Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
:1
"
J LIST OF CONTENTS
Para.
For Service Manuals Contact
MAURITRON TECHNICAL SERVICES
Ranges of measurement B Cherry Tree Rd, Chinnor
S axon OX9 4QY
General description 8 191:-01844·351694 Fax:· 01844-352554
General 12 Email:· enquilieS@mauritron.co.uk
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig.
Multimcter Type CT3B, front view I
Multimeter Type CT3B, block schematic diagram 2
I. This unit is a multi-range electronic measuring covering DC' and AC current and voltage, re-
instrument designed to eliminate the necessity sistance, and power output and has been designed
for the provision of a wide range of separate for use under pan-climatic conditions. The
instruments normally required for the testing accuracy on DC ranges is ± 2 per cent FSD and
and setting-up of radio, radar and electronic on AC voltage ranges it is± 3 per cent FSD
equipment. It provides 97 ranges of measurement measured at 50 cis .
...
F! F2 'M1
MAINS
INPUT
MAINS
ON-OFF
,
, !
1
~'''>
~lt
t,-~
~:',. WATTS
- ----
RANGE
~~()AD ,SE!:-E_CTOR SELECTOR
~+~~ -~_:~i.~~
__ _ __ ._ "'.'"
INPUT
B
MEASURING
HEAD BOX
"N~'~~_ ..... v--'>"'''''' ~~
~
...
l
i
Table I
Measurement Ranges
DC volts .. 250m V, IV, 2'5V, lOY, 25\', 100V, 250V. (Input resistance
I DC current 10 IlA, 25 IlA, 100 IlA, 250 1lA, 1 rnA, 2·5 rnA, 10 rnA, 25 rnA,
100 rnA, 250 mA, 1 amp.
I 0-20,000S(,
First indication 0·2S(,
AC volts
With RF measuring head internal and
without decade amplifier 1V, 2·5V, IOV, 25V, 100V, 250V.
'With external multiplier .. 1,000\', 2,500V, IO,OOO\',
from 25 cis to 250 Mcls IV, 2·5V, lOY, 25V, 100V, 250V. (Input impedance at
AC current 10 IlA, 25 1lA, 100 1lA, 250 IlA, 1 rnA, 2·5 rnA, 10 rnA, 25 rnA,
100 rnA, 250 mA, lamp.
OxonOX94QY
Til:· 01844-351694 Fax:· 01844-352554
Table I-continued Email:- enquirieS@mauritron.co.uk
Measurement Ranges
-,
I
i Power output
!
With internal load resistance
ISs/'}
50S/, 5 mW, 50 mW, 500 mW, 5 watt.
150S/,
600S/,}
I 2,000 S/,
S,OOOS/,
SO IlW, 500 IlW, 5 mW, SO mW, 500 mW, 5 watt.
6. On the AC voltage range, with the probe used resistance source, from 30 cis up to 100 kcls
internally and no decade amplifier in llse, the input assuming a sinusoidal input.
loading measured at SO cis is approximately 2MS/,
in parallel with a capacity of 30 pF. The frequency General Description
error, when measured from a low resistance 8. The basic circuit layout of this instrument
source, is negligible from 30 cis to 2 Mcls assuming is shown in the schematic diagram of fig. 2. It
that the input wave form to the instrument is consists essentially of a balanced valve DC milli-
sinusoidal. voltmeter of 250 mV full scale deflection, which is
capable of having the polarity of its meter reading
7. When using the decade amplifier with th~ reversed. The input to this millivoltmeter is
probe internal, on AC voltage ranges the input derived from a high-resistance potential divider
loading is approximately 0·75 MS/, with a parallel connected to the DC voltage input giving the
capacity of 60 pF. In this case the frequency voltage ranges, or to a multi-range 250 m V shunt,
error is negligible, when measured from a low giving the DC current ranges.
""UTA II'UT [
0'( VOLTS INPUT
(MIU 'OTUlTlAl) (LOW I'OTUTIAL)
III,UT,
"
VOLn.
DC
VOlH
-------
·UU,NCE
VOLTS
HUml'lI£1II
Ul'uU.O
YAlVE
HllLIVOLTH[T[1t
Hnu S"'ITCH
o
tno tOlUOL
o
OHMS 1£110
I
i
required (volts, current etc.) whilst the RANGE
MULTIPLIER switch selects the range multiplier
(xl, x2'5, xIO etc). A third control enables the
linear scale and wide frequency range.
