Contract, Spesification and Quantity Survey For Civil Engineering My Hdo

th
5 year CIVIL Engineering

Contract, specification and quantity survey handout 2009E.C
DEBREMARKOS UNIVERSITY
TECHINOLOGY COLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
Course content
Chapter one
1. Contract administration
1.1 Introduction
1.2 low of contract applied to civil engineering construction
1.3 types of construction contract
1.4 change Order administration in Construction Project
1.5 settlement of claim in construction
Chapter two
2. Specification and quantity survey

2.1 Introduction
2.2 types of specification
2.3 material take off sheet and bill of quantity preparation
2.4 project cost estimation
Chapter three
3. Contract documents
3.1 Introduction
3.2 preparation of tender and tender appraisal
2.3 condition of contract
Chapter four
4. Site supervision
4.1 Quality control in Construction
4.2 Construction Site Inspection
4.3 Record Keeping in Construction
By:- RAHEL .A
SOURCE – d/f lecture notes and books.
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CHAPTER ONE
CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION
1.1 introductions
 A contract is written or oral legally-binding agreement having a lawful object entered
into voluntarily by two or more parties, each of whom intends to create one or more
legal obligations between them.
 The following are the fundamental elements of contract;
 Capacity of the contracting parties;-capacity means competence to enter in
to contract.
 Consent of the contracting parties; Consent is a declared will of the
individual to enter in to contract.
 Consent of the intended contracting parties decomposes in to ;
I) Offer; Offer is defined as a proposal expressing the declared willingness of the
offer or to enter in to an agreement
II) Acceptance; Acceptance is a declaration of will to enter in to a legally binding
contract.
 Object of the contract; object of contract is the very obligations of the
contracting parties ex, in the construction contract.
 Form of contract, ; Form may mean types of contract.
 Proof of some or all of these elements may be done in writing, though contracts may
be made entirely orally or by conduct.
 The remedy for breach of contract can be "damages" in the form of compensation of
money or specific performance enforced through an injunction.
 Both of these remedies award the party at loss the "benefit of the bargain"
or expectation damages. The parties may be natural persons or juristic persons.
 A contract is a legally enforceable promise or undertaking that something will or will
not occur.
A Construction Contract between the Contractor and the Owner is very important for
successful completion of a construction project. This Construction Contract will help you
engage a Contractor to do all the work and provide all the materials, tools, machinery and
supervision necessary for the construction of a structure on real property. A Construction
Contract should identify each party and their responsibilities, fully define the work to be
done, and fix the amount and timing of payment. The terms and conditions are incorporated
in a contract agreement signed by both parties.
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Contract management or contract administration is the management of contracts made with

customers, vendors, partners, or employees. Contract management includes negotiating the
terms and conditions in contracts and ensuring compliance with the terms and conditions, as
well as documenting and agreeing on any changes or amendments that may arise during its
implementation or execution. It can be summarized as the process of systematically and
efficiently managing contract creation, execution, and analysis for the purpose of maximizing
financial and operational performance and minimizing risk.
Contract administration is one of the most important jobs related to construction projects and
involves numerous tasks occurring before and after contract execution and work order
issuance. All work must be administered in accordance with the contract specifications, terms
and conditions, state and federal laws and regulations, and department policy.
Proper contract administration includes:
 developing proper and accurate bid and contract documents
 complying with contract documents and specifications
 enforcing state and federal regulations
 ensuring quality control by overseeing, inspecting and reviewing sampling and
testing of all materials and work
 keeping and maintaining accurate project records
 recording, verifying and preparing monthly pay estimates
 negotiating and processing of change orders, supplemental agreements and
other contract modifications in a timely manner
 promoting good public relations and
 Setting and maintaining a high professional standard.
1.2 Law of contract applied to civil engineering construction
The Law is, a set of general statements aimed at regulating choices in possible human
behavior that is defined or recognized, publicized and sanctioned or rewarded by the State.
The Law generally performs its regulatory function by demanding its subjects/citizen to do
something (permissive) or by ordering not to do something (prohibitive ).
 International and national construction laws.
A) International construction contract law
• Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs-Conseils (FIDIC)
Referred to as the International Federation of Consulting Engineers, produces
standard forms of contract for civil engineering construction which are used throughout the
world.
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• FIDIC contracts are often referred to as the international standard. This condition of
contract has been approved by all major international financial and development
institutions.
• The said condition of contract is divided in to 20 major clauses & 177 sub-clauses.
B) national construction contract.
1) The ministry of work and urban development (MoWUD )
• Officially, known as ―Standard Conditions of Contract for Construction of Civil Work

Projects‖.
• It has been in practice since December, 1994.
• It contains 75 clauses including Form of Agreement & Form of Performance Bond.
• It structure & content resembles that of FIDIC Standard Conditions of Contract for
Civil Engineering Works, Fourth Edition, 1987.
• The Project Delivery System adopted is that of Design-Bid-Build.
• The type of contract is based on bill of quantities or BOQ i.e. it is an ad measurement

contract type (see Clauses 55-57).
• The role of the Engineer is envisaged & maintained.
2) The puplic procurement agency (PPA)
The PPA, under its legal mandate provided under The Public Procurement
Proclamation, it has prepared & issued certain standard tender & contract documents
for the purpose of public procurement.
• The conditions of contract are applicable to the procurements of the federal

government.
• The Standard Conditions of Contract cover the following types of procurement.
• These are Standard Conditions of Contract for the procurement of:-
 Consultancy Services;
 Non-consultancy Services;
 Works;
 Goods;
 Including Simple Request for Quotations & Local Purchase Order;
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• PPA-- contain 9 section of contract document which is used for tender document
preparation in procurement process.
1.3 Contract types
• Basically contract types are the format on how the owner pays for the services of
contractor.
• Also contractual arrangements used in order to assist decision-making process.
Based on the method of pricing & payment, the following types of contracts are
identified.
 Re-measurement /unit price Contract;
 Cost-reimbursable Contract/cost plus
 Fixed –fee / Guaranteed maximum price
 Lump Sum Contract;
 IPD
1. LUMP SUM or Fixed price contracts:
Involve a fixed total price for a well-defined product or service. The contractor agrees to
build a project with a specific scope for a fixed price. A lump-sum contract is suitable if the
scope and schedule of the project are sufficiently defined to allow the contractor to fully
estimate project costs.
Cost plus is a contract agreement where in the purchaser agrees to pay the cost of the work,
including all trade contractor work, labor, materials, and equipment, plus an amount for
contractor overhead and profit. These types of contracts are favored where the scope of work
is indeterminate or highly uncertain, and the kinds of labor, material, and equipment needed
are also uncertain.
2 FIXED –FEE /Guaranteed maximum price.

A guaranteed maximum price (GMP) contract is a cost-type contract, in which the
construction contractor is compensated for actual costs incurred, plus a fixed fee subject to a
ceiling price. The contractor is responsible for cost overruns, unless the GMP has been
increased via formal change order as a result of additional scope from the client. Savings
resulting from cost under runs are returned to the client.
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3 UNIT PRICE/ad measurment

This kind of contract is based on estimated quantities of items included in the project and
their unit prices. The final price of the project is dependent on the quantities needed to carry
out the work. In general, this contract is only suitable for projects in which the scope is
reasonably well established, and the different types of items (but not their numbers) can be
accurately identified in the contract documents.
4 COST-REIMBURSABLE ALTERNATIVE/cost plus

With cost-reimbursable alternative contracts, contractors are paid for the work with a mix of
reimbursable/ cost of the work, including all trade contractor work, labor, materials, and
equipment and fixed or incentive costs. Cost-reimbursable alternative contracts are effective
when there is uncertainty in quantities or execution. Under cost-reimbursable alternative
contracts, uncertainty in project scope is borne by the client. Cost-reimbursable alternative
contracts offer significant flexibility for responding to conditions that are uncertain. There are
different variations of basic cost-reimbursable alternative contracts, including
 cost-reimbursable plus fixed fee,
 cost-reimbursable plus performance-based incentives,
 direct cost-reimbursable plus fixed construction management costs, and
others.
 Cost plus percentage fee contracts;
5 INTEGRATED PROJECT DELIVERY/ALLIANCE

Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) contracts, or ―Alliance‖ contracts, represent the latest trend
towards a more collaborative approach to delivering construction projects. IPD contracts are
unique in that they require the involvement of owners, designers, builders, and key
stakeholders on a project as early as possible— sometimes even at the conceptual stage. This
contract type results in more transparency among all the parties involved on a construction
project. Additionally, both risk and reward are shared by the parties who enter into the IPD
contract, resulting in greater integration of resources, processes, and expertise than would be
possible under more traditional contract arrangements.
Types of Delivery System
 Project Delivery System is the way Project Owners together with Project Regulators and
Financiers determine the assignment of responsibilities to Project Stakeholders along the
Construction Process.
Project delivery systems are basically classified in to two broad areas:
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a) Force Account; and
b) Outsourced
 A) Force Account: - is the method used for extra work if the contractor and the
owner cannot agree on a unit price or lump sum amount, or if those methods are
impracticable.
 Also a system promoted if the Project Owners believe that there is a comparative
advantage in cost, time & quality.
Force account payments cover labor, materials, and equipment. They may also cover other
miscellaneous expenses. Prime contractors are paid only one allowance for force account
work. The allowance covers administration, general superintendence, additional bond and
other overhead expenses.
2. Design Bid Build:- In practice, the owner usually enters into a contract with an
architect/engineer to plan and design a project to satisfy the owner's particular needs. The
owner participates during the design period to set criteria for design, cost, and time limits for
completion and to provide decision-making inputs to the architect/engineer. Upon completion
of the planning and design process, the project is ready for construction and the advertising or
selection process to obtain a qualified construction contractor begins.
After selection of a qualified construction contractor, or, as in the case of public works
projects, selection of the lowest bidder, the owner enters into a contract directly with the
contractor, who will then be fully responsible directly to the owner or the owner's designated
representative for building the project in accordance with the plans, specifications and local
laws.
On the typical project, there are only two prime contracts with the owner: one with the
architect/engineer for the design and planning of the project; the other with a single
construction contractor or occasionally several prime construction contractors to build the
project.
FigureI . I Traditional construction contract

relationships
Owner
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Contractual r/ship
Field observation only o

Arch/eng G.contractor
Sub Sub Sub

contractor contractor contractor
• Separate designer
• Single general contractor
• Numerous subcontractors
• Negotiated professional fee for design service
Advantages Disadvantages
– Long history of acceptance; - Innovation not optimized;
– Open computation - Usually cost overruns;
– Distinct roles are clear - Disputes between parties;
– Owner flexibility - Client retains risks;
– Easy to tender - Usually low bid-incentive for change order
- Owner responsible for errors & omissions;
3. Design/Build:or turn key- In a design/build contract, the owner contracts a single firm to
design and build the project. In this type of contracting system, the contractor is appointed
based on an outline design or design brief to understand the project owner‘s intent. The
owner has to clearly define his or her needs and scope of work before the signing of the
contract. It is imperative that the project definition be understood by the contractor to avoid
any conflict, as the contractor is responsible for detailed design and construction of the
project. A design/build type of contract is often used to shorten the time required to complete
a project. Since the contract with the design/build firm is awarded before starting any design
or construction, a cost plus contract or reimbursable arrangement is normally used instead of
lump sum, fixed-cost arrangement. This type of contract requires extensive involvement on
the part of the owner during the entire life cycle of the project. He or she has to be involved
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in making decisions during the selection of design alternatives and the monitoring of costs,
schedules, and quality during construction and, therefore, the owner has to maintain/hire a
team of qualified professionals to perform these activities. Design/build contracts are used for
relatively straightforward work, where no significant risk or change is anticipated and when
the owner is able to specify precisely what is required.
Fig. 2 Design/build type contracting system
Project Owner
Civil
Design/Build
Mechanical Contractor
Electrical
Specialist Electrical Sub- Civil Sub- Specialist

Sub contractor Contractor contractor contractor
contractor
Advantages:
 By integrating design and construction management in a single

organization, many of the conflicts between designers and constructors
might be avoided.
 A design/build type of contract is often used to shorten the time required to
complete a project.
 One of the most obvious advantages of the integrated design/construct
process is the use of phased construction for a large project
 to exploit the possibility of using the turnkey approach whereby an owner
can delegate all responsibility to the design/construct firm which will
deliver to the owner a completed facility that meets the performance
specifications at the specified price.
 Single source responsibility both for design & construction;
 Integrating design & construction;
 Reduction in administration;
 Innovation;
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 Cost savings;
 Constructability optimized;
 Most risks transferred to the design-builder;
 Usually GMP;
 Design reflects;
Disadvantages
 This type of contract requires extensive involvement on the part of the

owner during the entire life cycle of the project.
 an owner engaging a design/construct firm must insure that the quality of
the constructed facility is not sacrificed by the desire to reduce the time or
the cost for completing the project.
 He or she has to be involved in making decisions during the selection of
design alternatives and the monitoring of costs, schedules, and quality
during construction and, therefore, the owner has to maintain/hire a team
of qualified professionals to perform these activities.
 Limiting competition;
 High tendering costs;
 New method & unfamiliarity;
 Client needs quicker decision making;
 Clients bringing design requirements(30%)(reduces design innovation);
4. Build–Own–Operate–Transfer:- This type of method is generally used by governments

to develop public infrastructure by involving the private sector in financing, designing,
operating, and managing the facility for a specified period and then transferring the facility to
the same government free of charge. The terms BOOT and BOT are used synonymously.
Examples of BOT projects include

