SN031a-NCCI Effective Lengths of Columns and Truss Elements in Truss Portal Frame Construction PDF

NCCI: Effective lengths of columns and truss elements in truss portal frame construction
SN031a-EN-EU
NCCI: Effective lengths of columns and truss elements in

truss portal frame construction
This NCCI presents methods to determine the effective length of columns and of chord
bracing members in truss and column portal frames. It includes coverage of cases not
covered by the rules in EN1993-1-1.
Contents
1. General 2
2. Columns 2
3. Chord and bracing members 3
4. Special cases 4
5. References 6
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
Created on Wednesday, March 27, 2013
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SN031a-EN-EU
1. General
This NCCI gives guidance on the determination of the effective length of columns in truss
and column construction. It also provides rules to calculate the effective length for chord and
bracing members in truss and column construction.
In a welded lattice girder, chord and bracing members are partially fixed at the nodes,
although the static calculation of the internal forces in the members is usually carried out
assuming the joints to be pinned. As a consequence of this partial restraint, the value of the
system length L may be reduced to obtain the effective buckling length Leff.
The rules given below are partly based on EN1993-1-1 Annex BB.1 (Buckling of components
in building structures). Detailed information about the structural stability of hollow sections
is given in CIDECT publications and the relevant information is summarized in section 3.
Rules for special cases taken from DIN 18800 are presented within section 4.
2. Columns
Table 2.1 provides information about the effective lengths of the columns, depending on the
supporting conditions at the end of the truss and at the column base. The values shown are
approximations that may be used in design.
Table 2.1 Effective length factors for in-plane buckling of columns in truss and column portal
frame buildings
Connection to base Connection to truss Effective length Comment

factor Lcr/h
Nominally pinned Fixed = 1,5 Nominally pinned bases give some
rotational restraint
Fixed Nominally pinned = 1,5 Connection to the truss gives some
rotational restraint
Fixed Fixed = 1,2 >1,0 because
some curvature of column above bottom
chord of truss
truss is not 100% rigid
base is not 100% rigid
connection to base is not 100% rigid
Note: The above factors apply where the frame is not restrained in its plane by bracing members.
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SN031a-EN-EU
3. Chord and bracing members

3.1 EN 1993-1-1 Annex BB.1 – General
Where more exact calculation of Lcr is required, analysis may be carried out by determination
of eigenvalues using finite element modelling.
3.2 Hollow sections - Effective buckling length of chord

and bracing members with lateral support
Recommendations for the buckling lengths of hollow sections in lattice girders are given in
various documents. In addition to the clauses in EN 1993-1-1 (Annex BB.1.3), the following
may be used:
Bracings in-plane and out-of-plane

For all ratios of the outer diameter or width of a bracing to that of a chord:
Leff = 0,75L (where L is the system length between the joints)
When the ratio of the outer diameter or width of a bracing to that of a chord is smaller than
0,6, the buckling length of the bracing member can be determined according to Table 3.1.
The equations given are only valid for bracing members, which are welded on the chords
along the full perimeter length without cropping or flattening of the ends of the members.
Due to the fact that no test results are, at present time, available on fully overlapped joints, the
equations given in Table 3.1 cannot be applied to this type of joint.
a) Gap joint b) Overlapped joint c) Fully overlapped joint

(Table 3.1 not applicable)
Figure 3.1 Types of joints
For cases where Table 3.1 is not applicable, a buckling length equal to the system length of
the bracing member be used.
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SN031a-EN-EU
Table 3.1 Buckling length of a bracing member in a lattice girder
do: outer diameter of a circular chord member

d1: outer diameter of a circular bracing member d1 d1 b1
β=
L
or or
bo: external width of a rectangular chord member d0 b0 b0
b1: external width of a rectangular bracing member
for all β: Leff/L ≤ 0,75

when β < 0,6 in general 0,5 ≤ Leff/L ≤ 0,75
calculate with:
chord: CHS d12

bracing: CHS
Leff L = 2,20 4 (3.1)
L d0
chord: RHS d12

bracing: CHS
Leff L = 2,35 4 (3.2)
L b0
chord: RHS b12

bracing: RHS
Leff L = 2,30 4 (3.3)
L b0
3.3 Hollow sections - Chords of lattice girders, whose

joints are not supported laterally
It is common practice to assume that the effective buckling length is equal to the length
between restraints. However, for laterally unsupported truss chords, the effective buckling
length can be considerably smaller than the actual unsupported length. The calculation is
difficult, so it is convenient to use a computer-program.
Two calculation methods are provided by literature for the case of compression chords in
lattice girders without lateral support. Both methods are based on an iterative method and
require the use of a computer. However, in order to facilitate the application for commonly
encountered cases (restrained in lateral direction), design charts have been drawn and appear
as appendices in CIDECT publications.
The effective buckling length of a bottom chord loaded in compression (as for example, by
uplift loading) depends on the loading of the chord, the torsional rigidity of the truss, the
bending rigidity of the purlins and the purlin to truss connection.
4. Special cases
4.1 Members connected to intersecting members
Design of joint
The members have to be connected directly or through a gusset plate. If both members pass
through the joint, the joint has to be designed for an out-of-plane load, 0,1 times the
maximum compression force, to account for the effects of imperfections. Possibly a greater
value should be taken if the imperfections are exceptionally large.
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SN031a-EN-EU
In-plane buckling
For in-plane buckling, the buckling length Leff may be taken as equal to the system length L,
unless a smaller value can be justified by analysis.
Out-of-plane buckling
For out-of-plane buckling, the buckling length Leff may be taken according to Table 4.1,
depending on the structural details.
Table 4.1 Buckling length of a bracing member in a lattice girder
3 T ⋅L
/2
1−
1
L
4 N ⋅ L1
L eff
L/2
Leff = L
N N
I1 ⋅ L3
L/2 1+
I ⋅ L13
/2
Leff ≥ 0,5 L
1
L
T
but
N1
N1 ⋅ L N ⋅ L1
/2
1
L
Leff,1 1+ 1+
L/2
N ⋅ L1 N1 ⋅ L
N
L eff N Leff =L Leff,1 = L1
L/2 I ⋅ L3 I ⋅ L1
3
1+ 1 3 1+
I ⋅ L1 I1 ⋅ L3
/2
1
L
N1 but Leff ≥ 0,5 L but Leff ≥ 0,5 L1
N1 continuous member in pinned member in compression