(6) A very wide range (70 dB total) of output
power measurement at frequencies extending up
required internal load to be introduced when power to low radio frequencies.
13. A single linear scale on the meter is used for 16. The instrument is provided with a thermal
all DC and AC voltage and current measurements. delay device which does not bring the meter
The meter SET ZERO control serves for all ranges movement into circuit until approximate thermal
of measurement. The zero having been initially stability has been reached in the valves. This
set on a DC current or voltage range, all com- eliminates the wide random meter fluctuations
pensating offsets necessary to overcome errors due usually encountered during the warming-up period.
to non-linearity on AC ranges of measurement are In addition, another switch automatically protects
automatically introduced by the circuit switching the meter by short-circuiting it when the instru-
and do not necessitate further adjustment of the ment is switched off.
Chapter 2
1 LIST OF CONTENTS
Para. Para.
24
Circuit description Megohms measuring circuit
Introduction .. , 1 AC volts measuring circuit ... 25
Balanced DC millivoltmeter and power supply circuits 2 AC millivolts measuring circuit 37
DC volts and DC volts (balanced) measuring circuit 17 AC current measuring circuit ..1
DC current measuring circuit 19 Watts measuring circuit ..3
Ohms measuring circuit 21 Constructional details ... 16
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION across the valve cathode load R63. Owing to the
Introduction fact that R63 has an ohmic value many times the
1. The main circuit diagram of the instrument anode AC resistance of the valve, V 4A behaves as
is given in fig. 19, but in order to give a clearer a pure cathode follower with 100 per cent negative
explanation of the operation of the circuit, the feedback, thus introducing the following desirable
main circuit has been divided into a number of features:-
simplified diagrams. Fig. 18 shows the circuit of (1) The system has an amplification factor of
the balanced DC millivoltmeter and its associated unity which is uninfluenced by variations of
power supply circuit and various subsidiary cir- applied HT voltage or valve characteristics. Initial
cuts, such as the DC supply for the resistance calibration is therefore not appreciably disturbed
measuring ranges. The circuits fig. 10 to 17 are by valve deterioration or replacement.
the networks which are connected to the input of
the millivoltmeter for the respective functions as
selected by the RANGE SELECTOR switch.
~------------~--~HTi
RM
vcx.fACf
' - - - - - - -......-.!..-.!..-~......!_ HI-
4. Since the grid voltage to be measured, and
hence the voltage developed across R63, may be
only a small fraction of a volt, it represents only ~~------------~
a very small fraction of the standing DC volts (of Fig. 2. Basic DC millivoltmeter circuit,
::"; . _
,,'fr'~
i,
t;,2~;~~'~~'~_<"~"-_"J;"_-':_~;:':
Fig. 6. Multimeter Type CT38, with RF measuring head removed and partially dismantled
45. This constant voltage applied to the multi- These include the meter, mains fuses, switch and
plier chain R 17 to 22 is, in each range position, indicator light, input socket, and the three measure-
tapped off and applied to the grid of V2 via C7. ment input sockets; fig. 9 shows the arrangement
The values of the chain are selected so that for used to couple the front panel controls to their
full-scale deflection at each position of the range respective components inside the unit.
switch the input voltage to V2 is 173 millivolts.
To avoid overloading of the decade amplifier, 48. Fig. 6 shows the instrument with its alumi-
ranges up to 5 mill watts are short-circuited for load nium-alloy case in position. The case, which is
values of 15, 50 and 150 ohms. fitted with a handle at each end, is held in position
by eight bolts passing through the front panel. A
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS small metal bracket fitted on the inside of the rear
46. The general physical construction of the of the case operates the mains safety microswitch
instrument can be clearly seen from the illustrations (SIa) when the unit is properly situated in the case.
of fig. 6 to fig. 9. The aluminium-alloy frame- In transit the equipment is protected by a deep
work upon which most of the c0mponents are aluminium-alloy lid which bolts over the front
carried is shown, together with the cross-pieces panel. The depth of this lid is used for the storage
which strengthen and brace the assembly. Fig. 9 of the accessories of the instrument, such as spare
illustrates the method of bolting this braced rect- fuses, lamp and millivoltmeter valve, external
angular framework to the aluminium-alloy front shunt and multiplier resistors, measuring leads, the
panel, two bolts holding each of the four angle- RF measuring head extension lead, and the mains
pieces of the framework. One of these two bolts, lead.
