Antenna Engineering

Introduction
Free Space / Medium
of Propagation

System /
Transmission
Line

Antenna as electromagnetic
Transducer

P. Knott, Antenna Engineering

Lct. #01-1
© Oct-14 Fraunhofer FHR
Radiation Mechanisms
No Radiation Radiation
Unbalanced /
Shielded
Balanced

P. Knott, Antenna Engineering

Lct. #01-2
© Oct-14 Fraunhofer FHR
RF and Microwave Spectrum / Frequency Allocation
Wavelength Communication Band Radar Band Frequency
EU 20 MHz
neu HF
10 m

50 MHz
5m
A GSM 900
100 MHz
VHF
GPS L1 (1,23 GHz)
2m GPS L2 (1,58 GHz)
GSM 1800/1900, UMTS 200 MHz
WLAN (2,4 GHz)
1m
B WLAN (5,15-5,725 GHz)
500 MHz
50 cm
C
1 GHz
UHF
20 cm D L
1-2 GHz
2 GHz

10 cm
E S
2-4 GHz
F
5 GHz
5 cm
G C
H UWB 4-8 GHz
I SHF X (8-12 GHz) 10 GHz

2 cm J Ku (12-18 GHz)
20 GHz
K (18-27 GHz)
1 cm K Ka (27-40 GHz)
L V 50 GHz
5 mm
40-75 GHz
M 100 GHz
EHF W
75-110 GHz
2 mm
200 GHz
KFZ-Radar (24 GHz)
1 mm
KFZ-Radar (77-79 GHz)
sub-mm / IR 500 GHz

P. Knott, Antenna Engineering

Lct. #01-7
© Oct-14 Fraunhofer FHR
 Antenna (Spherical) Coordinate System

z y
z r = x2 + y 2 + z 2 ϑ = cos −1 φ = tan −1
r x
r r r r
P er = sin ϑ (cos φ ⋅ ex + sin φ ⋅ e y ) + cos ϑ ⋅ ez
r r r r
eϑ = cos ϑ (cos φ ⋅ ex + sin φ ⋅ e y ) − sin ϑ ⋅ ez
r r r r
eφ = − sin φ ⋅ ex + cos φ ⋅ e y

y
ϑ
Orientation / Radiation
Azimuth / Elevation
φ E-Plane / H-Plane
x

P. Knott, Antenna Engineering

Lct. #01-8
© Oct-14 Fraunhofer FHR
Maxwell‘s Equations
Integral Form Differential Form

P. Knott, Antenna Engineering

Lct. #01-9
© Oct-14 Fraunhofer FHR
Boundary Conditions
for homogeneous, isotropic and linear matter

( )
r r (1) r ( 2 ) r
n× H − H = JS
( )
r (1) r ( 2) r r
E − E ×n = MS

Boundary and Normal

Vector

P. Knott, Antenna Engineering

Lct. #01-10
© Oct-14 Fraunhofer FHR
Concept of Vector Potentials

From known source distribution to resulting EM field

The direct solution and the application of vector potentials yield the same
E-/H- field result.

P. Knott, Antenna Engineering

Lct. #01-11
© Oct-14 Fraunhofer FHR
Electromagnetic Vector Potentials

Electric Vector Potential

Magnetic Vector Potential

Derived Electromagnetic Fields

P. Knott, Antenna Engineering

Lct. #01-12
© Oct-14 Fraunhofer FHR
Plane (TEM) Wave

Vector Potential (Plane Wave Function)

r j r j (ωt − kr⋅rr )
A= E0 ⋅ e
ωµ
Resulting E-Field
r r j (ωt − kr⋅rr )
E = E0 ⋅ e
Intrinsic Wave Impedance r ω 2π
(in lossless media) k=k = =
r r r c λ
ωµH = k × E r
E ωµ µ
η0 = r = = = 377Ω
H k ε
P. Knott, Antenna Engineering
Lct. #01-13
© Oct-14 Fraunhofer FHR
Power Flow