• Airports
 Bridges
 Motorways/toll roads
 Parking facilities
 Tunnels
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1.4 Variation order in construction project
In some literatures, variation order is referred or named as change order. In this handout,
change or change order means variation order.
 Variation order is any modification to the contractual guidance provided to the

contractor by the Employer or Employer's representative (Arain & Pheng, 2005b).
 Variation orders involve additions, omissions, alterations and substitutions in terms of
quality, quantity and schedule of works.
 Variation order is typically understood as the difference between the contract
requirements as set forth in the original agreement between the parties (often as
established at the time of bid) and the requirements imposed subsequent to this
agreement (usually recognized during the actual construction of the project).
 Variation orders cannot be avoided completely.
 Various authors intimate that variation orders are common to all types of projects.
 Variation orders may arise from changes in the minds of parties involved in the contract.
 Not all the Consultant's instructions constitute variation orders.
 Variation order do not change the scope of work, in fact, the requirement of the
variation order must be within the original scope of work. Changes that are outside the
scope of work require a supplementary agreement.
 Variation orders change the details or conditions of the work
 Variation orders are issued by the Consultant and must be given in writing or oral
instruction should be subsequently confirmed in writing. Since the contractor is not
bound to comply with the oral instructions, all oral instructions have to be confirmed in
writing by either the consultant or the contractor.
Causes of Variation Order in Construction Projects

The causes of variation order may vary from project to project. There are many causes of
variation orders. The following may be the causes of variation orders in Construction
Projects:
 Omissions or discrepancies in the design;

 Conflict discovered between the contract documents;
 inadequate working drawings;
 Inconsistency between drawings and site conditions;
 citation of inadequate specification;
 ambiguous design details which are difficult to interpret;
 delay by a consultant in issuing instructions to vary;
 Differing or changed site conditions;
 insufficient site investigation by the Consultant;
 Different underground condition or underground seepage after excavation;
 Suspension of work by the Employer;
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 Termination for convenience, when owner can terminate project prior to its
completion or delete major portions of the work;
 Termination for cause or default of the Contractor– generally due to poor or non
performance by the contractor;
 Safety considerations
 Natural incident such as heavy rainfall, landslides, flooding and failure of temporary
form of work or earth-retaining shields.
 Change of work rules/regulation;
 Changes of decision making authority during the course of construction maybe due to
politics, general election, early occupation of the newly built facility or conflicting
views by higher authorities;
Effects of Variation Orders on Construction Projects performance
Variation orders affect project performance as they adversely affect productivity and project
costs. The following may be the effects of Variation Order on Construction Projects
performance:
 Disputes between Employer and contractor ;

 Cost overruns;  increase of overhead;
 Additional payment for contractor;  demolition;
 reduced Construction productivity  rate and/or price adjustment;
of the Project;  Quality degradation;
 influencing labor activity through  Health and safety; and
the entire project;  Relationships between the project
 Time overruns (i.e. delay); team
 Rework ;
Factors influencing the occurrence of variation orders
The frequency of their occurrence varies from one project to another depending on various
factors (Arain & Pheng, 2005b).
Factors influencing the occurrence of variation orders include:
 The nature of the works,

 The complexity of the project and
 The procurement method.
The extent to which an activity is impacted by Variation order depends on a number of
factors:
 Timing of the change(at early stage or at later stage),

 Extent of the change (whether small or large),
 Re-works,
 Re-ordering,
 Job relocation,
 Scheduling
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5th year CIVIL Engineering
Managing Variation order in construction projects

The role of Consultant in managing Variation order in Construction Projects
 Advising the Employer on technical, legal and financial matters.

 Issuing a Variation Order, where deemed necessary, for improvement purposes.
 Focusing more effort during the design phase because this would contribute greatly to
the reduction of the occurrence of variation orders during the construction phase.
The role of Contractor in managing Variation order in Construction Projects
 Advising the consultant to issue a variation order when technical problem is

discovered;
 Discovering an obvious discrepancy, omission, error, or conflict in the contract
document and request that the Consultant reviews that problem, discuss the additional
costs to correct the situation, agree on a price, and authorize the variation order;
 Proposing alternative construction methods where the contractor's experience shows
that the proposed technology will not fulfill the desired fitness and function of a
design:

The role of Employer in managing Variation order in Construction Projects
 Spending more time and money on the design phase of the Project or work.
1.5 Claim Management

Claims is a demand or assertion by one of the parties seeking as a matter of rights,
adjustments or interpretation of contract terms, payment of money, extension of time or other
relief with respect to the terms of the contract.
Claims and Disputes
 a claim is a request by a contractor for additional compensation or time extension for
occurrences beyond the contractor‘s control including:
◦ differing or unexpected site conditions
◦ change in scope
◦ delays caused by the owner
 owner has duty to provide adequate, accurate data to the bidders
 Owner is liable to contractor when:
◦ inaccurate data are given
◦ extras develop because of improper design
◦ design is significantly changed after the contract is signed (constructive
change)
 Contractor must prove entitlement and the associated damages
 Contractor must provide timely notice of claim upon discovering impact
What is a Delay Claim?

In simple terms:
By:-RAHEL .A - SOURCE-d/f lecture notes & books Page 13

 Contractor: A request for compensation and/or time due to owner-caused delays

 Owner: An assessment of liquidated damages or a claim for actual damages due to
contractor-caused delays
Types of Claims
◦ delay or disruption claim
◦ extra work claim
◦ acceleration
◦ impossibility-of-performance claim
◦ defective design claim (error or omission)
◦ interference claim
◦ superior knowledge claim
Claims Avoidance
 producing comprehensive, accurate, contract documents
 constructability review
 clear understanding of contract requirements prior to bidding
 having good administrative procedures in place
 open and honest communication
 timely troubleshooting
5.4 Alternative Dispute Resolutions System

Alternative dispute resolution is the term applied to methods of resolving disputes other than
litigation. The American Arbitration Association a nonprofit organization and pioneer in
alternative dispute resolution, has established and is a financial supporter of the National
Construction Industry Disputes Resolution Committee. This group comprises representatives
of all the major organizations concerned with construction.
Dispute Resolution
A. Preventive DRS
Early settlement between parties
B. Amicable DRS
Alternative depute resolution (ADR)
1. Avoidance
Even avoidance isn‘t avoidance
In construction we have lots of reasons to avoid confrontation
In construction, 99% of avoided disputes become bigger – they fester – they
don‘t self-resolve But sometimes resolution takes a while.

2. Negotiation
• Dispute resolution between the parties involving only the parties
• Casual Conversations, emails, texts, phone calls
• Formal Meetings, documentation, presentations
• Resolution Regardless of how Put it in writing
3. Mediation – neutral advisors. Bringing in a respected, neutral, uninvolved person

to help everyone reach a mutually acceptable resolution
 The mediator DOES NOT decide

 Mediation may not resolve a dispute
 Key Points
 Voluntary
 The resolution is binding, but the process is not
 There is no such thing as ―Binding Mediation‖
 You set the rules
3. Dispute Review Board (DRB)

 3 or more odd number of board members selected evenly by both sides
 A contractually defined process
 3 members – all are neutral:
 Contractor nominated, Owner nominated
 Those two appoint the 3rd neutral
 Typically defined in the contract
 But can be established any time the parties agree to do so
 Regular site visits
 Conducts hearings
5. Arbitration
Arbitration is the submission of a dispute to one or more impartial persons for a
final and binding decision, known as an "award." Awards are made in writing and are
generally final and binding on the parties in the case
C. Judiciary DRS
 Litigation
◦ sometimes unavoidable; usually undesirable; but sometimes best method
◦ May be a Federal or State Agency
◦ Board of Contract Appeals, for example
◦ In a courtroom, you get to choose
◦ Judge: ―Bench Trial‖
 Yesterday, the Judge sentenced a rapist to life, today, the Judge is
hearing you argue about money and time
◦ Jury: Your ―Peers‖ Check that jury pool – do any of them really understand
the nuances of a construction project?

Chapter Two
SPECIFICATIONS AND QUANTITY SURVEY

2.1 SPECIFICATIONS
Introduction
Specifications are written instructions which supplement the drawing to describe the
complete technical requirements of the work or Specifications are the written requirements
for a material, product, or service for a proposed project, like a building, bridge or machine.
They define the quality of materials and workmanship required by the client. In general the
drawings show what is to be done whereas the specifications state how it is to be
accomplished and the results to be obtained.
Principles of Good Specification Writing
Specifications should be written in short concise sentences in the simplest style possible.
Unfamiliar words, having more than one meaning, unusual technical and trade expressions
should be avoided. Compound sentences are better converted into separate sentences to avoid
misplaced or omitted punctuation marks, which can sometimes change the meaning of a
sentence completely.
Summary on the principles of specification writing.
The principles of specification writing may be summarized as follows. ,

1. Make a clear, concise analysis of the job requirements as to the general
conditions, type of construction, and quality of workmanship.
2. Analyze each type of construction to be covered in the technical
provisions to determine the type of specifications to be used.
3. Outline the requirements to be included in each section of the
specifications, coordinating the subject matter with the drawings and
other contact documents.
4. Write each section concisely using short sentences and simple composition.
5. Use words in their exact meaning.
6. Make each requirement definite and complete.
7. Give direction, never suggestions.
8. Do not specify impossibilities.
9. Avoid conflicting requirements.
10. Give no information which is unnecessary for the preparation of bids.
and accomplishment of the work.
11. Specify standard sizes and patterns whenever possible.
12. Do not repeat information given on the drawings.
13. Do not repeat a thing once stated.
14. Minimize the use of cross references.

15. Do not impose harsh and unfair conditions on the contractor.

16. Never conceal hide suppress or cover up difficulties or hazards from the
contractor.
17. Based all requirements on properties which can be measured and describe the
tests to be used in measuring them.
.
Purpose of giving Specifications
 The cost of a unit quantity of work is governed by its specifications.

 Specification of a work is required to describe the quality and quantity of different
materials required for a construction work and is one of the essential contract
documents.
 This also specifies the workmanship and the method of doing the work. Thus
specification of a work serves as a guide to a supervising staff of a contractor as well
as to the owner to execute the work to their satisfaction.
 A work is carried out according to its specification and the contractor is paid for the
same. Any change in specification changes the tendered rate.
 As the rate of work is based on the specification, a contractor can calculate the rates
of various items of works in tender with his procurement rates of materials and labor.
Thus tender rate without specification of works is baseless, incomplete and invalid.
Types of Specifications
There are four methods of specifying. There is no defined rule for using one method over
another or about combining methods, but care should be taken to avoid redundancy or
contradictions. The four methods are:
Q Descriptive
Q Performance
Q Reference Standard
Q Proprietary
A. Descriptive Specifications
Under this method of specifying the exact properties of the materials and methods of
installation are described in detail without using proprietary or manufacturer's names.
Descriptive specifications are commonly used for products for which no standards exist, on
projects where using proprietary names is restricted, and in situations where the
Architect/Engineer want to exercise tight control over the specified work.

Advantages to using descriptive specifications:
Q Descriptive specifications specify exactly what the design

intends.
Q They are applicable to all conditions, methods or situations of a

project.
Q They are applicable to all sizes and types of projects.
Q They permit free competition because they do not restrict the

use of specific products or manufacturers.
Disadvantages of descriptive specifications:
Q They require the specifier to take special care in describing the

design intent in order to achieve the desired results.
Q Descriptive specifications tend to take up more space because

they require more verbiage than other methods.
Q They may be more time consuming than other methods to

create and write.
Q
They are being used less often as more complete reference
standards are being developed and implemented.
B. Performance Specifications
Under this method the required end results are specified along with the criteria by which the
performance will be judged and the method by which it can be verified. The contractor is
free to choose the materials and methods that comply with the performance specification.
They are generally used to encourage the use of new and innovative techniques that may lead
to more economical construction. They are also used to supplement other specification
methods.
Advantages to using performance specifications:
 Only the end result or design intent is specified, this gives the Contractor flexibility in
selecting and applying products.
 They permit free competition.
 They can be applicable in all types and sizes of projects.
 Performance specifications delegate the technical responsibilities to the construction
industry, where the Contractor instead of the Architecture/Engineering firm is
responsible for the results.

