Gnd assimiaed Jw, of lees and enlightened ania, of hi. ‘manists and scien alte, the frmalies involved in this one kind ‘leading defined, anc dd noe jas elec, the dimensions of soil pooay “The book fas now cated tobe the root metaphor ofthe ages the serees has taken is lace. The alphabetic text has become bat one fof many mode of ecading something, now called "the message" In ferrospet the combiatin of thos leren’ that fom Gutenberg ‘he wansstoe had feed bokishness appears as singular of his tne major period, characte of one—amely, wesern—sociey. ‘Thiet vo in spite ofthe paperback revolution the solemn een buble pocry readings andthe sometimes mapnfiene lowering of Senate, home based preses, Bookish ceding can now cealy be recognized a an epochal phe ‘nomenon ad not lgisly necessary step inthe progres toward the rasonal we ofthe alphabey as one ode of eacion wh de veriten page among several as a portclar Yoeaton ston. man 0 be euleiated by some leaving other modest others. The covnsence of dsinc sles of rating would be nothing new. To make fs point wane to elle oro eading during a stant past century oft ison. With George Sune I dream that ouside the educational ss tem which has amuned easily diferent functions there might be Something lke fens of reading, nor uke the Jewish su the I Jamie medersa, oft monastery, wheee the few who discover their ‘assion for life contre on reading would Bnd the necesay gu nce, alence, ad comic of deiplined companionship nese for the long intiaton intone othe oer of teverl “rpintaaies” or {oper of celontig th book inorder thats new acetcism of reading may come w lower, we must fist recognize thatthe bookish “last ‘a reading of the last 450 years only one among several ways of ‘ing alphabetic echrigus. This he reason why inte fies chapters I describe and ne pret sechicl brealthrough which tone pace around sso, thee Fndred year beforemovable type eae into se. This Beakvoush Consist in the combination of more than + dozen technical inven4 Irroducton ond egos hepupr ese, Sara mine eal ea ee then woe gan Ss hen ne Seat ccnp ch boa ae nen cams {al of he ant em es Th Se mong acne Sen ee at Sea edie anne sane ean Pop we ey aan eee te nm tens ctighs Dench Peres se lg of dr nbs” ean ‘omenology of reading-as-symbol in the twelfth century. Ido so in the teers tei fe eee eee ee a spe Runyan el ae ne scapes repens eae Sollee ingen yulcne omen nena core ew deme fon ag Sil Caray nop ar ase cae Secretar alee ane cees ‘Belen enya he Capea oe tos Ene Ka ug a a ine STi xe es eo relate extn dal Kasmbuch ede preps ae ance ee thos Gem sane rilonteciean Wares es ‘sop inreheel Stree isacaaund yield oe eae oti a oe anc sae rcv cotad nee ene ey Scan emis pees tes har eae een ‘Seep ey mr ae ee ate peicleg patie anes foe aly or dango ee, Soran ecient et et ene in whch ae hen cava ena a ee ig ah ct a ne ‘Sar nd ime tip an st er he dle ih he lai hehe apy sirhaba, and at withthe toy of arin, aseare Soe Sona ada oa eta lrodecion 5 the historical stdy of ltrs most ofthe concepts wed que niey Inthe now fashionable hitry of modi sppest ss creatures ofan a ‘habetc eitemology whos history isthe subj we choose to ves {igte: By centering oar analysis onthe jc that shaped by leer, tnd on the habs and fantasies conneced witht oe re ten tit bj ino a mirror refesting sigan ranean inthe mental Shape of western societies, something nc ely Brought out by other Spprosches ‘My choice ofthe carly twelfth centuy to lusrate che impact of the alphabe inthe courte ofa lng history has been dicated by my ography Fr fry years Ihave peioeally delighted in ending the sutors ofthis one generation, and seahing for thee souren For Aecades very special fection has ed me to Hh of Se. Vietor, 29 ‘nom fea rae a am othe ey bet of i sl ving ence fs, among whom Gerhart Ladner sans out inthis context: When Profesoe Kuchesbuch athe Universit of Hagen, launched his ute culum oa te impact of eh alphaberaeé objec on western clus ieseemed loge and Sing that [coment cm Hugs Didascalcon Teis the ist book wet onthe ar of sing "Thavenoe writen this book o