in each case, is one of the threaded ends of the
two handles on the front panel and serves to hold 49. In fig. 6 the RF measuring head unit is
these handles in position, as well as bolting the shown removed from its housing box on the front
main framework. panel and partially dismantled to show its con-
struction. The double-diode valve VI is mounted
47. Fig. 7 and 8 also show some of the com- on a small metal platform spaced from the insulated
ponents carried on the rear of the front panel itself. panel carrying the two input terminals c and D
mounting assembly by removing the Unitor plug components. Those components which are mounted
and the four bolts holding the spacing pillars to with their spindles at right angles to the front
the angle-pieces shown at the bottom of fig. 7. panel, such as the meter switch in this illustration,
are connected by a flexible coupling with a bush
59. Fig. 8 shows the underside view of the unit. bearer. The RANGE !lIULTIPLIER and RANGE SELECTOR
The tagboard on the left carries the components
of two parts of the circuit. Those components to switches, mounted parallel to the front panel, are
the left of C7 are the millivoltmeter components, connected by a similar flexible coupling arrange-
whilst those on the right are associated with the ment with bevel gears connecting the control shaft
two-stage decade RF amplifier. The bases of the to the switch spindle.
two RF amplifier valves V2 and V3 can also be
seen. 62. The RF measuring head box is just visible
in this illustration. The connections from the two
60. The small platform on the bottom right-hand connectors in the box are brought through to tag-
side of fig. 8 carries the rectifier V7, the stabilizer strips mounted on the ends of the box, where the
valve V6, neon stabilizer V8, and the thermal cODnections to the external circuit are made. Also
delay switch VS. On the underside of the plat- mounted on the box itself are the condenser Cl and
form are the components of the rectifier and resistor R97. Situated on the bottom of the instru-
stabilizer circuits.
ment framework below the mains transformer (not
61. Fig. 9 shows the coupling arrangements shown in these illustrations) is the MODIFICATIONS
between the panel controls and their associated panel.
INPUT A
(HIGH POTENTIAl.)
DC VOLTS
INPUT E
DC VOLTS
BALANCED
.250 V
R S7
fl,S4
RS3
INPUT B
R23
R24
25f'A
R25
I00;SA
CD
R26
---------
25O)1A
R27
ImA
R28
2'5mA
R29
IOmA
R30
25mA
R31
IOOmA
CD
- - - - - - - -- ..
R32
Z50mA
R33
fA
INPUT E
OHMS X 10·
OHMS X 10 4
2
OHMS X 10
OHMS X 102
OHMS
INPUT E
."'". t.'.
..,'.
~
CD
'-------<..:r - - - - - -
INPUT E R54 CD
Ol------W,V-f- - - - - 0 - - - - - -. -
CI D
r----------l
1. R90 1. R9I R92 R9l
CD
.,.. - ------
~
T
..L I OR R9l ORR92
C T I
I I
I I R94
I I
I I
I I
...1..
T
I <D
CIO -------
E
R48
TO R51
2-lV
Rl2
INPUT A Rl9
OV
& R40
25V
Rofl
100 V
R42
INPUT E 250 V
°R43
TO R47
I.. C2
1 R94
I·
I I (IV) 100m V
~-I .: .. -L
-r-
I
I
I CtO
o
CI R79
INPUT A C7
o
O~------~I~-------M~+
-0--------
INPUT E
• ~ I. ;,.:. :.
,.-.~ ..
I
I
I
I,
,
I' R94
I
I lOOmV
(IV)
1-""';;;::"'-- - - - -----1----;
R4I
TO RSI
CIO (~5V)~"'-{
R7'9
R24
250mA
fA
INPUT E
F 'g,
' 16 , AC current measuring circuit
RF MEASURING ;,'liiAD UNIT
,- - - - - -,-~:.~.~ ~ CD
_()._~-L=-_ _ _ _-,\RN90'v_- /_'''_'
_ ._"_ ••'...:-1......;;..._ _ _ _ ~ --,\R 9",3_+-_........_ _-(
N
T ~R~ ~RR
I
I
I R91
I
I
I
-L
CIO - - - - - -
R79
50", W
INPUT A
R3 .. ,.