Disadvantages to using performance specifications:
 They can be time consuming to produce and may result in long, detailed
specifications.
 They are more difficult to enforce than other methods of specifying.
 They may be too elaborate for simple or minor projects.
 Performance specifications delegate the technical responsibilities to the construction
industry, where the Contractor instead of the Architecture/Engineering firm is
responsible for the results. (This is both an advantage and disadvantage because it
depends who wants certain responsibilities and control.)
C. Reference Standard Specifications
Under this method reference is made to an established standard defined by associations very
knowledgeable about a certain part or phase of construction. Reference standard
specifications are used for "commodity" products in the marketplace, where brand names are
not important.
Advantages to using reference standard specifications:
 The standard is usually widely known and accepted by the industry.

 They do not limit competition.
 They dramatically shorten the length of specifications.
Disadvantages to using reference standard specifications:
 There may be no appropriate standard to reference, because standards are written for
the most commonly used and generally available products.
 Standards generally refer to the minimum requirements.
 The standard may become obsolete or out-of-date, because of advances and changes
in technology and the creation of new products.
 They require a lot of research and care in use.
 They must be incorporated properly, including all supplementary information.
D. Proprietary Specifications
Under this method the actual brand names, model numbers and other proprietary information
is specified. They are primarily used for private commercial projects where the Owner knows
what products they want. There are two types of proprietary specifications, closed and open.
The primary difference between the two types concerns substitutions.

Closed: Closed specifications generally prohibit substitutions. One or more products are
specified, and no substitutions will be considered.
Open: Open specifications permit substitutions. One or more products are specified, but
other manufacturers will be considered. It is necessary to specify the process and criteria the
alternate manufacturers will be judged by.
Advantages to using proprietary specifications:
 They allow for close control of product selection.

 The drawings can be more complete and more detailed because they can be prepared
based on precise information from the selected manufacturer.
 The specification can be shorter.
 They simplify the bidding by narrowing competition and eliminating product pricing
as a major variable.
Disadvantages to using proprietary specifications:
 They reduce the competition.
 They may specify products the Contractor is not familiar with or has had little
experience with.
 Care should be taken to assure no error is made when specifying model numbers or
product designations.
2.2 Quantity surveying
Quantity surveying is a term or processes used in the construction industry to take
measurements of civil works, prepare specifications, and estimate the cost of works either
for each trade of work or for the whole project.
The following tasks are covered in quantity
surveying
1) Preparation of specification
2) Taking measurements of civil works (Taking off quantities and preparing BOQ)
3) Preparation of approximate (preliminary) cost estimate at the very early stage of the project
4. Preparation of detail cost estimate at different stages (taking as built measurements
and preparing payment certificates or approval of payment certificates prepared by
Taking measurements)
5) Preparation of tender documents and examining tenders
6) Preparation of schedule of prices to negotiate with pre-qualified bidders (labor rates,
Material)
7) Determination of values of works (executed works)and preparation of payment

certificates
8) Preparation of final accounts on completion of all of the works.
9) Valuation of property.
Specification Worksheet (BOQ form)
It is the format which is used in a bill of quantity to list (include) a short description of the

specification along with its measuring unit, quantity and unit prices to determine the total
cost for each trade of item.
Item Description Unit QTY Unit Amount

No Price (Total price)
A,SUB STRUCTURE
1. EXCAVATION AND
ERTHWORK
1.1 Excavation to remove top soil M2 140.00 11.13 1,558.23
to a depth of 20cm
1.2 Excavation in bulk the M3 70.00 46.23 3,236.12
expansive soil to a depth of
50cm
1.3
1.4
TOTAL CARRIED TO 38,430,45
SUMMARY
There are four clearly defined steps in preparation of Bill of Quantities:

I. Taking off III. Abstracting
II. Squaring IV. Writing the final Bill of
Quantity
Taking off
This is the process of preparing /a detailed list of all labor and materials necessary for the
work and entering the items on properly dimensioned paper. The standard form used for
entering the dimensions taken or scaled from drawings to determine the accurate quantity in
each trade of work, except reinforcement steel, is called take off sheet or dimension paper.
The dimension paper used for taking off is usually double - ruled.
Column 1 is used for stating the number of times occurs and is called the timesing
column.
Column 2 is called dimension column as it is used to enter the dimensions of the items of
works. The dimensions are entered in the order indicated below: Length, Width, Height or
thickness.
Column 3 is called squaring column. The stated dimensions in column 2 are multiplied
to determine the quantity of the work either in ml. m2. M3 or in Pcs. Or No.
Column 4 is called description column and description of the work item is briefly stated.
A separate sheet (Bar Schedule) is used to prepare reinforcement quantities as shown
below.
Squaring: The dimensions entered in Column 2 are squared or cubed as the case may be
multiplied by the timesing factor, and the result entered in Column 3. This task is called
squaring. All squared dimensions should be carefully checked by another person before

abstracting. and if correct the item should be ticked with led.
Abstracting: The squared dimensions are transferred to abstract sheets and all similar
dimensions are collected in the same category to obtain the total quantity of each item.
Writing the Final Bill

After the abstract sheets have been completed and checked, the final bill of quantity is
written. The dimensions are copied from the abstracts. The description of each item in the
final BoQ should be short, precise and descriptive as per the specification.
Basic Principles in Taking Off
1. Drawings shall be fully understood and clearly detailed.
2. During discrepancies in detailing, dimensioning or if missing items exist obtain
clarification from the designer.
3. The BOQ shall accurately represent the works to be executed
4. There shall be the understanding that measurements are taken to the nearest cm
5. Built items shall generally include all possible entrants like labor, materials
(including storing, loading, unloading and handling), fixing use of plant and
equipment, wastage of materials, equipment; which will result in a better process for
establishing prices and profit.
6. There shall be understanding that there is a standard paper to carry out measurements
of civil works, namely take off sheet or dimension paper, bending schedule and
specification worksheet.
7. Prior knowledge of the regulations is necessary (For E.g. roofing is measured in
horizontal projection).
10. Measurements of civil works shall be carried out in such a way that it can be easily
Checked and audited.
Types of Taking Off
Mensuration - the calculation of geometric quantities such as length, area and volume, from
dimension and angles that are already known.
Centre line method-suitable only when the cross sections of all walls are symmetrical, in
this method center line length is found and same is used for taking off quantities (therefore
only width and depth vary).
Technical Specification and Method of Measurements for the different trade of Works
Building Project
The following specifications and methods of measurement are provided to guide the
quantity surveyor in the preparation of quantities for a building project. A typical
building project will have the following work items.
A – SUB STRUCTURE
Excavation and. earth work
1

Concrete Works
2
Masonry work
3
B.SUPER STRUCTURE
Concrete Works
1
Masonry Works
2
Roofing
3
Carpentry and joinery
4
Metal Works
5
Finishing
6
Glazing
7
Painting
8
Sanitary installation
9
Electrical installation
10
Fence work
11
A.SUB-STRUCTURE
Any structure below the ground floor slab level including the basement, retaining wall, ground slab, grade beam and foundation is
called a substructure. In most of the cases, substructure work can be categorized as follows:
1. Excavation and earth work
2. Concrete work
3. Masonry work
1. Excavation and Earthworks
What types of works are included in excavation and earthworks?
A. Site clearance
Carbonations elements are not good in concrete, steel and timber works. In soils under
structures even 5% of these elements will damage the structure. Therefore these materials
(including trees. bushes and the top 20 to 30cm soil), termite hills, any other obstruction, too
have to be cleared. A working space of 1m is required on each side. It is sometimes necessary
to prepare separate specification for obstructions (demolition works) because reusable items

like doors and windows are there.
B. Excavation (bulk excavation)

Excavation to get reduced levels of every structural element below the ground level is
called bulk excavation. They are subdivided as follows depending on the subsurface
condition.
 Ordinary soil with boulders and without boulders and can easily be removed by
shovel.
 Weathered rock --it can be divided easily without blasting
 Rock bedded rocks that cannot be dug without blasting (requires using
explosives)
Note: - Working space for bulk excavation is 25 cm (not used for shallow masonry) depth of
excavation less than 30 cm -measured per m2, depth> 30 cm per m3
C. Pit excavation
Pit excavation in different types of soil at a depth of -----m from reduced level to
foundation or pad. Working space for pit excavation is 25 cm and Measured in volume
D. Trench excavation
E. fill /Embankment
This shall be measured in m3 of net volume to be filled. Fill is required because the
reduced level of every structural element above the structure has to be covered.
Excavation and embankment should not be added at a time in computing their volume,
because their costs are different. The major consideration under embankment is
compaction). Compaction is done usually at 20 cm lift thickness. The subdivisions under
fill are:
 Back fill: - filling by using the excavated soil but by removing, coarse particles.
 Borrow fill:-filling by using fill material from another place when there is of fill
or when better quality material is required.
F. Disposal - cleaning the building area including cart away.
G. Sundry items - application of termite proof solution, providing hard coring, dust
blinding, etc are itemized as sundry items; measured in m2
2. Concrete works -Cast in situ concrete shall be measured by volume .Concrete
ancillaries - include windowsills, lintels, expansion joints, and
permanent and temporary embedded materials. It is measured in-ml or enumerated.
Grades of Concrete
 C5 - lean concrete, to protect the structural concrete from damage.
 C15- for totally supported structural elements
 C20- used for slabs; mix proportion is1:2:4
 C25 - Commonly used grade of structural Concrete; mix proportion is
1:2:3
 C30 -Used for chemical stores and nuclear plants

Formwork - measure in m2. A temporary structural element, which supports slabs, beams
in casting concrete. It shall be designed and erected to safely support. Vertical and lateral
loads that might be applied until such load can be supported by the concrete structure.
Period of removal (minimum):
1. Vertical formwork to columns. walls and beams:16hrs
2. Soffits formwork to slab: 2ldays
3. Props to cantilever slabs: 14- days
4. Soffits formwork to beams: 21 days
5. Props to cantilever beams: 14 days
Reinforcement -The reinforcement bars are tied by 06 mm mild steel wire and
measured in kg.
3. Masonry Works:-Masonry works are works that are executed by lying building material
units of specified dimension through a binding material such as mortar. Stone obtained from
quarries shall be hard and sound, free from vents cracks, fishers or other defects that will
adversely affect strength or appearance. Stone for various masonry works shall be selected
and shaped as follows:
a. stone for facing works shall generally be selected for consistency in grain, color and
texture, throughout the work '
b. stone for below ground work shall be chiseled from natural stone
Stone wall is measured by volume whereas stone pavement is measured by area, specifying
thickness.
B. Superstructure
1. Concrete
works
a. Concrete- mostly as discussed in substructure part
b. formwork: Specify the type of material used and where to use (zigba or steel)
c. Reinforcement: Differentiation is made as to the diameters and where used
(Sub and super structure) and Weight per unit length for 06 is 0.222 kg any other
diameter d2 with weight per unit length W2:
W2 = (d22/62) 0.222
2. Masonry works - measured by volume
- shall be built in stone sizes of not less than 300mm per course (one-lay) and 400 mm
wide per stone
3. Hollow and solid concrete blocks -measured by area specifying the thickness. Blocks
shall be manufactured from cement, aggregates, red ash. Pumice with no fine volcanic dust.
Trial mixes shall be prepared to attain the average minimum compressive strength after
casting and curing for 28 days. There are different classes of HCB:
- Class A == 42 kg/ cm2 (for light loads)
- Class B = 35 kg /cm2 (for external
walls)

- Class C = 20 kg/cm2 (for partition

walls)
- Class AA= 70 kg/cm2 (for load bearing sub structural works)
- Class A-AA= 50 kg/cm2 (for load bearing super structural works)
Class AA and A-AA shall be obtained from 01 aggregate not from pumice or red ash.
Blocks shall be uniform in texture, size, and shape and free from any cracks and defects and
also the surface of blocks shall have a good key for plaster and rendering. The standard
thicknesses of HCBs are 1O cm. 15 cm. and 20cm.
4. Bricks-measured by area specifying the thickness. Bricks are fire resistant, watertight and
can also resist compressive action of up to 50 Mpa Bricks can be used for external, internal,
retaining and load bearing walls. Bricks shall be well made and adequately burnt, free from
cracks and particles of lime. Bricks exposed to weathering shall be selected for least in
absorption, high durability, uniform in color and texture. The thicknesses of bricks are 25cm
(for double layer) and 12 cm (for single)
5. Finishing work
a) Plastering and pointing works
The ingredients are:
- Cement (ordinary Portland cement), lime
- Gypsum (such as plaster of Paris)
- Aggregate (fine or crushed aggregates), water
Surfaces to receive plaster, pointing or screed shall be thoroughly clean and wetted. The
surface should be raked out to a minimum depth 10 mm to form proper key (if the thickness
of plastering is greater than 2.5cm, it may crack) and the surface should be rubbed with
cement slurry (cement+ water ).
b) Plastering
- Plaster and pointing works shall be measured by area and Internal and external works shall
be measured separately
The following shall be understood as included: preparing background hacking out joints,
grouting jointing recessing etc
c) Floor and Wall Finish
Terrazzo tiles: - used for floor finish and
skirting and measured by area
- shall be pre-cast or cast in situ elements
- shall have a minimum topping of two parts of marble or granite chipping from an
approved quality with one part cement
- the minimum grading of the chip shall be 5mm
- shall be applied on to 3 cm thick cement screed bedding (specified thickness)
Marble tiles
- shall be in accordance with quality, color and texture as shown (specified)