make alenedconibuson wrote ig to offer a guide to vantage poi inthe pst fom which hare {tained new insights into the present. No ove shoal be mised ito {aking my footnotes sr ether prof oo ivitaton to, schoachi, ‘They are hereto remind the reader of he dich harvest of emors bills—rocks, fauna, and flors—which a man bas picked upon repeated walke through a carain ate, and nose wo keto share With othe. They are hee ial to emourage the reader to ven Inco the shelves ofthe Hear and expen with dine yer of reading ‘Wiring this esay was shared enjorment because each sentence sot ts shape by being tossed back and forth between Lee Hoincki fnd mys What had stared asa sey inthe history of rechnoogy, fed up a8 8 ew insight int the history ofthe here. We came Snderstad Hugs ar logan as ase GSA Tous by 3 technical object Our mediation onthe vival of this ode of en. ingunder the aegis ofthe bookish vet ed so enter upon a stor sry of an ascricem tha faces the uet of computer "ray. Tio feends swt that these rumions Became ook: Valen tina Bocrerans who, with cial eathasas, urged me 09 om stage ‘stage ofthe manuscript and Carl Mitcham, whose careful season 1 deal, both age and sal, improves the fetX= ONE Reading toward Wisdom Oni expetendorum prima est sapenia. “OF all chings to be Sought, the fst is wisdom.” Tiss how Jerome Tapoc translates the lead sentence ofthe Didacalicom of Flagh of Sant Victor writen ‘round 1128. Taylor's introduction, ransaton, and notes ae a as terpine. By his careful choice of wos and subtle metaphors he pro ‘ides the best valle ronning commentary t thi txnlton of Carly twelh-century text is copious notes ae mainly concerned ih Hugh sources, Even afer trent Sve years, daring which sl ly igeret in Hugh of St. Vier has fowrthed, they reir Yery lise dating” ‘45 ed La ads ee Ysa ‘Sct nied ok fon hae “Seo cl Lesion ged Seo Vir ire Diao ic ‘ond tpt Tn Peach a ca compe ae ofr nd ‘Spiers ey nae gh cnr ca hat ey tins egos Sec cre Daan, eS Lgn ‘crt don yer Ch Hy Bane Be Tag, 1. The Cae Uy Pro 939 Ch sal DB, ba oan ‘td eae seh, ‘Saul ef quar he ge wih bes om ho D The bet sli ti noe he ecg ‘eons emma he ati witht eee ate ay hee‘ ening Wisdom ince “OF all things to be sough is the keynote pss of Hugh’ book on the ar of reading, Medieval manuscript were ually untied. They «aese Be named ats thee opening words called thes nip Popes sell use the incpt in leu of ale when they weiteanencyleal ee ‘er—for instance, "Rerum novarum” (May ‘5, 891), “Quad imo anno" (May 15,1951), Solctado re sti” (Pebeasey 18, 2388), When medial documents ted, one pve ts inci a splice lax words. This mode of reference to eter by te Sint and lst ine makes ic sound reli pece fas, whose fet and lis few one identify ifr the peeformer ‘In Hugh’ case we are lucky to possess tl survey of his write inex nh aro catalogue onion exten irene ‘cpt wil explain later how the book gor the peclace which Taylor publishes with ductors ‘Tides are Labels, Bur am inp is ke a chord, es choice perms the stor o evoke the eadon into which e wants place his work By the subi variation ofa frequently repeated sentence he ca sete the purpose har prompt him to ite Hugh’ ep leaves no doubt tha he places his book iat lng “iascae""wadiion whose toot go back to Greek fection ‘on aides, or te formation ofthe young and ther introduction nt fall izenship, This tradion was brought io Latin by Varro 8 ‘man Geo cad “the mow learned of Romans Var, bance of Cactar and Augusws, wrote, among other thing, the fst nonnaroe _ranmar of Ltn, Though acy duller himself he wot four bose ‘on sgricltare or gardening that Vere sed as is soure forthe cs, ea tera, cowhers songs, a coletionelga) of posta th rs tablabes the “backto‘thetand sheme and the sear for incor landscapes in wser erature. Varro mas the se who defined leat, ‘ngasthe “search for wisdom,” phrase epeted by scene gers 2 Jeph Gh“ Tae esd ermine ose do ig pr tan” Ree Ses ge ooh es drs Ge wd igh hs om eying" Ose ly en of hese re ou ee eek StS lr ea ts “tng tole” Mediral we engl alfcomenaars Sones Resting owed Wisom . avon of write “red