'"'" .
.,"';,
2000 A ~"'--""l----'.....;,---.;;..,~,0 o
5000 A o---V.A.....-1--:-~--:--:---:--O o
R13 R9
LIST OF CONTENTS
Para. Paro.
Intraduction High DC voltages and the use of the meter switch 21
Controls 2 AC volts ranges 26
Preset controls
Accessories ...
3
5
AC millivolts (250 mV range)
AC millivolts (100 mV range)
37
41
.
Prepa'ring for use 6 AC current ranges ... 43
Precautions to be observed during use 14 AC and DC current measurements I A to 25A 44
DC volts ranges 15 Watts measuring ranges ... 45
DC high. voltage ranges 19 Ohms and megohms ranges 47
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Position of controls for given measurements I
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. Fig.
Multimeter Type CT.38, front view shOWing main controls I Measurement of current in high-voltage circuits 4
The correct method of uSing the high-voltage multiplier .. , 2 Method af use of RF measuring head unit at very high rodio
Alternative method of measuring high voltages in very high frequencies 5
resistance circuits... 3 Shunt resistor, diagrammatic view... 6
Introduction
out to the panel face. The details of these controls
I. This Chapter contains information on the are as follows :- .
correct installation, setting-up and use of the
multimeter Type CT38 but it should be noted (1) SET FOR MAINS. The mains transformer
that it is only possible to describe the use of the tappings which permit the transformer to
instrument in its more routine applications. The be adjusted to the A'C mains supply.
design of the instrument is such that a very wide (2) Th~ee-pin plug for connection to theAC
diversity of measurements may be carried out, mams.
and the full usefulness of the multi meter will not (3). OFF/ON. Mains OFF/ON switch. This switch
be realized unless the operator is conversant with must always be in the OFF position when the
its general details and principles of operatiun; instrument is not in use, irrespective of
for this reason these matters have been dealt whether the mains supplies are connected or
with at some length in Chapter 2. not. This is because the OFF position in-
corporates a short-circuit of the meter
Controls (fig. I) movement, thus damping the movement and
2. All the controls which are required for the protecting it from mechanical damage during
normal operating of the instrument are brought transit.
I
I Fig. I. Multimeter Type CT 38, front view showing main controls
Preparing for use 8. The mains lead may now be connected to the
6. The lid of the multimeter should be unscrewed mains supply, but before switching on, the mech-
and it may be fixed on to the back of the instrument, anical zero of the instrument should be checked
where four tapped holes are provided for the four and if necessary" adjusted. The mechanical zero
captive screw's. The lid thus acts as a base for the should seldom requirt adjustment and, therefore,
multimeter when the instrument is being used the screv,;driver control should only be operated
with the panel horizintal. when necessary. The following sequence should
then be followed : -
7. The connector lead Type 3429 is provided for
the mains supply input. This lead is not terminated (1) Connect the test leads to INPUT A and INPUT
in a mains plug, and in fitting such a plug it is E and short-circuit them.
important that correct mains polarity is observed, (2) Switch the RANGE SEECTOR switch to DC
the three-core connector lead being connected, AMPS with the MULTIPLIER SWlTO; on any
red to the live side of the mains supply, blue to amps range.
the neutral side and green to earth. (I t is im-
portant that the earth lead (green) is connected (3) Switch the mains ON/OFF switch to the ON
to earth both for safety reasons and for the reduc- position, when the indicator lamp will light.
tion of "pick-up" when the instrument is in an (4) Allow the instrument to stand for a period
AC field). Before connecting the instrument to of five minutes. On first switching on, no
the mains supply, the tapping of the mains trans- deflection will be seen on the meter, but
former in the CT38 must be adjusted to the after a period of l~· minutes the thermal
correct point for the mains voltage being used. delay switch will operate and the instrument
This is accomplished by removing the perspex will give a sharp random flicker, finally
cover of the SET FOR MAINS panel, on the front of coming to rest in a position near the meter
the instrument, after which, set the screw-plugs scale zero.
to the appropriate position. It is important that
the perspex cover is fitted into its position after (5) Adjust the meter needle to zero on the scale
the adjustment has been completed. with the SET ZERO knob.