- shall be straight edged and smooth surfaced

- cement mortar backing for walls and cement screed bedding for floors
Ceramic and mosaic tiles
- Ceramic tiles shall be glazed type of approved color, texture and size
- Ceramic tiles shall be 6mm thick for walls and not less than 15mm for floors
PVC tiles
- Usually thermoplastic
- The tiles and skirting shall be resistant to household oil and acids
- The glue (adhesive) for fixing PVC tiles and skirting shall be in accordance with manufacturer's
instruction
- Usually 2mm thick PVC tiles and 48 mm cement screed is used
COPPING, CiLLS, STEPS, RISERS

Can be made from marble, Terrazzo, concrete. Stone etc and shall be laid as per the drawing Stone
and concrete pavements: - dressed or roughly dressed sand stone or precast concrete shall be laid on
compacted fill of 10 mm sand or red ash bedding and joints pointed with cement.
Method of measurement
The following shall be measured by area specifying material, size and thickness
 All finishes to floors and walls except skirting, copping and cills.
The following shall be measured in length by specifying material, size and thickness
 Skirting, risers, treads, sills and copings
PAINTING WORKS
Method of Measurement
- Painting shall be measured by area
- Internal and external surfaces shall be measured separately
Measurement of Plumbing Installation

Plumbing installations in domestic buildings involve a number of different systems
associated by the supply, distribution and disposal of water within and out of a building -
above the ground and below the ground.
Order of Measurement
1. Connection to water authority‘s main and all work up to boundary of site
2. Underground service and rising main from site boundary up to cold water storage
tank
3. Branches to rising main
4. Cold water storage tank or cistern and associated work
5. Down services with branches
6. Sanitary appliances such as sinks, wash basins, baths and water closets
7. Discharge pipes – waste, soil and vent pipes
8. Any other work connected with the plumbing installation
The order is following the flow of water as it enters and is distributed around the building,
and collected after being used.

Pipe work
Pipes are measured in linear meters over all fittings and branches, stating the type, nominal
size and the method of jointing and fixing. Fittings are enumerated and measured as extra-
over the pipe work on which they occur.
Sanitary Appliances
This includes washbasins, urinals, baths, shower trays and sinks. These appliances are
enumerated giving details in the description of their type, size, capacity and method of fixing.
Waste pipe work
It embraces all the pipe work and fittings that are associated with the disposal of used or
soiled water, and vent pipe. The following diameters of pipe are required for the different
appliances:
Washbasin -------------- 32 mm dia.
Bath/shower/sink -------- 40 mm dia.
Water closet (WC) -------- 110 mm dia.
Waste pipe work is measured in linear meters, giving in the description details of the type of
the pipe, its nominal size, the method of jointing and the type of pipe brackets. Fittings –
elbows, tees and the like – are enumerated as extra-over the pipe work on which they occur.
Drainage work
It is the disposal of used and surface water from a building to a point of disposal or treatment.
Drains include excavation of pipe trenches, drain pipes and fittings. Pipes are measured over
all fittings and branches in linear meters, stating the kind of pipe work, the nominal size and
the method of jointing. Pipe fittings, such as bends and branches, are enumerated extra-over
the pipe on which they occur. The excavation, concrete work, brickwork and rendering
associated with manholes and septic tanks are measured in accordance with the rules for the
appropriate work section.
Measurement of Electrical Installation

Electricity can only be transmitted through a conductor when there is a complete circuit from
the source, via a conductor, back to the source. Each conductor cable contains a ‗live‘ wire
carrying the power to an appliance, a ‗neutral‘ wire carrying the power back to the source and
an earth wire which reduces the risk of shock by carrying the current to a circuit breaker or
the ground in the event of a short-circuit. The conductor used for the domestic supplies is
copper wire. Cables are identified by the cross sectional area of the conductors and this is
expressed in mm2. Cabling:- Conduit and cable are each measured separately in linear
meters stating in the description the type and size of cabling.

Switches, Socket outlets and Light Points As a separate enumerated item socket outlets,
light points (luminaries) and other accessories should be enumerated in pcs
Appliances:-Separately fused circuits will be necessary for the cooker, immersion heater and
electric heating units, and are enumerated items.
CHAPTER THREE
CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
Contract Documents (graphic and written) describe the proposed construction (the ‗Work‘)
that results from performing services, furnishing labor, and supplying and incorporating
materials and equipment in to the construction
Contract Agreement
• The agreement is the document that represents and reflects the legal contract between
the owner and the contractor or others.
• The purpose of the agreement is to record in written form those items agreed between
the owner and the contractor.
• It is simply a letter that constitutes legal evidence that a contract exists, and forms the
basis for its enforcement.
The Contract Agreement shall also declare the priority of the Contract documents
 The agreement should contain:
 The date of agreement;

 The names and address of contracting parties;
 A brief description of the scope of work;
 A list of contract documents with their precedence (reference to other
documents);
 The procedures for payment;
 The contract time or dates for start and completion;
 The signatures of contracting parties and witnesses;
Conditions of Contract
A. General Conditions of Contract, GCC
• A document called the General Conditions is an essential part of the contract. It

defines the responsibilities of the parties involved in the contract, the owner and

the general contractor. It describes the guidelines that will be used in the
administration of the contract.
• The conditions are intended to govern and regulate the obligation of formal
contract.
• These forms are familiar to all parties concerned, and the wording is not only
clearly understood, but has also been tested in the courts
B. Special Conditions of Contract, SCC
• The purpose of the Special Conditions is to provide an extension of the General

Provisions of the contract to fit the specific project at hand.
• It is also known as Conditions of Particular Application, CPA.
• They serve as amendments or augmentation to the General Conditions.
• Items included in the Supplementary Conditions are entirely subject to the discretion
of the owner.
 Special conditions of contract may include topics such as:
• The number of copies of contract documents to be received by the contractor,

• Survey information to be provided by the owner,
• Materials provided by the owner,
• Changes in insurance requirements,
• Requirements for security and temporary facilities,
• Procedures for submittal and processing of shop drawings,
• Cost and schedule reporting requirements, and
• Traffic control and street cleaning requirements
TENDER
Tender is an offer which incorporates the sum of money, time and other conditions required
to carry out the contract obligations in order to complete a project or a part of it consisting of
specified works.
A tender is usually publicly announced to suppliers for the needs of services or products. The
tender document contains the necessary application papers and informs of additional
information that the suppliers must deliver in order to apply for the tender and enter the
selection process.
Tender means an invitation to offer for an item/items or work. All Public Sector
purchases/Contracts over a certain value has to be publicly notified through Tender
Notices which are advertised through Newspapers, Trade Journals, Departmental
Publications and Notice Boards, and on Internet.

Tendering:- Tendering is the management and commercial function of determining the

tender based upon the estimate and other details prepared by contractor‘s estimator and other
personal.
Difference between a Tender and a Contract: - People often use the same terms for
different things and different terms for the same thing. The term tender formally means an
invitation to trade under the terms of offer. A contract is the term used for when the parties
have reached agreement.
Guidelines for filling of Tender System
 The capacity, past credentials (quality) and financial status of the tendered is
thoroughly investigated before awarding the contract. These aspects should be
commented in detail along with the tender documents.
 The rates should be quoted in the numbers and words without any corrections. To
take advantage of any possible increase in statutory taxes & duties, the tax
component such as excise duty, Sales Tax, Works Contract Tax, etc. should be
clearly indicated.
 Tenderness should not quote many special conditions as some of them may have
financial implications, did this can be added to your quoted cost. Also it creates
confusion and creates room for manipulative forces.
 The rates quoted for individual items should be realistic and should not be
abnormal and unworkable.
Types of Tenders
Tender can be classified based on the requirement category or Procurement Type. There are
various types of Tenders. However, main Categories of the Tenders are listed below:
A. Open Tender: - Open tender is an arrangement where an advertisement in local

newspapers or trade journals invites contractors to apply for tender documents. Open
Tender is a transparent process which ensures that only the contractor with the best
price and meeting all the technical requirements will win the tender.
• A tender that received a result of competitive tender.

• The system of invitation of tender by public advertisements through Newspapers or
the Internet in the most open public manner is called the Open Tender System.
• This is most effective way of obtaining competitive rates.

B. Limited or closed tender /Selective tender:-In Limited Tenders only pre-qualified or

known bidders are allowed to participate. Limited Tenders are not advertised in
newspapers, as a result other bidder generally do not come to know that such tender is
floated. The Lowest Bidder or L1 generally wins the contract.
C. Negotiated Tender:- Negotiated Procurement is a method of procurement of goods,

infrastructure projects and consulting services, whereby the procuring entity directly
negotiates a contract with a technically, legally and financially capable supplier,
contractor or consultant. Under Negotiated Tender method normally one contractor is
approached and such tender mainly used for specialist work such as lift system or
airport project at big level, in such case there are limited number of contractor who do
such work in the market. It is based on one-to-one discussion with contractors to
negotiate the terms of contract.
D. Direct Award Tendering/Contracting: - Direct Contracting or single source

procurement is a method of procurement of goods that does not require elaborate
Bidding Documents. The supplier is simply asked to submit a price quotation or a
pro-forma invoice together with the conditions of sale. The offer may be accepted
immediately or after some negotiations. Direct contracting may be resorted to by
concerned Procuring Entities under any of the following conditions:
a) Procurement of goods of proprietary nature which can be obtained only from the
proprietary source, i.e. when patents, trade secrets, and copyrights prohibit others
from manufacturing the same item;
b) When the procurement of critical plant components from a specific supplier is a
condition precedent to hold a contractor to guarantee its project performance, in
accordance with the provisions of its contract; or
c) Those sold by an exclusive dealer or manufacturer which does not have sub-dealers
Selling at lower prices and for which no suitable substitute can be obtained at more.
E. Item Rate Tenders: - In this type of Tenders the contractors are required to quote the
rates for each item mentioned in the price bid. The quantity to be executed is given in
the price bid.
F. Percentage Rate Tenders: - In this type of Tenders a detailed estimate of the

quantity of work to be carried out along with the estimate rates is given in the price
bid form. The Bidders are required to quote the amount in percentage above or below
or at Par.

International Vs Regional Vs National Vs Local Tendering:- based on geographical

coverage tender can be classified as
1. International Competitive Bidding (ICB):- A method for procuring goods and services
that requires notification to the international community. Bidders from eligible countries, as
defined by the contracting agency or country, are given an equal opportunity to bid.
2. Regional Competitive Bidding (RCB): - In such tender type only regional and local
companies can participate. International companies are not allowed to participate.
3. National Competitive Bidding (NCB): - In such tender type only Local companies can
participate. International companies and regional companies are not allowed to participate.
4. Local Competitive Bidding (LCB):- Priority programs and infrastructure projects funded
out of the annual Government Budget which are intended for implementation within the
province/city/town shall be subject to the same public bidding and to the procurement
processes prescribed in the procurement law. In such tender type only Local companies
within the province/city/town can participate. International companies and regional
companies are not allowed to participate.
Single and Two Staged Tendering

1. Single Stage- Single Envelope Bidding:
In such Tender both the Price Proposal and the Technical Proposal are submitted in a same
envelope. The Contract is awarded to the Bidder whose Bid has been determined to be the
lowest evaluated substantially responsive Bid.
2. Single stage- Two-Envelope Bidding:

Bidders submit two sealed envelopes simultaneously, one containing the Technical Proposal
and the other the Price Proposal, enclosed together in an outer single envelope. Both
Envelopes are then put in a Big Envelope, is sealed & submitted. First Technical bid is
opened & price bid of only those bidder who are found technically qualified are opened
subsequently at a later date.
3. Single-staged- Multiple Envelope Bidding:

In such Tender, EMD is submitted in 1st Envelope, Technical Bid is submitted in 2nd
Envelope & Price Bid is submitted in 3rd envelope. On the basis of requirement bid can be
submitted in separate envelope. First EMD envelope & pre-Qualification envelope is opened.
Technical envelope of only those bidders who pre-qualify is opened and at last those who are
found technically qualified, their price bid is opened.