pinging” The ok i which ca ope deion hae helo hi tate sures oly Sete feria, os exit Hugs ncpt cms the heritage of Varo sews sanded down by sai Ceo an Quinn tee singe Frareaned schoolmaster who wroteon the slo acing ern {hs adam te uit ask fhe pagoda shat of 2 guide whol the staent asp he Good, bono, wh, ar, ‘eligi ppt ow, apetia Bath wordr appr Hugh Incipio all things obese et ha nd awh he {orm othe pec good wands xe pena gus pret bod forma consistt. Like several of his contemporaries, Hugh is aware of ‘Nr sources ng che pe-Chion sage f Rome, (Gey aot pany good tt would aay Hugh ice ct word i pati By conning wis with “he form lhe pe fet oo” be sigs be accep the meaning a Varo dea ton, buts was ced and change anand ony Augsine hs wring are deeded in Augsine. Heed io 4 comuaty thar folowed Aamo le He aera and copied he ext ‘this maser Reading ad wg were or he tw snot is {uthableside ofthe same sudo. Hw thoroughly Hugh’ xs re options inepectons, and sewordngs of Agi cu best be ton ot work on he scramcnty which eae fr. Hit fal nes and death prevented hn mn Bishig is le chapters, a se ding. le a ioe at a reps eer ‘Buttes tend ction we slp ernie Toca ‘rs wan ney msg esr es ' ih radi Ov. *Hag von Ved ica” Di Thoma 90 seas ren wh ee dc wn a ‘hy aes Hag ine med he op ters ps ‘Bagh wa rn," ce Rp spe wc ce ‘Gray aol Pre Dehua ghee spn el ‘Sythe Gre in pet pre td Does ‘Scope ete tn lpn Op om rs Ars 9 Ssews eating toward Wisdom aly an cal eae extant And this drat consists mostly of excerpt ‘Eom Aagusine which he had not yet fully digesed ito his own dc tion and se” "As wth Angustne, wisdom was for Hugh not something bc some- ‘one? Wisdom inthe Augosinian tation isthe Second person of the ‘Tiny, Christ “He the wisdom chrough whom [God has made all thinge_- Hes he Form, He is the Medicine, Hes the Example, He is yous Remedy" "Tae wacom Hugh sch is Crit inl Learing and, special, reading are both simply forms of 2 serch for Christ the Remedy, (Garis the Example and Form wich fallen bumaniy, which hae fot is ops fo recover The need of allen burma for enon wih wi Adm fs cenrl to Hugh’ though. This makes the concep of rm ‘hom, re of medicine, era for an understanding of Hugh God fecane man fo remedy the dvordes usually esponesed i vseal teem as “dates,” in which omariy, erough Adam's, bat boas gh pom en fing te df cmaractg boat Ben sip ean ewe Di Amd ag ep in en Sh inshn sine Henne De sme So soay eph 39 "Jor de Cheic, Eor e ade atie Xle see Maen e si etd ors 994 Hah le aioe br a ey ‘Stores wah pon seno And Re fe mow ecg ‘ese wea a em Cea a ye cs a of ‘Sc ih cnarvoen eh cme ode hen, Fos te tad tt Amt ode armasine agin oe See ines et ‘St wth lr hm ep eer ni eel beret ‘Sin Fl neny wish we sve tohcone commen song ee “ugh one em pre omer nd oon ae erste et acm ier ohn etc ira gu abt se Sr on mai en zip eens and wana Hug of ‘ior Rep oy amet p de Hg da a Pe et lary 9) hit hy non noton ef edn cal tre 1. Naeger mato Semen gh ele Ramancur myc oe ced anny Lane Tapa EGE Ghote ghng ape rds de ages oon [pera ine rns pone deat an ie ‘Etietg ae of agit omnes Scot epore a a rei arn Se hapa! Unc s ema rant ap P90), Mircenmerary or Aun by Hugh cane etin Deu i wich inlay psc by gre ns Denon ape 719683 steeped, The uimate remedy is God as wisdom. Aes and sciences des rive thei digit from the face hat Shey share ia bing semedis for the same purpose. Hah, by developing te concept of remediom, provides forthe twentetncencry thinker a unique way to address the sue of technique technology. Reading, sx Hagh perceives snd Incerpet ig san ontological remedial eenique intend vo explore itaesuch, analy what Hugh bas to ay abou the techniques wen teaing n order 0 explore the role that alphabetic technology payed ‘ound 1150 in the shaping ofthese teckoigues." ‘Some qs pets moent ese pce a “ss PL.177 pay Dadeci nent st ge dan ens sebaraponre propane: Aerts do, mean, won ‘re Sapa in toms atte, oad stn repent Sep i i maton ‘iron prin seine pet, ran ars i at aot more io, pe ton sere fr scr ie. er sie ‘Spe con ro or aca et prea ma Too i etaonr pte cute cts dace, ort