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METHODOLOGY

Materials needed:

 27 pcs of 6L Plastic bottles


 Banana peels
 Molasses
 Baker’s yeast
 Cheesecloth

Conversion of cellulose polymer to ethanol involves two different processes :

1. Converting cellulose to glucose units via hydrolysis and the sugars produced from
the hydrolysis process can then be converted to ethanol by.

2. Fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast).

Pre-treatments are normally applied to separate the mixed polymers of lignin, hemicellulose
and cellulose to provide the sugars needed for the hydrolysis and the fermentation processes. The basic
steps involved in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol are shown in Fig 1.

 Sugar/ Molasses
Banana Peel Cellulose  Ensilled w/ Molasses
 Ensilled W/o Molasses
(Pretreatment) (Hydrolysis)
(Pretreatment)

Animal
Ethanol Distillation
faeces

Figure 1: The steps involved in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol

PRETREATMENT

Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass prior to hydrolysis is a prerequisite for bioethanol


production because it determines the yield of bioethanol that would be obtained after fermentation.
The aim of pretreatment is to reduce the compactness, strength and crystalline nature of cellulose
aiding in hydrolyzing the lignocellulosic biomass to simple sugar units. The pomelo peels were washed
with water and air-dried. We use blender to reduce to size of the peels for better compaction in ensiling
it. Peels were treated with sugar-cane molasses (10% of fresh weight) and put into bottles.

HYDROLYSIS

The aim of hydrolysis is to further degrade the polysaccharides present in the pretreated
lignocellulosic biomass of banana waste into monosaccharides subunits. The monosaccharides that
will be produced upon hydrolysis will enhance the fermentation process by S. cerevisiae.

After a week, we extracted the hydrolysate. Active dry yeast is added (2%, 3% and 4% of 200 ml
hydrolysate). Leave for a week.

FERMENTATION

Fermentation is the final stage of bioethanol production. We used S. cerevisiae to


convert the monosaccharides and some disaccharides produced during hydrolysis into ethanol with the
help of invertase and zymase enzymes present in S. cerevisiae.

DISTILLATION

It is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by selective
boiling and condensation. Two liquids with different boiling points can be separated. The mixture is
heated in a flask. Ethanol has a lower boiling point than water so it evaporates first. The ethanol vapour
is then cooled and condensed inside the condenser to form a pure liquid. The thermometer shows the
boiling point of the pure ethanol liquid. When all the ethanol has evaporated from the solution, the
temperature rises and the water evaporates.

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