Pre Vs Post Qualification Tendering

A. Pre-qualification
In restricted procedures, the promoter has to select those candidates that will be invited to
submit tenders. The selection of the candidates must be carried out following a formal pre-
qualification process open to all interested firms and advertised. Such pre-qualification
exercise is usually necessary for large or complex contracts.
The pre-qualification factors, which should be referred to in the Procurement Notice and
specified in the pre-qualification documents, should be based on the capability and resources
of the prospective renderers to perform the particular contract. Factors that are normally
considered the candidates‘:
A. Legal Documents (experience and past performance on previous contracts;

B. Technical Documents (capabilities with respect to personnel, equipment and
construction or manufacturing facilities; and
C. Financial Documents (financial position).
The promoter should inform all candidates of the pre-qualification decision, including a
summary of the relevant reasons for that decision. In all respects other than notification and
selection of candidates through a pre-qualification process, restricted procedures are the same
as open procedures.
2. Pre-qualification bid
Where, in view of the particular nature of the procurement, the Public Body finds it necessary
to prequalify bidders, it may invite national or International prequalification bids as the case
may be. Procurements requiring prequalification bids should satisfy at least one of the
following criteria:-
a) Where the procurement pertains to a work of design, manufacturing or installation of a

very high value or complex nature, or
b) Where the procurement pertains to a turnkey contract of works, or the acquisition of

machinery or Information technology, or
c) Where the procurement pertains to supply of goods or equipments of considerable

importance and includes installation, or
d) Where the cost of drawing up bidding documents is so high that only pre-qualified bidders
should participate in the bid.

B. POST-QUALIFICATION
Objective and Process of Post-Qualification

The Lowest Calculated Bid/Highest Rated Bid shall undergo post-qualification in order to
determine whether the bidder concerned complies with and is responsive to all the
requirements and conditions as specified in the Bidding Documents.
The post-qualification shall verify, validate, and ascertain all statements made and documents
submitted by the bidder with the Lowest Calculated Bid/Highest Rated Bid, using non-
discretionary criteria, as stated in the Bidding Documents. These criteria shall consider, but
shall not be limited to, the following:
a) Legal Requirements.
To verify, validate, and ascertain licenses, certificates, permits, and
agreements submitted by the bidder, and the fact that it is not included in any
―blacklist‖.
b) Technical Requirements.
To determine compliance of the goods, infrastructure projects, or consulting services offered
with the requirements specified in the Bidding Documents, including, where applicable:
 Verification and validation of the bidder‘s stated competence and experience, and the
competence and experience of the bidder‘s key personnel to be assigned to the
project, for the procurement of infrastructure projects and consulting services;
 Verification of availability and commitment, and/or inspection and testing for the
required capacities and operating conditions, of equipment units to be
owned/leased/under purchase by the bidder for use in the contract under bidding, as
well as checking the performance of the bidder in its ongoing government and private
contracts (if any of these on-going contracts shows a reported negative slippage of at
least fifteen percent (15%), or substandard quality of work as per contract plans and
specifications, or unsatisfactory performance of the contractor‘s obligations as per
contract terms and conditions, at the time of inspection, and if the BAC verifies any of
these deficiencies to be due to the contractor‘s fault or negligence, the agency shall
disqualify the contractor from the award), for the procurement of infrastructure
projects;
 Verification and/or inspection and testing of the goods/product, after sales and/or
maintenance capabilities, in applicable cases, for the procurement of goods; and
 Ascertainment of the sufficiency of the bid security as to type, amount, form and
wording, and validity period.
c) Financial Requirements. To verify, validate and ascertain the bid price proposal of the
bidder and, whenever applicable, the required CLC in the amount specified and over the

period stipulated in the Bidding Documents, or the bidder‘s NFCC to ensure that the bidder
can sustain the operating cash flow of the transaction.
Procurement Processes
1. Tender Documents Preparation
2. Clarification and Pre-Tender Meeting
3. Submission and Opening of Tenders
4. Evaluation and award Recommendations
1. Tender Documents Preparation
Bidding documents are documents issued by the Procuring Entity to provide the prospective
bidders all the necessary information that they need to prepare their bids. These clearly and
adequately define, among others:
1. The objectives, scope and expected outputs and/or results of the proposed
contract;
2. The expected contract duration;
3. The obligations, duties and/or functions of the winning bidder; and
4. The minimum eligibility requirements of bidders, such as track record to be
determined by the Head of the Procuring Entity.
1. The preparation of Invitation to Bid Notices or Letters
Invitation to Bid Notices
Invitation to Bid Notices must be published under the Open Tendering method, unless a pre-
qualification has been conducted. They are designed to provide information that enables
potential bidders to decide whether to participate in a bidding process. Apart from the
essential items listed in the draft below, the Invitation to Bid Notice should also indicate any
important bid evaluation criteria (for example, the application of a margin of preference in
bid evaluation) or qualification requirements (a minimum level of turnover or experience).
The Invitation to Bid Notice is for publication purposes only and is not a part of the Bidding
Documents.
2. Section 1. Instructions to Bidders

The Instructions to Bidders (ITB) inform Bidders of the procedures that regulate the bidding
process. The ITB contain standard provisions that have been designed to remain unchanged
and to be used without modifying their text. The ITB clearly identify the provisions that
may normally need to be specified for a particular bidding process and require that such
details be introduced through the BDS.
Conventionally the Instructions to Bidders contain information and data relating to the
procedure for bidding and evaluation up to the point of contract award. Matters that will
govern the performance of the Contractor, payment under any resulting contract or the rights

and obligations under any resulting contract are contained in Section 7, 8 and 9, the General
and Special Conditions of Contract and the Agreement. If duplication of a subject is
inevitable in the different Sections of the document, care must be exercised to avoid
contradiction between clauses dealing with the same matter(s).
The Instructions to Bidders are not a Contract document and, therefore, will not form a part
of the Contract.
3. Section 2. Bid Data Sheet
The Bid Data Sheet (BDS) supplements the ITB by specifying details relevant to an
individual bidding document such as its closing date or the value of bid security required.
The Employer must specify in the BDS only the information that the ITB request be specified
in the BDS. All information shall be provided; no clause shall be left blank.
To facilitate the preparation of the BDS, its clauses are numbered with the same numbers as
the corresponding ITB clause. This Guide provides information to the Employer on how to
enter all required information, and includes a BDS formatted table that summarises all
information to be provided.
The BDS should be prepared by the PE prior to the issue of the Bidding Document.
Conventionally the BDS contains information and data relating to the procedure for bidding
and evaluation up to the point of contract award. Matters that will govern the performance of
the Contractor, payment or the rights and obligations under any resulting contract are
contained in Section 7, 8 and 9, the General and Special Conditions of Contract and the
Agreement. If duplication of a subject is inevitable in the different Sections of the document,
care must be exercised to avoid contradiction between clauses dealing with the same
matter(s).
The Bid Data Sheet is not a Contract document and, therefore, will not form a part of the
Contract.
4. Section 3. Evaluation and Qualification Criteria
The purpose of the Evaluation and Qualification Criteria (EQC) is to inform Bidders of the
criteria that the Employer will use to evaluate the bids and post-qualify the bidder submitting
the lowest evaluated bid. This is to ensure that the evaluation is fair and treats all Bidders in
the same manner. It also should assist Bidders to prepare responsive bids, which meet the
PE‘s needs and are competitive. The Employer must prepare the EQC and include it as a part
of the Bidding Documents.
The EQC is not a Contract document and, therefore, it is not a part of the Contract.
Section 3 of the SBD requires criteria to be added in two main areas, relating to:
1. Qualification criteria; and
2. The application of a margin of preference for domestic contractors.
Guidance is provided below on the completion of each of these sections. Example criteria are
provided, but the criteria must be prepared for each individual requirement, depending on the

value of the potential bids, the complexity of the assignment, the details of any domestic
preference scheme etc.
5. Section 4. Bidding Forms
The Procuring Entity must include all bidding forms that the Bidder must complete and
include in its bid in the Bidding Document. As specified in Section 4 of the Bidding
Document, these forms are the Bid Submission Form, the Priced Schedules (Bill of
Quantities or Activity Schedule, depending on the type of contract), the Bid Security Form
and the Qualification Information form.
As the Bidder (or a financial institution in the case of the Security) is required to complete
these Forms, guidance notes are included on the forms (in bold between square brackets) in
the SBD. These guidance notes should not be deleted by the Procuring Entity prior to the
issue of the Bidding Document. The Procuring Entity is not required to input or change
any information in Section 4.
6. Section 5. Eligible Countries
Section 5 specifies the countries from which bidders (including subcontractors or suppliers)
are eligible. Section 5 is not a contract document.
Section 5 of the SBD includes the following wording, which will normally apply to any
Government funded contract:
All countries are eligible except countries subject to the following provisions.
A country shall not be eligible if:

(a) As a matter of law or official regulation, the Government of the Federal Democratic
Republic of Ethiopia prohibits commercial relations with that country, provided that
the Government is satisfied that such exclusion does not preclude effective
competition for the provision of the works required; or
(b) By an act of compliance with a decision of the United Nations Security Council
taken under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, the Government of the
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia prohibits any procurement of works from
that country or any payments to persons or entities in that country.
7. Section 6. Schedule of Requirements

The Schedule of Requirements (SOR) informs Bidders of precisely what the Employer
wishes to procure. The Schedule of Requirements should provide sufficient information to
enable bidders to efficiently and accurately prepare bids that are realistic and competitive and
to ensure that bids meet the Employer‘s needs. The SOR must be prepared by suitably

qualified and experienced staff. The specifications, drawings and the completed bill of
quantities or activity schedule will form part of the Contract.
The Employer must prepare the SOR and include it as a part of the Bidding Documents.
Depending on the size of the contract and the number of pages in each section, it is usual to
package Section 6, or each part of Section 6, in a separate volume or volumes. For example,
for a large contract, the Technical Specifications, Bills of Quantities and Drawings may all
need to be issued in separate volumes. Where separate volumes are issued:
 Each volume should be appropriately titled and include the procurement reference
number; and
 The relevant page of Section 6 should be included in the Bidding Document for
completeness, with a reference to the appropriate volume.
The Statement of Requirements consists of four parts:
1. Scope of Works
2. Technical Specifications
3. Drawings
4. Bill of Quantities or Activity Schedule
The following notes provide guidance on how to prepare each of these parts.
Scope of Works
The Employer should provide a description of the works, including approximate quantities of
major items, which adequately describe the contract scope of work. Additional information
that may be included is:
 Site location
 Climate and weather information
 Site investigation studies and reports
 Topographical data
 Access details
 Details of other ongoing or future works to be carried out by other contractors during the
Contract period
 Information regarding disposal, borrow and quarry areas including royalty payments as
applicable
 Any other pertinent information regarding the site and the works
A description of approximately 1-2 pages would be appropriate for most contracts
8. Section 7. General Conditions of Contract
The General Conditions of Contract (GCC) contain standard provisions that have been
designed to remain unchanged and to be used without modifying their text. The GCC
clearly identify the provisions that may normally need to be specified for a particular bidding
process and require that such provisions be introduced through the SCC.
The GCC will form part of any resulting Contract.

9. Section 8. Special Conditions of Contract
The Special Conditions of Contract (SCC) supplement the GCC by modifying conditions
applicable to an individual contract, such as payment terms or the name of the Engineer. The
SCC prevails over the GCC. The Procuring Entity should include all information that the
GCC indicate shall be provided in the SCC prior to issuing the Bidding Documents. No SCC
Clause should be left blank.
To facilitate the preparation of the SCC, its clauses are numbered with same numbers as the
corresponding GCC clauses. This Guide helps the Procuring Entity with inputting all
information required and includes a SCC format that summarises all information to be
provided.
The SCC will form part of any resulting Contract
10. Section 9. Contract Forms

Section 9 of the Bidding Document contains forms for the Agreement, the Contract Security,
and the Advance Payment Security. The purpose of including these forms in the Bidding
Document is to notify the Bidders of the type and detail of the Contract they would received
in the event of an award. No input is required by the Employer when drafting the
Bidding Document and there is no requirement for Bidders to submit these forms with their
bids.
2. Clarification and Pre-Tender Meeting
The pre-procurement conference is the forum where all officials involved in the procurement
meet and discuss all aspects of the transaction. These aspects include the technical
specifications, the ABC, the applicability and appropriateness of the recommended method of
procurement and the related milestones, the bidding documents, and availability of the
pertinent budget release for the project.
A pre-procurement conference is conducted to determine the readiness of the Procuring