TABL.E I
Position of controls for given measurements
RF
Measurement to be made Meter Ran,. Ranre Load Connect Input to Meuurin&:
Switch Selector Multiplier Selector Terminals Head Unit
Position
DC VOLTS
DC VOLTS
r~
250V to I,OOOV
DC DC Via
I ,OOOV to 2,5OQV } 25 flA - Multiplier -
Norm. Amps. to A and E
2,500V to 1O,OOQV 100 flA
(Negative low potential)
f ,~' , ... --
For Service Manuals Contact
MAURITRON TECHNICAl SERVICES
-1 8 Cherry Tree Rd. Chinnor
J Oxon OX94QY
Tel:· 01844-351894 Fax:- 61844-352554
EmIli:· enquirieS@maumron_OJ.Wt
1 TABLE l-continued
RP
., Measurement to be made
Meter
Switch
Rance
Selector
Rance
Multiplier
. load
Selector -.
Connect Input to
Terminals
Measurin,
Head Unit
Position
i
. I
,
DC VOLTS
<..,
i
..
r
f 250 V to I,OOOY PA
}
,'
J DC DC Via
l,OOOV to 2,500 25 /-LA Multiplier
Rev. Amps. to A and E
1 2,5OOY to 10,OOOY
(Positive low potential)
'.
100 /-LA i,',
-
,~I
10 /-LA to lA
(Negatiye low potential)
' "'.' ..
DC
Norm.
DC
Amps.
10pA-IA' AandE
.. ,
...
..
i ~ " ~"
DC AMPS.
I 10 /-LA to lA ..
(Positive low potential)
.. DC
Rev.
DC
Amps.
10/-LA - lA AandE -
I DC AMPS.
IA to 2·5A
I
2·5A to lOA
lOA to 25A
(Negative low potential)
} DC
Norm.
DC
Volts
250mV AandE
with shunt
I DC AMPS.
IA to 2·5A
2·5A to lOA.
lOA to 25A
(Positive low potential)
} DC
Rev.
DC
Volts
250mV
A and E
with shunt
DC VOLTS
(BALANCED)
DC 250mV
250 m V - 0 - 250 m V to "1 Balance to A, E and B
100V - 0 - looy
I Volts 100 V
AC IV to AandE Int.
Volts 250V
Il Measurement, to be made
Meter
Switch
Range
Selector
Rance
Multiplier
Load
Selector
Connect Input to
Terminals
RP
Measurinc
Head Unit
Position
} r~
250V to I,OOOV
AC Via
I,OOOV to 2,500V . ·. ·. ,....., 25 flA - Multiplier Int .
Amps. to A and E
2,500V to 1O,000V 100flA
f
AC VOLTS
Ot0250mV
0" '.~
·. ·. ·. ·. ,....., 250mV
AC
- - A andE Int.
AC VOLTS
,
o to 100 mV ·. ·. ·. ·. ,....., 100 mV - - A and E Int.
AC
AC AMPS.
AC AMPS.
lA to 2·5A
250 mV A, E with
2·5A to lOA ,....., - - Int.
AC shunt
lOA to 25A
WAITS
50 flW t05W ·. ·. ·. ' .. ,....., Watts 50flW - 5\V 15 S(, A and E Int.
to
5000 S(,
OHMS
OHMS
OHMS
MEGOHMS
I·
o to 100 black scale; the 250 mV, 2·SV, 25V, cases such as these, where the AC impedance of
2T5hOV. r~t~gles ardine.read onththe2500to V25.black scalale. the DC voltage ranges can· be of importance, it
e 1m Ia rea g on e m IS one sc e is advisable to refer to the DC VOLTS circuit
division. which corresponds to 5 m V. diagram (jig. 10 and fig. 18 of Chap. 2) in relation
For Service Manuals Contact
I Email:- enquirieS@mauritron.co.uk
I
to the DC volts range in use so that the probable ing measured should be checked, and the instrument
effect of the internal by-pass condensers and the connected so that the low potential terminal is
distributed capacitance of the instrument on the connected to the low potential side of this circuit,
AC circuit under test can be estimated. The and the METER SWITCH set to give the correct
-:0 ., effect is likely to be most marked on the 250 m V direction of meter deflection. In this multimeter
i DC range where the 0·1 flF by-pass condenser the voltage existing between the low potential
C4 is virtually directly across the DC measuring line and earth should never exceed 800 volts,
terminals. or there is a danger of condenser C13 breaking
down.