compression
Leff,1 = 0,5L1
/2
1
L
Leff,1
π N1 ⋅ L
2
if
Leff = L 1 +
L/2
L eff
N N
12 N ⋅ L1 3 ⎛ 2 ⎞
(E ⋅ I )d ≥ N21 ⋅ L ⎜⎜ π + N ⋅ L1 ⎟⎟
L/2
π ⋅ L1 ⎝ 12 N1 ⋅ L ⎠
/2
1
L
N1
T
/2
1
L
L/2 T ⋅L
N
L eff N Leff = L 1 − 0,75
L/2 N ⋅ L1
but Leff ≥ 0,5L
/2
1
L
T
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SN031a-EN-EU
Table 4.1 (continued) Buckling length of a bracing member in a lattice girder

T
Leff = 0,5L
/2
1
L
N ⋅ L1
≤1
L/2
L eff if
N
L/2
N
T ⋅L
or if
/2
(E ⋅ I1 )d ≥ 3T ⋅ L21 ⎛ N ⋅ L1 ⎞
2
1
L
T ⎜ − 1⎟
4π ⎝ T ⋅L ⎠
N Leff N
⎛ T ⎞ ⎛ N ⎞
Leff = L⎜⎜ 0,75 − 0,25 ⎟⎟ Leff ,1 = L⎜ 0,75 + 0,25 1 ⎟
L eff,1 ⎝ N ⎠ ⎝ N ⎠
L
N1 T
but Leff ≥ 0,5L N1 < N
4.2 Web members (flexible restraint at mid-span)

For out-of-plane buckling, the buckling length Leff for web members, with flexible restraints at
mid-span may be calculated according to equation 4.1.
3 Cd L
Leff = L 1 − (4.1)
16 N
1 1
L
N2 Cd Cd with: L = system length between joints

N = max. compression force of N1;N2
Cd = rigidity of the frame (force per length unit),
N1 concerning the out-of-plane deflection of
the joint between web member and post
member, but Cd ≤ 4N/L
Figure 4.1 Web member and rigidity of the frame
5. References
The rules in this NCCI are based on:
(1) EN 1993-1-1: Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures – Part 1-1: General rules and
rules for Buildings. Annex BB.1 Flexural buckling of members in triangulated and
lattice structures
(2) CIDECT – Structural stability of hollow sections, 1996
(3) DIN 18800: Stahlbauten, Teil 1: Bemessung und Konstruktion
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SN031a-EN-EU
Quality Record
RESOURCE TITLE NCCI: Effective lengths of columns and truss elements in truss portal
frame construction
Reference(s)
ORIGINAL DOCUMENT
Name Company Date
Created by Matthias Oppe RWTH Aachen
Technical content checked by Christian Müller RWTH Aachen
Editorial content checked by
Technical content endorsed by the

following STEEL Partners:
1. UK G W Owens SCI 14/3/06
2. France A Bureau CTICM 14/3/06
3. Sweden A Olsson SBI 14/3/06

4. Germany C Müller RWTH 14/3/06
5. Spain J Chica Labein 14/3/06
Resource approved by Technical G W Owens SCI 08/6/06

Coordinator
TRANSLATED DOCUMENT
This Translation made and checked by:
Translated resource approved by:

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NCCI: Effective lengths of columns and truss elements in truss portal frame construction

NCCI: Effective lengths of columns and truss elements in

3. Chord and bracing members 3

Connection to base Connection to truss Effective length Comment

3. Chord and bracing members

3.2 Hollow sections - Effective buckling length of chord

Bracings in-plane and out-of-plane

a) Gap joint b) Overlapped joint c) Fully overlapped joint

Figure 3.1 Types of joints

Table 3.1 Buckling length of a bracing member in a lattice girder

do: outer diameter of a circular chord member

for all β: Leff/L ≤ 0,75

chord: CHS d12

chord: RHS d12

chord: RHS b12

3.3 Hollow sections - Chords of lattice girders, whose

Table 4.1 Buckling length of a bracing member in a lattice girder

N1 but Leff ≥ 0,5 L but Leff ≥ 0,5 L1

N1 continuous member in pinned member in compression

Table 4.1 (continued) Buckling length of a bracing member in a lattice girder

4.2 Web members (flexible restraint at mid-span)

N2 Cd Cd with: L = system length between joints

Figure 4.1 Web member and rigidity of the frame

(2) CIDECT – Structural stability of hollow sections, 1996

(3) DIN 18800: Stahlbauten, Teil 1: Bemessung und Konstruktion

Name Company Date

Created by Matthias Oppe RWTH Aachen

Technical content checked by Christian Müller RWTH Aachen

Editorial content checked by

Technical content endorsed by the

1. UK G W Owens SCI 14/3/06

2. France A Bureau CTICM 14/3/06

3. Sweden A Olsson SBI 14/3/06

4. Germany C Müller RWTH 14/3/06

5. Spain J Chica Labein 14/3/06

Resource approved by Technical G W Owens SCI 08/6/06

This Translation made and checked by:

Translated resource approved by:

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