Entity to procure infrastructure projects in terms of the legal, technical and financial
requirements. More specifically, it ensures that the procurement will proceed in accordance
with the PPMP and APP, confirms the availability of appropriations and programmed budget
for the contract, and reviews all relevant documents in relation to their adherence to the law.
The pre-bid conference is the initial forum where the Procuring Entity‘s representatives and
the eligible bidders discuss the different aspects of the procurement at hand. The ground rules
that will govern the procurement are discussed. In particular, the participants discuss the
technical and financial components of the contract to be bid. This is also an opportunity for
the eligible bidders to request for clarifications about the bidding documents. However, it

should be noted that any statement made at the pre-bid conference would not modify the
terms of the bidding documents, unless such statement is specifically identified in writing as
an amendment of the documents and issued as a supplemental/bid bulletin
It is important that responsible and knowledgeable officials attend the conference. The
persons who actually formulated the scope of work, plans and technical specifications for the
project should be present and among those representing the Procuring Entity. Eligible
bidders, on the other hand, should be encouraged to send representatives who are legally and
technically knowledgeable about the requirements of the procurement at hand. It is also
important that the eligible bidders are given ample time to review the bidding documents
prior to the pre-bid conference.
3. Submission and Opening of Tenders
Amendment of Bidding Documents (Addendum)
At any time prior to the deadline for submission of bids, the Employer may amend the
bidding documents by issuing Addenda or Bid bulletin . Any Addendum thus issued shall be
part of the bidding documents and shall be communicated in writing or by cable to all
purchasers of the bidding documents. Prospective bidders shall promptly acknowledge
receipt of each Addendum by cable to the Employer. To give prospective bidders reasonable
time in which to take an Addendum into account in preparing their bids, the Employer shall
extend as necessary the deadline for submission of bids.
Deadline for Submission of Bids:-Bids must be received by the Procuring Entity‘s BAC at
the address and on or before the date and time indicated in the BDS.
Late Bids: - Any bid submitted after the deadline for submission and receipt of bids
prescribed by the Procuring Entity shall be declared ―Late‖ and shall not be accepted by the
Procuring Entity.
Modification and Withdrawal of Bids:-The Bidder may modify its bid after it has been
submitted; provided that the modification is received by the Procuring Entity prior to the
deadline prescribed for submission and receipt of bids. The Bidder shall not be allowed to
retrieve its original bid, but shall be allowed to submit another bid equally sealed, properly
identified, linked to its original bid marked as ―TECHNICAL MODIFICATION‖ or
―FINANCIAL MODIFICATION‖ and stamped ―received‖ by the BAC. Bid modifications
received after the applicable deadline shall not be considered and shall be returned to the
Bidder unopened.
A Bidder may, through a letter of withdrawal, withdraw its bid after it has been submitted, for
valid and justifiable reason; provided that the letter of withdrawal is received by the
Procuring Entity prior to the deadline prescribed for submission and receipt of bids.

Opening and Preliminary Examination of Bids :- The BAC shall open the first bid
envelopes of Bidders in public as specified in the BDS to determine each Bidder‘s
compliance with the documents prescribed For this purpose, the BAC shall check the
submitted documents of each bidder against a checklist of required documents to ascertain if
they are all present, using a non-discretionary ―pass/fail‖ criterion.
If a bidder submits the required document, it shall be rated ―passed‖ for that particular
requirement. In this regard, bids that fail to include any requirement or are incomplete or
patently insufficient shall be considered as ―failed‖ Unless otherwise specified in the BDS,
immediately after determining compliance with the requirements in the first envelope, the
BAC shall forthwith open the second bid envelope of each remaining eligible bidder whose
first bid envelope was rated ―passed‖. The second envelope of each complying bidder shall
be opened within the same day. In case one or more of the requirements in the second
envelope of a particular bid is missing, incomplete or patently insufficient, and/or if the
submitted total bid price exceeds the ABC unless otherwise provided in ITB, the BAC shall
rate the bid concerned as ―failed‖. Only bids that are determined to contain all the bid
requirements for both components shall be rated ―passed‖ and shall immediately be
considered for evaluation and comparison.
Examination of Bids and Determination of Responsiveness:- Prior to the detailed

evaluation of bids, the Employer will determine whether each bid (a) meets the eligibility
criteria of the Bank; (b) has been properly signed; (c) is accompanied by the required
securities; (d) is substantially responsive to the requirements of the bidding documents; and
(e) provides any clarification and/or substantiation that the Employer may require to
determine responsiveness. Furthermore, the bidder shall, if required, provide substantiation
that the Employer may require.
If a bid is not substantially responsive, it will be rejected by the Employer and may not
subsequently be made responsive by correction or withdrawal of the nonconforming
deviation or reservation.
4. Contract Awarding
Contract awarding is the method used during a procurement in order to evaluate the proposals
(tender offers) taking part and award the relevant contract. Usually at this stage the eligibility
of the proposals has been concluded. So it remains to choose the most preferable among the
proposed. There are several different methods for this, which are obviously related to the
proposition method asked by the procurement management. Among them the common
methods are described below.
A. Least price

This method is the simplest and oldest of all. Under this the procurement contract is awarded
to the best price. Some relevant methods are these of examining the overall or in parts and in
total discount in a given price list or on a given budget.
B. Most economically advantageous
This is applicable to proposals of different quality within the limits set. Under this the
proposals are graded according to their price for value and the contract is awarded to the one
with the best grade. Similar to this is the grading of the proposals according to time, making
the proposals needing less time of implementation seems more valuable. .
C. Mean value
The contract is awarded to a bid closer to the mean value of the proposals. This may apply to
procurements where numerous proposals are expected and there is a need for a market-
representing value.
D. Exclusion of the extremes
Under this method the proposals that are deviating the most from the mass of the proposals
are excluded and then the procedure continues with one of the above methods.
There are also many variants and/or combinations of these main methods.
CHAPTER FOUR
SITE SUPERVISION
4.1 CONSTRUCTION SITE INSPECTION
4.1.1 Concept of Construction Site Inspection

Definition of inspection
 Inspection is a critical examination of somebody or something aimed at forming a

judgment or evaluation Microsoft® Encarta® 2009.
 is an official visit to a building or organization to check that everything is correct and
legal (Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary)
Therefore:
 Construction site inspection is the critical examination of the labors (i.e. professional or
non-professional labors) at the Construction site of a given Construction project or critical
examination of construction works or generally all activities carried out at the Construction
site which aimed at forming a judgment or evaluation;

 Construction site Inspection is the process of ensuring targets (construction cost, time and
quality) which has been set at the planning stage of construction project.
Generally, Construction site inspection deals with, but not limited to, the following:
 Identification of activities to be inspected (i.e. the objective of the Inspection, what is to be

inspected?);
 Identification of site inspection methods and inspection technologies that may be
appropriate for a given inspection context;
 All about who inspects the site;
 All about when the construction site is inspected (i.e. the earliest and latest times that
inspections can be performed, how often are site inspections required to be performed?);
 All about why and how the inspection is carried out;
 Inspection is one of the means of ensuring compliance of design and specifications.
 The primary objective of inspection is to ensure safety of lives and durability of structure.
Therefore, the inspector has the responsibility of ensuring that the structure being built confirms to the
acceptable standards and good workmanship and quality materials. The inspector has professional as
well as ethical responsibility to ensure that the structure is built correctly.
Most of the buildings and other infrastructure fails due to lack of proper and professional supervision
causing loss of lives and property. Proper inspection becomes a critical aspect of a work in order to
ensure that the works to be accomplished are done as intended, confirming to the technical documents
requirement. The relationship between the inspector and the contractor should be partnership rather
than advisory and regulatory.
It is common that inspectors takes side and may think that anything he/she can do to slow down,
impede or control the work is to the advantage of the employer. The inspector is responsible to control
quality of work but if he/she impedes the progress, the employer will incur additional costs.
4.1.2 Importance of Construction Site Inspection

Effective construction site inspection has the following purpose:
 For achieving higher construction quality;

 For preventing structural failures during construction;
 To easily identify and manage defects in the Construction site;
 To actively control and manage construction projects;
 To check whether all the supplied materials and associated equipment for the construction
project are correct to the specified design and function when delivered to site, thus removing
the risk of the construction schedule being extended in order to rectify problems;
 etc
4.1.3 What is inspected in Construction site?

A. Inspection before submitting Tender
The Contractor shall be deemed to have inspected and examined the Site and its surroundings and to
have satisfied himself before submitting his Tender as to all matters necessary for the due
performance of the contract including
 the form and nature of the site,

 geological, hydrological, subsurface and climatic conditions,

 details, location and levels of all existing and projected utility and services above and below
ground,
 the nature and carrying capacity of existing, and projected roads,
 the extent and nature of the work, materials, labour and all things necessary for the
completion of the works,
 the access to and aggress from the site and the accommodation he may require, and
 In general shall be deemed to have obtained all necessary information as to the risks,
contingencies and all other circumstance which may influence or affect his Tender( clause 11
of MoWUD general conditions of contract 1994).
B. Inspection during Construction
4.1.4 The Skills of Construction Site Inspector

The inspector is expected to have the following skills:
 Observation skills
o Global observation skills
o Abstract observational skills
 Technical skills or competence: Familiar with current technology and method of
executing construction works
 Interpersonal skills: the way information is transmitted can affect the way it is
understood.
 Communication skills: Exchange of information
 The sender is responsible for making the information clear, unambiguous, and
complete so that the receiver can receive it correctly
o Written and oral, Listening and speaking
o Internal and external
o Formal and Informal
o Vertical and Horizontal
 Communicating involves substantial body of knowledge that is not unique to the
project context, for example
 Choice of media
 Writing style (Active Vs Passive)
 Presentation technique
 Meeting management technique:
 Negotiating:
 Negotiation might be about the following things
o Scope, cost or schedule objective
o Contract terms and conditions
o Resource assignments, etc
 Problem solving skills
 Problem definition and decision making.
 Decision making, ― the right decision at the right time‖
 Analytical skills: Analyzing the situation and weighing alternatives to arrive at a good
decision.
 Looking at the big picture while at the same time separately understanding
critical elements.

4.1.5 The Role of Construction Site Inspector

 An inspector may work for the Employer, the Contractor or the Consultant; in any case
however, his responsibilities are the same.
 Most of the time the inspector works on the side of the consultant.
 The inspector must have a keen eye, be observant and able to see critically.
In most cases the inspector assumes role of advisory, however his/her main duties are limited to the
following:
 Inspect
 Guide
 Assist
 Facilitate
 Control quality but not to hinder work.
The controlling aspect of the inspection should only come in the event that the contractor fails to
execute the works according to standards and accepted practice. The detailed knowledge of the plans
and specifications for the particular work is very important for execution of his duties. He/ she should
be familiar with any revisions or amendments done to the original documents and also the reason for
such changes and their incorporation to the works. He/she must also be able to follow the progress of
the work, record accurately and follow up the day-to-day progress. He/ she must record and advice
rectifications of errors observed during inspection of works. The inspector needs to exercise
professional integrity and high ethical standards. The inspector shall not stop the work unless
otherwise it will leads to death. He/ she must always understand the problem of the contactor and find
a solution to assist him in resolving the issues without waiving any of the specific requirements of the
specification.
In summary the inspector must have the following,
 Knowledge
 Integrity
 Ability
 Good judgment
 Good attitude
 practice
The specific duties of Construction site inspector are summarized below:
 Ensuring compliance by the contractor with drawings, specifications and contractual

provision of the project.
 Monitoring project progress according to the schedule
 Coordinating and monitoring different tests
 Inspecting contract drawings and specifications
 Inspecting all materials delivered to the site prior to their being used in the work. It is
desirable to perform inspection of materials or fabricated products prior to their delivery at
site;
 Reject faulty material and have it removed from site;
 Rejection of works which is not within the contractual quality;
 Stopping of works when safety concerns override basic contractual commitment;
 Approval or rejection of shop drawings, materials and samples;

In other hand the inspector has no authority to revoke, alter, enlarge, relax, or release any of the
requirements of the contract provisions.
4.1.6 Necessary Equipments

Make sure that you have the following equipments at hand whenever inspecting a site
 Tape mater
 Level
 Straight edge
 Note book, diary
 Safety helmet
 Suitable site shoes
 Appropriate clothing
4.1.7 Defects in Construction
Defects in construction may appear due to either of the following reasons
 Inadequate strength or stiffness

 Structural instability
 Settling of foundations
 Distressed structural members as evidenced by cracking, movement and excessive
deflection
 Weather and moisture intrusion caused by failure of roofing, exterior wall, floors and
openings
 Premature depreciation such as abnormal wear, decay, corrosion
 Poor Workmanship
 Un-adequate Supervision
 Usage of poor quality material
Some of these defects will result in buildings or parts of buildings that are unsuitable or unusable.
Others will result in excessive operating and maintenance costs, premature replacement costs, or
depreciated or unacceptable appearance and sometimes property damage, personal injury or death.
Defects in structure can occur during the construction period or during times of use. The inspector is
required to analyze the situation and arrive at a technically sound explanation as well as possible
practical recommendations.
The inspector is therefore expected to answer the following key questions for analyzing the defect and
forward the possible recommendations
 What is the phenomenon?

 How can it be described and explained?
 What is the exact cause?
 How it can be rectified?
By removal or replacement?
By repair?
By coating?
By strengthening?
By premature replacement?

By acceptance of defects and monetary adjustments?

By some equivalent to the originally specified product or procedure?
By some creative or innovative procedure?
The inspector should also understand the costs of remedial measures.
 Costs of analysis and recommendation.