tie, Beings eo ars ma Sti hve i mig hang Thee ae ck ee Jie wc lows one reagent Teena en tik Hy pte pc of ado and wd eis of ooo ad eva th mt i ole ph tsp fe hn at Seika es meal ary es row foc el tag emmy cin ‘ha nae pest ni ae ‘Obata acts y wach ch i pees cae "stam br oer paw ace nl wich inc in cto eee ay med enh ees Eon ae ‘Festa lean scr te pater ello Tailed akg Ts nl inredacon his on on ater fe rd ale SS Gy sel aye Reesor fe Rov eri brtson cs Te pats aa Wier Lana ee np” {hone Edsel Tit Comin (ec Pon Unie Pre "st Lam cone sth ocr aan te sotn of ex” and wth ee coy of itn athe ml cee or Sk ea= Reading toward Wisdom A close seatny shows that the acpi not taken dicey rom Augustin. lis formulation sees frm the De conoltione phloos, Phe of Boethius, who sbiy bu significantly modied Augusene:= “Of all things co be soup the Ret and the reson why all hers this are pursued isthe Good in which reas the sibtance of God." The philosopher who speaks of God tones down the Ces tet asson of he ron conver, Augwine* hagustne wales oe foxes pagan who cannot forge that reenly dscovered Christ {54 Person Boethius is boa in 80, exacy fly ears afer the desth of Aagstne He isthe her of Christan tration of evel genes ions As « Roman consul, he enered into the serie of Ki Thee Aoi, he Ostrgorh invader Accused of tras, he wr his Be con lation wile awaiting execution Unt the pasionate newcomer Augustine, who souphe to deech himself from he mages often, Boctius tins toward them. In Plato, Arto Plains ad Veg ‘secs ralaers who prepare hewn forte comingol Chase By doing 0, he eae « major source on aniguy for medial cans who accepted the idea tht eles! phonoph, copia Stoic, vas 4 paeporatioevanel,spelace to the Gospel'= ‘ea claing occ at armed dc pre al, Soc Sas reli henge sl reas men no ‘a Se Pete Cora “Ee cgi commons doe Corso de ot (KR sr Anh ae dete hare moor pitino try, ea etter tee snineaemoeraenenameth Serpico ec a egy Sipehieroeianiereries Soeawaeenermeer eee ‘estan ch norco aes a ecr nan Hee tC ly 7 a Con Ee nko he ae "ewas bough op in ea sodas ewig veda Gree Ar having ed Spieler dws pul le eke ee otal inden agp vane mi nlp cule emia at ‘toil ease athe Chae Romer Erp eee cer eager Resection poceeorca ume pereimnpeeae Teagan eran a Sane Sauer ee Reading sovad Wisdom ® “he posers taht he ol of sng wae wisdom as the per good snd Chin ace even ht spr Sod concn be Word of God me Fish” Forshecomtenqony eset mop asia ogi 23 ents ory ein, When Cin {ar of pen in Shakerpenes Pons hy turing sortie "Sultan ong ce te hale eg” ee Sessa, 48) dcr sya heb sabe eae owes norte had come wey aur ba ha tng bs number of authoriate cranes had erbsedNerepar ton of might wisdom. Auhoitnin ao abe a Sener which td preceeded ray. We gh ‘de is ncoras an hs heyace he doc ne appeal fo Baro Bis presi The emnce te cbc tl Pecily bse ta been dembedaed fom fe daca a thi ot tet prlat Author ad bee a ee floating serene Assach tal ints tly Hage nay inn) toumoochtl adn ‘Studion ‘When we ranslae the incpit as “ofl things tobe sought the frst is witdom,” would be easy ge fl approval fom any Beyer su dene of Lain. Prina i the See Bs, preci thi sein ana ‘ency ofthe Lain word presents the dficalyencounered by anyone who stems to Eglsh sucha tex: No daub cman expend rina says “of all eachabl thigs the very) st.” rane Prima wit “fs,” eannor but case minandersanding For vs ose, ‘he Bs hing tat which somes st the beginning ofa seis ot loses at hand. Weak the is of many sepa when we sae a book fa reseuch projec, sepeting that out endeavour wil ead ws on, reaps beyond our preset horizon. But the ehoegh of an late foal of all reaings not meaning ous, Even les here any idee thar Such a goal could meivate or “cause” cur action whesere we ‘pena hook. We ate seeped inthe sprit of engineering and hnk of the trigger athe use of» proces. We donot tink ofthe hear as {he ese ofthe bles eestor. ‘We live afer Newton. When we sees sone thts fling, we per civ cab beng inthe grip of gravity. We fn tical share the Detention of medical schol wha ses the same phenomenon at gp reg scm Mah meno tis a