,
J
DC high-voltage ranges
19. On the ranges from 250 volts up to 10,000
volts, the 100 mS(, voltage multiplier is used
with the high-voltage leads. the multiplier being
connected in the high-potential lead. When
23. In very high resistance circuits, apart from
the safety considerations already discussed, it
is possible that even the very high input resistance
of the CT3S would alter the voltage distribution
using the multiplier themultimeter must "be of the circuit due to its shunting effect. In such
switched to the appropriate DC current range as cases it is often possible to obtain more accurate
voltage readings by indirect measurements. In
given in Table 1. ,~' 1'.
the example shown in fig. 3, assuming that it
i' is desired to measure the voltage across Rl, more
20. When working upon high voltage circuits, the accurate results will be obtained if first the source
Multimeter should be set to the correct range, and volts are measured, and then the voltage across
the multiplier connected to the instrument by R2; the difference being taken as the voltage
means of its special leads: Care should be taken across Rl. The effect of the input resistance of
. to ensure that :the Multiplier is isolated from the CT38 is very considerably increased by taking
and all parts of the body must then be removed 24. Similar precautions to those given in para. 20
I when the high voltage circuit is energised. connected to the point of low potential or the
earthy side of the circuit. The illustrations (a)
and (b) of fig. 4 show incorrect and correct methods
Note ••• of connecting the instrument; it is obvious
SOURCE
earth, depending upon the circuit IOKV
under test, and the METER SWITCH
provides reversal of the meter
movement to give correct deflec- (,b) CORRECT
tion of the meter.
MUlTiMETER
ens IKY
n. When measuring high volt-
ages, the low potential terminal A
INrUT RESISTANCE
OF cn. 01
CUlIEMT RANG(
(250mV 010')
.,," VOLTAGE
SOURCE "15M YOLTAGE
. SOUaCE
ft98
LOW LOW
'OTUTIAl
-
POTElTIAl
or
For Service Manuals Contact
MAURITRON TECHNICAl SERVICES
8 Cherry Tree Rd, ChinllQr
Oxon OX94QY
181:-01844-351694 Fax:- 01844-352554
,~ ~ _,,_ _ EmaiI:-enquirieS@maurilron.co...
(c) INCORRECT
;( :.-'<' 1 A "ULT"ETEft
cna
(d) CORRECT '
,
LI _ _ ' _ '
'
'",
'I ,.
"r "P
I
I
,..-_ . . . :, >-:"
".
I I
,
~'."\' :. . 1
200V
"'6:'=
i (":~C13c.~~._.
IOIY IDlY
, , IP.
\._.--~
I
..A,\".\r--~
~~3 :
--'J:r- .. -.;
I
LP
-
or
working in a high voltage circuit is given in (c) means that the 0·01 flF condenser, which is con·
and (d) of fig. 4. The meter should not be connected nected between the low-potential terminal of the
as shown in (c) of fig. 4 for the reasons already instruments and its case (C13 of Fig. 19 of Chapter
given, the correct measuring position of the 2) is now connected across the voltage source being
CT38 being in the low-potential cathode circuit measured. Since under correct measuring conditions
of the valve ((d) of fig. 4). If for some reason it is the input capacitance of the instrument is some
~ impossible to make the connection in the cathode 30 pF, wrong connection of the leads may cause
circuit, then the point of next lowest potential considerable inaccuracy.
should be used, and in this example the instru-
ment should be connected between the anode of 27. For nonnal power frequency and audio
the valve and resistor R, where the voltage is frequency measurements where the input capacit-
some 200 volts above earth potential. ance of the multimeter is not likely to cause errors,
AC volts ranges (The precautions set out in para. 20 should the instrument may be used with the RF measur-
be carefully observed.)
ing head housed internally and using the nonnal
measuring leads.