 Costs of Redesign works
 Costs of inspection and testing
 Costs of labor, material, equipment coordination
 Costs of consequential damages
 Costs due to loss of use of building
 Costs due to damage of personal injuries.
4.1.8 Identifying the source of responsibilities

 Who is responsible for the failure
 Design problem?
o Was the construction project properly design?
• The architect and the engineers are primarily responsible for the design
problems. Who is responsible for temporarily structures?
 Construction problem?
o Was the project built in accordance with contract requirement? Was it properly
constructed? Does the contractor provide right materials as per the
specifications?
• Who is responsible?
 Maintenance or usage problem?
o Were the project and all its systems been properly cared for? Has the project
been abused or damaged by its user? has the project been used improperly?
 Unforeseen circumstance [natural disaster, war, …etc]
 Faulty supervision
 Accidents are very common in construction sites, hence, it is very important that healthy and
safety issues are addressed properly.
Commonly accidents occur due to the following reasons
In-adequately installment of formworks

Improper construction of temporary structures
Improper nails
Un-braced underground excavations
Improper usage of equipments
Negligence of the workers
Un usage of safety equipments
4.1.9 Scope of Site Inspection

Construction site inspection may cover, but not limited to, the following:
 Areas disturbed by construction activity ;

 Areas used for storage of materials that are exposed to precipitation;

 Areas where control measures are installed and maintained;
 Areas where pollutants have accumulated and may enter;
 Locations where vehicles enter or exit the site;
 Areas where water typically flows;
 Points of discharge from the site.
 Portions of the site where stabilization measures have been initiated.
Concepts related to construction site inspection
Concept of Construction site inspection;

Construction site inspector: roles in construction , responsibilities and job description
Factors affecting Construction site inspectors performance
Factors affecting Construction site inspectors working environment in Construction Industry
Skills of construction site inspector;
Importance of Construction site inspection;
Safety during Construction site inspection;
Construction site inspection methods and technologies
Inspection before construction
Inspection during Construction
Inspection after Construction
Inspection process in construction projects;
faulty construction site inspection: causes, effects and remedies
4.2 QUALITY CONTROL IN CONSTRUCTION

Quality control is a process employed to ensure a certain level of quality in a product or service.
Essentially, quality control involves the examination of a product, service, or process for certain
minimum levels of quality.
Quality control involves monitoring specific project results to determine if they comply with relevant
quality standards, and identifying ways to eliminate causes of unsatisfactory results. It should be
performed throughout the project (The PMBOK® Guide - 2000 Edition).
It may include whatever actions a business deems necessary to provide for the control and verification
of certain characteristics of a product or service.
The basic goal of quality control is to ensure that the products, services, or processes provided meet
specific requirements and are dependable, satisfactory, and fiscally sound.
The concept of quality in Construction
In engineering, quality means compliance with a defined requirement, of value for money, of fitness
for purpose, or customer satisfaction.
Quality is a summation of all those characteristics which together make a product acceptable to the
market.
 Quality of project

 Quality of work
 Quality of goods
 Quality of service
 Quality of Document
 Quality of product
Quality Control in Construction May Involve, but not limited to, the Following:
1) Controlling the quality of human resource (Human Resource Quality Control)

The contents of human resource quality control includes the overall quality of organization and
individual's knowledge, ability, physical condition, psychological state, quality consciousness,
behaviour, concept of organizational discipline, and professional ethics.
2) Controlling the quality of construction Material(Construction material quality control)

Construction Materials may include, but not limited to raw materials, finished products, semi-finished
products, components and parts. Construction material quality control is one of necessary conditions
to ensure construction quality.
Main contents of Construction materials quality control includes:
a) Material Procurement:
Quality controlling activities under Construction material procurement:
 Controlling whether the contractor purchase the materials based on the integrated
consideration of engineering characteristics, construction contracts, and the scope of
application, construction requirements, the performance and price of materials.
 Arranging the procurement according to the construction schedule.
 Establishing common information of material suppliers and tracking the market timely.
 If necessary, material sample or field trip is required, and the strict instruction of quality items
in material procurement contracts should be paid attention.
b) Material testing
Through a series of detection methods, the material data obtained is compared with quality standards,
to judge the reliability of quality materials, and whether they can be used for engineering. Sampling
inspection is commonly used method.
c) Storage and Usage

Quality controlling activities under Construction material Storage and usage may include, but
not limited to, the following:
 Avoiding quality problems caused by material deterioration or misuse by managing

construction material storage and sage, such as the agglomeration of wet cement, corrosion of
steel, and the mix of reinforcement with different diameters.
 Making reasonable arrangement to avoid overstocking lots of materials on site.
 Storing Construction materials with signs for the different categories, and with inspection and
supervision on-site when being used.
3) Controlling the Quality of Construction Machinery and Equipment (Construction
Machinery and Equipment Quality Control)
Construction machinery and equipments are essential facilities for the modern construction, reflecting
the construction power of the enterprise, and having a direct impact on the project progress and
quality.

Construction Machinery and Equipment Quality Control is required to make the type and
performance parameters of construction machinery and equipment match the conditions, technology
and other factors of the construction site (Liang Shilian).
Construction Machinery and Equipment Quality Control may include, but not limited to, the
following:
 Selecting construction machinery and equipment in accordance with advanced technology,

economic rationality, production application, reliable performance and safety, with the
applicability and reliability to a specific project;
 Making the performance parameters correctly in accordance with the requirements of
construction and quality assurance. For example, the strength of tensile force of lifting jack
must be larger than the maximum tension required in the procedures.
 Calibrating construction machinery and equipment regularly, so as not to mislead the
operator.
 Matching the mechanical equipment selected with the adapting operation workers.
4) Controlling the Quality of Construction Methods(Construction Methods Quality

Control)
Construction methods are reflected in the concentration of technical solution, process, testing
methods, and arrangements of construction procedures for construction adopted by construction
contractors (Cheng Hu).
Construction Methods Quality Control activities may include, but not limited to, the following:
 Constantly refining and deepening construction program with the progress of the project
construction.
 When selecting the construction program, some viable options of major projects should be
prepared, presenting main contradictions, advantages and disadvantages, so as to discussion
and comparison, then the best option will be selected.
 Fully assessing the possible construction quality problems and treatment when developing
programs for the major projects, key parts and difficult projects, such as the new structure,
new materials, new technology, large-span, large cantilever, the tall structure parts, and so on;
5) Environment Quality Control
Creating a good environment will play an important role in guaranteeing the quality and safety of
construction projects, achieving civilized construction, and setting social image of Construction
Corporation.
Quality Control of construction environment includes not only the understanding, restriction,
transformation and usage of natural environment, but also activities of creating working environment
and environment management (Cheng Hu).
A) Control of the Natural Environment is to grasp data and information of hydrology, geology
and meteorology of construction site, in order to establish construction plans and measures
with the consideration of the characteristics and laws of the natural environment and actual

conditions, to prevent ground and underground water affecting construction, and ensure the
safety of underground pipelines of the surrounding buildings.
B) Control of Management Environment is to learn the management relations of all
participating construction units from the contract structure then establish organizational
system of on-site construction and integrated operation system of quality management.
There are roles of mutual promotion and restraint, and coordinating operation between arrangement
ensuring construction procedures and formation process of construction quality.
In addition, the coordination, communication and good public relations are required with the
neighbouring residents or working sites, to acquire their necessary understanding and support.
C) Control of working environment is firstly to do rational planning and management of

construction plan, and arrange the layout of mechanical equipment, materials, components,
roads, pipelines, and various large temporary facilities. Secondly, the various protective
measures should be taken, with clear signs, and the roads of construction should be
unblocked. Third, before leaving the construction site, it should be cleaned up.
6) Controlling the quality of products( Construction Product Quality Control)
7) Controlling the quality of the Construction process
4.3 Record Keeping in Construction

4.3.1 Records Management (RM)
Record management is the application of systematic policies and procedures governing the creation,
distribution, maintenance, management, use and ultimate retention or disposal of records to achieve
effective, economical, accountable, transparent and efficient administration. It can also be defined as
―the field of management responsible for the systematic control of the creation, maintenance, use and
disposition of records‖, (NARA, 2003). Records management addresses the life cycle of records, i.e.,
the period of time that records are in the custody of the Government agencies.
Records management is concerned with the effective management of records throughout their life
cycle. There are several benefits of having an effective records management programme. These are
listed below:
Facilitates effective performance of activities throughout an agency;

Protects the rights of the agency, its employees and its customers;
Provides continuity in the event of a disaster;
Meets statutory and regulatory requirements including archival, audit and oversight activities;
Provides protection and support in litigation;
Allows quicker retrieval of documents and information from files;
Improves office efficiency and productivity; and
Supports and documents historical and other research
4.3.2 Record keeping
 Is the activity of organizing and storing all the documents, files, invoices, etc. relating
to a company's or organization's activities (Cambridge Business English Dictionary).
 is the maintenance of a history of one's activities, as financial dealings, by entering
data in ledgers or journals, putting documents in files, etc(Dictionary.com
Unabridged).

Keeping site records is a daily practice on all the civil Engineering projects and these records are
maintained for different reasons. These range from providing a means of monitoring construction
activities to performing a fundamental role in resolving any disputes.
Obviously, the extent of record keeping required for a particular construction job will depend on the
type of contract.
However, some record keeping will be required in any case because it is:
1. Required by law,
2. Required by the terms of the contract,
3. Needed to control the on-going work,
4. Needed as data for estimating future work, and
5. Needed for preserving the contractor's rights under the contract
The first item may be ascertained by referring to the authorities having jurisdiction over the place of
the work. The second may be determined by a thorough reading of the contract documents, both in
terms of the administrative requirements contained in the general and special conditions, and the
technical requirements contained in the specifications. The third, fourth and fifth items are for the
contractor to decide, and depend largely on his disposition.
Goal of maintaining site records in construction
To provide the right information to the right person at the right time at the lowest possible
cost.
4.3.3 The purpose of Record keeping in Construction
Construction Record Keeping has the following purpose:
 To control the construction process by monitoring the physical progress of the project and
identifying unsatisfactory progress;
 To assure quality, by proving the works are carried out according to the contract specification;
 To control the finance of the project by monitoring the financial situation of the project;
 For preparing and assessing construction claims;
 In order to establish the facts as to what actually happened on the project;
4.3.4 Construction Site Records
There is sometimes a lack of clarity about what is meant by ‗record‘ in relation to the more general
term ‗information‘. There are many definitions of the term ‗record‘. A ‗record‘ can be defined as
information generated in the course of an organisation’s official transactions and which is
documented to act as a source of reference and a tool by which an organisation is governed. The
records themselves form a part of or provide evidence of such transactions. As evidence, they are
subsequently maintained by or on behalf of those responsible for the transactions. While all records
convey information, not all sources of information are necessarily records.
For example, a published book or an externally provided database (on- or offline) will not be a record,
although information selected from it and reused in a new context may itself become a record.
Records arise from actual happenings; they are a ‗snapshot‘ of an action or event. They offer a picture
of something that happened. To serve their purpose in providing reliable evidence for greater

accountability, records in both paper and electronic form must be accurate, complete, and
comprehensive.
4.3.5 The Importance of Construction Site Records

Construction Site Records has the following purpose:
 As an aid to construction control by monitoring the physical progress of the project and
identifying unsatisfactory progress;
 As an aid to quality assurance, by proving the works are carried out according to the contract
specification;
 As an aid to financial control, by monitoring the financial situation of the project;
 As an aid to the design process, by identifying any defects of the project design during
construction which can be fed back to the design office to ensure that these problems are
avoided in future contracts.
 As an aid to claims preparation, by providing reliable evidence which support the claims;
 As an aid to claims assessment, by supporting the decisions made based on the facts recorded;
 In order to establish the facts as to what actually happened on the project;
Generally, Construction site records are used:
1. For reference purposes during and after the construction period;

2. For providing a vital and often the only tool in the business of monitoring, controlling and
predicting the quality and progress of the works.
Roberts (1980) stated that not maintaining proper documentation throughout the duration of a
contract is like driving your car down a range road at one hundred miles per hour, in the dark, with
no headlights.
4.3.6 A Typical Set of Records in construction

A good set of records that might be kept on a fair sized construction project could well include the
following files:
1. Original Contract and Tender Documents issued for Construction set, and all subsequent
revisions,
2. Instructions to contractor,
3. Contemplated Change Notices issued by the owner, Change Estimates, and Change Orders
received,
4. Sub-contractor quotes, contracts, purchase orders and correspondence,
5. Shop drawings, originals, all revisions and re-submissions,
6. Shop drawing transmittals, and transmittals log,
7. Material Delivery and Use Records, including expediting,
8. Accounting records: pay-roll, accounts payable and receivable, etc.
9. Progress Payment Billings under the contract,
10. Daily Force Account Records, pricing and billings,
11. Contract Milestone Schedule or Master Schedule,
12. Actual Cost Reports, weekly or monthly, including Exception Reports;
13. Short Term Schedules and up-dates,
14. Task schedules and analyses,
15. Original tender estimate,