Power Flow (Poynting Vector)

r r r
S (t ) = E (t ) × H (t )
Mean Value (harmonic time dependency)
r 1 r r*
S = E×H
2
Power Density (per area unit)

{} { }
r r 1 r r*
W = Re S = Re E × H
2
Plane Wave
r2 r2
E η0 H
W= =
2η 0 2
P. Knott, Antenna Engineering
Lct. #01-14
© Oct-14 Fraunhofer FHR
Transmission Line Theory

Lumped Element Equivalent Circuit

System of Differential Equations

P. Knott, Antenna Engineering

Lct. #01-19
© Oct-14 Fraunhofer FHR
Transmission Line Equations

Common Solution

P. Knott, Antenna Engineering

Lct. #01-20
© Oct-14 Fraunhofer FHR
Transmission Line Constants

Transmission Line Characteristic Impedance

Propagation Constant

Phase Velocity

P. Knott, Antenna Engineering

Lct. #01-21
© Oct-14 Fraunhofer FHR
Damped Plane Wave
1
real(U)
abs(U)

0.5
U (x)norm

0
+

-0.5

-1
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
l/λ
P. Knott, Antenna Engineering
Lct. #01-22
© Oct-14 Fraunhofer FHR
Transmission Line Input Impedance

General Transmission Line Impedance

U ( x) Z L + Z 0 ⋅ tanh(γ x)
Z ( x) = =
I ( x) 1 + Z L ⋅ tanh(γ x)
Boundary Conditions Z0
UL Z L + Z 0 ⋅ tanh(γ l )
Z L = Z ( x = 0) = ZI = Z (x = l) =
IL ZL
1+ ⋅ tanh(γ l )
Z0
P. Knott, Antenna Engineering
Lct. #01-23
© Oct-14 Fraunhofer FHR
Reflection Coefficient / VSWR

Reflection Coefficient
−
U ( x ) U L − I L Z 0 − 2γ x Z ( x ) − Z 0
r ( x) = + = e =
U ( x) U L + I L Z 0 Z ( x) + Z 0
Input Reflection Coefficient
Z I − Z0
rI = r ( x = l ) =
Z I + Z0
Maximum / Minimum Voltage

+ − + +
U ( x) = U ( x) + U ( x) = U ( x) + r ( x) ⋅U ( x)
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
U ( x) max 1+ r
SWR = =
U ( x) min 1− r
P. Knott, Antenna Engineering
Lct. #01-24
© Oct-14 Fraunhofer FHR
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)

P. Knott, Antenna Engineering

Lct. #01-25
© Oct-14 Fraunhofer FHR
Special Cases of Termination and Line Length

1. 2. 3.

1. Matched Load

Z L = Z0 ⇒ Z I = Z0 r =0
2. Short Circuit

Z L = 0 ⇒ Z I = jZ 0 tan( βl ) r ( x) = −1 ⋅ e − j 2 βl
3. Quarter-Wavelength Transformer

λ 3λ 5λ Z 02
l = , , ,K ⇒ Z I =
4 4 4 ZL
P. Knott, Antenna Engineering
Lct. #01-26
© Oct-14 Fraunhofer FHR
Frequently Used Transmission Line Types

Coaxial Line Two-Ribbon Line Two-Wire Line

µ r ln(b / a ) µr h µ r ln(w / a )
Z0 η0 ⋅ ⋅ η0 ⋅ ⋅ η0 ⋅ ⋅
εr 2π εr w εr π
ρ' 1 1 2ρ ' ρ'
R'  +  πa
2π a b w
2πε w πε
ε⋅
ln(b / a ) ln(w / a )
C'
h
R' Z0
αR = αG = ⋅ ω C '⋅ tan δ
2Z 0 2
P. Knott, Antenna Engineering
Lct. #01-30
© Oct-14 Fraunhofer FHR
Microstrip Transmission Line

P. Knott, Antenna Engineering

Lct. #01-31
© Oct-14 Fraunhofer FHR