26. The precise method of AC volts measure-
ment chosen will very largely depend upon the
circuit conditions in which the voltage to be 28. Where sinusoidal voltages only are likely
measured occurs, and the frequency 'of this voltage. to be encountered, the RMS calibration of the
voltage scales can be accepted. It must be realized,
however, that where the voltage or voltages are
When using the instrument for A C measurements likely to be other than sinusoidal, the most useful
the high-potential test lead should always be connected interpretation of readings will be given by a
to the high-potential side of the voltage source being measurement of the peak value of the voltage
measured, with respect to earth. Failttre to do this obtained by multiplying the RMS meter scale
readings by a figure of 1·41. Unless such a method D via a condenser of suitable capacitance. A
is used, erroneous meter readings may be observed condenser of 0·1 pF will cause an error of only
even at power and audio frequencies. For 1 to 2 per cent at 50 c/s, whilst for frequencies
example, considerable inaccuracy may occur in . down to say 10 c/s the value of this series con-
measurements on constant voltage power supplies denser should be increased to between 0·5 and 1 p,F.
using saturated iron cored components, vibrator
supplies, or circuits using continuously variable
31. It should be noted that errors may be ob-
transformers particularly when these. are used at
tained due to an apparently low effective input
the low voltage end of the auto-transformer
impedance of the instrument with circuits: of
winding. very high source impedance when this impedance
is comparable with the input impedance of the
29. Provided that the source impedance of the diode measuring circuit in the measuring head
voltage being measured is low in comparison unit. It will be realized that in such cases the
with the input impedance of the multirneter charge and discharge time constants of the diode
(which at 50 c/s may be taken as 2 M.Q) and that input circuit are similar, and therefore the peak
the instrument input capacitance of some 30 pF value of the voltage being measured is not attained.
does not affect the circuit conditions, then the
voltage ranges with the measuring head used 32. ·When using the measuring head in con-
internally can be assumed correct up to frequencies junction with a condenser connected to terminal
of approximately 1 Mc/s. . In general, however, D, the working voltage of the condenser must be
it is advisable to use the- instrument with the such as to withstand the normal range of AC
measuring head external when measuring voltages voltages (0·1 volt to 250 volts) together with
at frequencies above the audio frequency range. the peak DC voltage occurring at the diode anode
and any superimposed DC voltage which may
exist at the voltage source being measured. If
30. In cases where the source impedance is high a voltage measurement is being made with the
and/or where the input capacity of 30 pF in - measuring head internal, a superimposed DC
conjunction with the source impedance is likely voltage of some 500 volts may be accommodated,
to have a large enough time constant to affect but should the DC voltage exceed this, the head
the accuracy of readings, it is advisable to use the should be used externally with a series condenser
measuring head external even at power and to terminal D, the working voltage of this con-
audio frequencies. At low frequencies the series denser being great enough to withstand the highest
impedance of the small-value internal coupling DC voltage expected.
condenser in the measuring head (C2 of jig. 19 of
Chap. 2) is sufficiently high to give an appreciable
frequency error and in such circumstances the 33. Using the measuring head externally and
high-potential input to the measuring head should terminal C for measurements (that is, when
not be made directly to terminal C, but to terminal measuring voltages at frequencies above low
Fig. 5. Method of use of RF measuring head unit at very high radio frequencies
audio frequencies) DC voltages in the circuit about 250 kc/s and thereafter falls steadily until
t~rminal
of the instrument leading to the input of the decade
136.- The low resistance earthing of
is most important. The lead to this terminal
E amplifier stage housed internally, the fairly high
value of input capacitance (60 pF) in parallel
with a resistive value of 0·75 mS(, must be taken
should be short, to avoid errors due to standing
into consideration when making measurements
I waves, and it should also be of such physical
dimensions that it forms an earth return of neg-
ligible RF resistance (for example, a short length
at high frequencies from a voltage of high source
impedance. Care will also have to be taken in
these circumstances in regard to the capacity and
of copper tape or braid). A more desirable method,
inductance of the measuring leads.
I particularly at high radio frequencies. is to directly
clamp terminal E to a point on the earthy chassis
of the equipment being tested as near as possible AC millivolts (100 mV range)
to the chassis earth point. Alternatively, the 41. This range is not called for as one of the
Copyright.
No diagrams or information contained in this publication must be used
or reproduced without the permission in writing of A V 0 limited.
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