16. Construction control budget,

17. Forecast-to-Complete Estimate up-dates,
18. Productivity Reports/Analyses,
19. Inter-office correspondence, including memos and faxes (all filed by topic),
20. Contract correspondence,
21. Minutes of Contractual Meetings,
22. Minutes of Site Coordination Meetings,
23. Requests for information,
24. Government Inspection Reports,
25. Consultant Inspection Reports,
26. Accident Reports,
27. Daily diary or journal entries,
28. Notes of telephone conversations,
29. Progress Reports, weekly, monthly or quarterly,
30. Progress photographs,
31. Daily time records,
32. Daily equipment use
33. Daily production logs, e.g. concrète pours etc.
34. Notice of claims for delays and/or extra cost by contractor,
35. Any other reports, such as special consultant reports,
36. A Filing Record of all the Record Files that are being maintained
Generally, the typical set of records that might be kept on construction project may vary depending on
the Nature and complexity of the project, the scope of the project, the Scope of work , the scope of
service, etc.
4.3.7 Records kept by construction site supervisors

Construction site supervisor has great role in keeping the records at the construction site. The
following are a typical set of records that might be kept by construction site supervisor of construction
project:
Correspondence filing system;

Confirmation of oral instruction and instructions to contractor;
Register of drawings;
Daily and other progress records;
Quantity records;
The contractor's interim payment applications;
Authorisation of day works;
Filing system for day works sheets;
Check of materials on site;
Price increase records;
Supply contract records;
Registers of test results;
Photographs;
Record drawings; and other records.
4.3.8 Records kept by the engineer's site staff
The following are a typical set of records that might be kept by the engineer's site staff of construction
project:

1. All correspondence between the resident engineer and the agent, including the
engineer's instructions, variation orders and approval forms;
2. All correspondence between the engineer for the contract and the resident engineer,
the employer and any third parties;
3. The minutes or notes of formal meetings;
4. Daily, weekly and monthly reports submitted by the engineer's site staff;
5. Plant and labour returns, as submitted and corrected where necessary;
6. Work records such as dimension books, time sheets and delivery notes;
7. Day work records, as submitted and corrected where necessary;
8. Interim statements, as submitted and including any corrections, with copies of all
supporting particulars and interim certificates;
9. Level and survey books, containing checks on setting out and completed work;
10. Progress drawings, charts and revised drawings;
11. Plant and labour returns, as submitted and corrected where necessary;
12. Site diaries;
13. Laboratory reports and other test data;
14. Weather records;
15. Progress photographs;
16. Administrative records, such as leave and sickness returns, and accident reports.
NB: the typical set of records that might be kept by the engineer's site staff of construction project
may vary depending on the Nature and complexity of the project, the scope of the project, the Scope
of work , the scope of service, etc.
4.3.9 Records kept by the Resident engineer

The following are list of files that are expected to exist in the resident engineer's office:
Employer's (client's) file;

Notes of meetings;
Contractor's head office;
Contractor's agent;
Weekly progress reports;
Planning Authorities;
Engineer;
Informal letters to designers;
Specialist advisers;
Nominated sub-contractors;
Supply contractors;
Miscellaneous suppliers;
Staffing;
Miscellaneous (job);
Miscellaneous (personal);
Current claim from main contractor;
Day works-current;
Claims passed;
Day works and extras passed;
Engineer's certificates and correspondence thereon;
Variation Orders passed;
Variation Orders pending or in draft;

Other contractor's invoices and claims;

Claims pending for extra charges by main contractor;
Estimates of future expenditure;
Petty cash, miscellaneous
Records kept by the Contractor
The Contractor keeps records in Construction Site for the following Reasons:
1. For Monitoring both the financial position of the contract and the physical progress of the
work; and
2. For identifying unsatisfactory progress and producing evidence of additional costs where
these are recoverable from other parties.
The following are a typical set of records that might be kept by the Contractor of construction project:
Records of labour including

 wage sheets;
 record of numbers of men on site;
 total hours worked on a project;
 non-productive hours;
 Average hourly rate.
Plant: returns usually made weekly
Monthly financial report: amounts applied for and paid on
 Valuations;
 Claims and expected settlement accounts;
 Claims against contractor;
 Forecasts of total payments to be received from the project;
 Actual costs to date & anticipated at completion;
 Details of delays and extensions applied for.
Progress Records: said to be kept in some form, but all too commonly not maintained or
modified part-way through.
Progress meetings held at regular intervals will yield minutes but are said only to provide a
broad picture of progress.
4.4 Managing the Construction Site Records
Construction Site Records need managing. The following are some simple rules that can help to
manage these records:
1. Determine what records are to be kept, and how.

 Establish logs of the records, so that they can be found, referred to and/or followed up
as required.
 Well organized contractors establish standard reference lists and coding for all their
contracts. This greatly facilitates managing, analyzing and comparing contracts.
2. Once the records have been identified, ensure that they are in fact set up, maintained and used
for managing the job.
3. Review the record keeping system from time to time, because records have a habit of growing in
unexpected ways - like half the correspondence showing up under Miscellaneous, and the other
half under General. In addition, some records may become obsolete or redundant, and should
be discontinued. Unnecessary record keeping can waste a lot of time and money.
4. Records also take up space and equipment.

5. Determine the useful life of the different components, and take a systematic approach to record
disposal.
6. Take steps to ensure accuracy, reliability and hence credibility. Unreliable records can be quite
useless, as well as a waste of money, and possibly even detrimental.
Reference
1. John adriaans, (2004), construction contract law, Palgrave Macmillan

2. Ivor H.seeley, Goerge P. Murray, (2001) civil engineering quantities, Palgrave Macmillan
3. R.W. Thomas,(2001), construction contract claim, Palgrave Macmillan
4. Duncan cartlidge,(2006) new aspects of quantity surveying practice, Butterworth-Heinemann
;
2 editions
5. FIDIC, (1991), condition of contract for works of civil engineering construction.
6. BATCODA,(1991), condition of contract

[Type the document title] [Year]
CHAPTER TWO
2 Building Drawing
Architectural Design Process
Design is a creative process to solve a problem. It is composed of phases and steps
Phases
Planning Phase
I. Client Brief
II. Research
III. Design Program
IV. Site Analysis
Generation Phase
I. Zone Diagram
II. Bubble Diagram
III. Schematic Diagram
IV. Volumetric Study
Evaluation Phase
I. Preliminary Design
II. Final Design
I. Client Brief
The client has its own needs, testes and objectives. Your task is to conceptualize and realize the client’s needs
• Client Brief includes
Building construction Page 59

- Size - Religion - Aesthetical preference
- Age - Profession - Culture preference
-Gender - Functional
II. Research (Literature Review)
• Information gathering about the project from books, through case study, site visit, internet. Project Research includes
- Function - Spatial Relationship

- Standard Size - Special Requirements
- Furniture - Light, View, Noise
- Fixture
III. Design Program
preparing table consisting of space (room) types & their area based on Design Brief and Research and consult & check whether
you attained the client’s need.
- Living + Dining Rm. …………..30m2

- Kitchen…………………………12m2
-Master Bed Rm. ……….……….20m2
IV. Site Analysis
• identifying site conditions that affects the design
Site Analysis Elements
• Gather relevant information about the factors of the site, from topography to climate to wind pattern and vegetation. Analyze these
features and incorporate them into the design
• Site Analysis List

-Sub Surface Analysis -Climatic Analysis -Sensory Elements Analysis
- Circulation Analysis -Natural & Man Made Elements Analysis
-Urban Context Analysis -Building Codes
1. Sub Surface Analysis

• These factors include
 Geology: Geological history of the area, bedrock type & depth etc.
 Hydrology: Underground water table, aquifers, springs etc.
 Soil Genesis: erosion susceptibility, moisture (pF), reaction (pH) organic content, bearing capacity etc.
2. Climate Analysis
• These factors include:-Temperature, Attitude, Rainfall and Snow, Prevailing wind, Sun orientation

3. Circulation Analysis
• These factors include:-Vehicular traffic, Pedestrian Traffic
4. Sensory Analysis
• These factors include:-Noise, View, Smell
5. Natural & Man Made Elements Analysis
• These factors include:-Greenery, Topography, Water bodies, Existing structures, Infrastructure
6. Urban Context Analysis
• These factors include:-Height, Form, Materials, and Elements of DesignPrinciples
7. Building Code Analysis
• These factors include:-Height Restriction, Function Restriction, Set Backs Regulation, BAR- Built up Area Ratio
V. Zone Diagram
• Spaces which have similar & related function form zone
 Zone 1( Living Zone) Lobby, Living Rm, Garage, Veranda etc

 Zone 2( Meal Zone) Kitchen, Dining Rm, Breakfast Rmetc
 Zone 3( Sleeping Zone) Master Bed, Ch. Bed, Bath Rm. Etc
 Zone 4( Utility Zone) Store, Laundry, Traditional kitchen etc

• Zoning helps to decide Location, Orientation, Privacy, Level, and Circulation
VI. Bubble Diagram
• Zone diagram provides rough layout & arrangement zones. But it is bubble diagram that provides rooms/ spaces, Relationship,
orientation, Location& Circulation
• Bubbles represent rooms/spaces and arrows represent circulation. Bubble diagrams are floor plans in terms of bubbles
Bubble Diagram

VII. Schematic Diagram

• From the bubble diagram the schematic diagram develops. Schematic diagram is a one line drawing.at this point, think also about
the appearance of the bldg. spaces start to get exact shape, size and location. Also consider the impact of design factors
• You try a number of schematic diagrams until you attain the client’s needs and tests

Schematic Diagram
VIII. Volumetric Study

When the plan gets shape, start to visualize the form of perspective or isometric drawings and volumetric model. Make as much
volumetric studies as possible to come up with aesthetical pleasing form.

IX. Preliminary Design

• Develop the schematic diagram to preliminary design. widening walls, including openings, structural elements, adding furniture,
selecting interior and exterior finishing materials, selecting type of roof, includes plans, section, elevations, site plan, 3Ds(three
dimensional view).
X. Final Design
You show the preliminary design to your client. After getting confirmation from client start preparation of final design. Final Design
includes rendered, dimensioned and labeled:
• Floor Plans • Sections
• Elevations • Site Plan
• 3D: Perspective or Model

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5 year CIVIL Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

2. Specification and quantity survey

Contract management or contract administration is the management of contracts made with

1.2 Law of contract applied to civil engineering construction

 International and national construction laws.

A) International construction contract law

• Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs-Conseils (FIDIC)

Referred to as the International Federation of Consulting Engineers, produces

B) national construction contract.

1) The ministry of work and urban development (MoWUD )

• Officially, known as ―Standard Conditions of Contract for Construction of Civil Work

• It has been in practice since December, 1994.

• It contains 75 clauses including Form of Agreement & Form of Performance Bond.

• The Project Delivery System adopted is that of Design-Bid-Build.

• The type of contract is based on bill of quantities or BOQ i.e. it is an ad measurement

• The role of the Engineer is envisaged & maintained.

2) The puplic procurement agency (PPA)

• The conditions of contract are applicable to the procurements of the federal

• The Standard Conditions of Contract cover the following types of procurement.

• These are Standard Conditions of Contract for the procurement of:-

1.3 Contract types

2 FIXED –FEE /Guaranteed maximum price.

3 UNIT PRICE/ad measurment

4 COST-REIMBURSABLE ALTERNATIVE/cost plus

5 INTEGRATED PROJECT DELIVERY/ALLIANCE

Types of Delivery System

a) Force Account; and

FigureI . I Traditional construction contract

Field observation only o

Sub Sub Sub

• Single general contractor

• Negotiated professional fee for design service

– Long history of acceptance; - Innovation not optimized;

– Open computation - Usually cost overruns;

– Distinct roles are clear - Disputes between parties;

– Owner flexibility - Client retains risks;

– Easy to tender - Usually low bid-incentive for change order

- Owner responsible for errors & omissions;

Fig. 2 Design/build type contracting system

Specialist Electrical Sub- Civil Sub- Specialist

 By integrating design and construction management in a single

 This type of contract requires extensive involvement on the part of the

4. Build–Own–Operate–Transfer:- This type of method is generally used by governments

Examples of BOT projects include

1.4 Variation order in construction project

 Variation order is any modification to the contractual guidance provided to the

Causes of Variation Order in Construction Projects

 Omissions or discrepancies in the design;

 Disputes between Employer and contractor ;

Factors influencing the occurrence of variation orders include:

 The nature of the works,

 Timing of the change(at early stage or at later stage),

Managing Variation order in construction projects

 Advising the Employer on technical, legal and financial matters.

 Advising the consultant to issue a variation order when technical problem is

1.5 Claim Management

What is a Delay Claim?

By:-RAHEL .A - SOURCE-d/f lecture notes & books Page 13

 Contractor: A request for compensation and/or time due to owner-caused delays

5.4 Alternative Dispute Resolutions System

By:-RAHEL .A - SOURCE-d/f lecture notes & books Page 14