1. Gas ideal Cp = (5/2)R and Cv = (3/2)R, P1 = 1 bar dan Vi = 12 m 3; P2 = 12 bar dan V2 = 1 m3 .

Proses
(a) Isothermal compression.
(b) Adiabatic compression followed by cooling at constant pressure.
(c) Adiabatic compression followed by cooling at constant volume.
(d) Heating at constant volume followed by cooling at constant pressure.
(e) Cooling at constant pressure followed by heating at constant volume.

Hitung Q, W, ΔU*, dan ΔHt pada setiap proses, dan gambarkan diagram P-V
Jawab:

P1 = 1 bar P2 = 12 bar
V1 = 12 m3 V2 = 1 m3
Missal T1 = 298.15 K

Cp = (5/2)R = 20.785 J/mol K

Cv = (3/2) R = 12.571 J/mol K

a) Isothermal compression
ΔU = 0
ΔH = 0
W = -RT ln(P1/P2) = -8.314 x 298.15 x ln (1/12) = 6159.63 J
Q= -W = -6159.63 J
ΔS = nR ln(P1/P2) = 1 x 8.314 x ln(1/12) = -20.66

P
12

V2 V1 V

b) Adiabatic compression
γ = Cp/Cv = 20.785/12.571 = 1.67
T2= T1 x (V1/V2)γ-1 = 298.15 x (12/1)1.67 – 1 = 1,575.75 K
P2 = P1 x (V1/V2)γ = 1 x (12/1)1.67 = 63.42 bar
Q=0
W = Cv ΔT = 12.571 x (1,575.75 - 298.15) = 16,060.71 J
ΔU = 0
ΔS = 0

followed by cooling at constant pressure.

Q = ΔH = Cp ΔT = 20.785 x (298.15 - 1,575.75) = -26,554.92 J
ΔU = ΔH – Δ(PV) = ΔH – PΔV = -26,554.92 – 12.105 (1 – 12) = -26,421.77 J
ΔS = n Cp ln(T2/T1) = 1 x 20.785 x ln(1575.75/298.15) = -34.605
 Total
Qtotal = 0 + (-26,554.92) = -26,554.92 J
ΔU = 0 + -26,421.77 = -26,421.77
ΔS = 0 + -34.605 = -34.605

63.42

12

1
V2 V1 V
c) Adiabatic compression
γ = Cp/Cv = 20.785/12.571 = 1.67
T2= T1 x (V1/V2)γ-1 = 298.15 x (12/1)1.67 – 1 = 1,575.75 K
P2 = P1 x (V1/V2)γ = 1 x (12/1)1.67 = 63.42 bar
Q=0
W = Cv ΔT = 12.571 x (1,575.75 - 298.15) = 16,060.71 J
ΔU = 0
ΔS = 0

followed by cooling at constant volume

W=0
ΔU = 0
ΔS = n Cv ln(T2/T1) = 1 x 12.571 x ln(298.15/1575.75) = -20.93

Total
Wtotal = 16,060.71 + 0 = 16,060.71 J
Qtotal = ΔU – W = 0 - 16,060.71 = -16,060.71 J
ΔS = 0 + -20.93 = -20.93

63.42

12

1
V2 V1 V
d) Heating at constant volume
T2 = T1 x P2/P1 = 298.15 x 12/1 = 3,577.8 K
Q = ΔU = Cv ΔT = 12.571 x (3,577.8 – 298.15) = 41,228.48
ΔS = nCv ln((T2/T1) = 1 x 12.571 x ln(3577.8/298.15) = 31.23

followed by cooling at constant pressure

Q = ΔH = Cp x ΔT = 20.785 x (298.15 - 3,577.8) = -68,167.53 J
ΔU = ΔH – Δ(PV) = ΔH – PΔV = -68,167.53 – 12.105(1 – 12) = 13,131,832.47 J
ΔS = nCp ln((T2/T1) = 1 x 20.785 x ln(298.15/3577.8) = -51.65

Total
Qtotal = 41,228.48 + (-68,167.53) = -26,939.05 J
ΔUtotal = 41,228.48 + 13,131,832.47 = 13,173,060.95
W = ΔUtotal - Qtotal = 13,173,060.95 – (-26,939.05) = 13,200,000 J
ΔH = ΔU = 13,173,060.95
ΔS = 31.23 + -51.65 = -20.41

12

1
1 12 V

e) Cooling at constant pressure

T2 = T1 x V2/V1 = 298.15 x 1/12 = 24.845 K
Q = ΔH = Cp x ΔT = 20.785 x (24.85 – 298.15) = -5,680.64 J
ΔU = ΔH – Δ(PV) = ΔH – PΔV = -5680.64 – 1.105 (1 – 12) = 1,094,319.36 J
ΔS = nCp ln((T2/T1) = 1 x 20.785 x ln(24.85/298.15) = -51.645

followed by heating at constant volume

ΔU = Q = Cv ΔT = 12.571 x (298.15 – 24.85) = 3,408.38 J
ΔS = nCv ln((T2/T1) = 1 x 12.571 x ln(298.15/24.85) = 31.23

Total
Qtotal = -5,680.64 + 3,408.38 = -2,272.26 J
ΔUtotal = 1,094,319.36 + 3,408.38 = 1,097,727.74 J
W = ΔUtotal - Qtotal = 1,097,727.74 – (-2,272.26) = 1,100,000 J
ΔS = -51.645 + 31.23 = -20.41
 P

12

1
V2 V1 V

2. 1 mole ideal gas Cp = (7/2)R dan Cv = (5/2) R terexpansi dari PI = 8 bar dan T1 = 600 K menjadi P2 = 1
bar by each of the following paths:
(a) Constant volume; (b) Constant temperature; (c) Adiabatically.

Assuming mechanical reversibility, hitung W, Q, ΔU, dan ΔH setiap proses. gambarkan diagram P-V
Jawab:
Cp = (7/2)R = 29.1 j/mol K
Cv = (5/2) R = 20.785 j/mol K
Misalkan V1 = 10 m3

a) Isochoric
T2 = T1 x P2/P1 = 600 x 1/8 = 75 K
W=0
Q = ΔU = Cv ΔT = 20.785 x (75 – 600) = -10912.1 J
ΔH = ΔU + Δ(PV) = ΔU + ΔPV = -10912.1 + (1-8)105 x 10 = -7010912 J
ΔS = Cv ln (T2/T1) = 20.785 x ln (75/600) = -43.22 J

P
P2

P1

V1=V2 V

b) Isotherm
ΔU = ΔH = 0
W = RT ln(P2/P1) = 8.314 x 600 x ln (1/8) = -10373.09 J
Q = -W = 10373.09 J
ΔS = -R ln(P2/P1) = -8.314 x ln(1/8) = 17.288 J
 P
P2

P1

V1=V2 V

c) Adiabatic
T2 = T1 Ln(P2/P1)R/Cp = 600 x (1/8)8.314/29.1 = 331.234 K
Q=0
W = ΔU = Cv ΔT = 20.785 x (331.234 – 600) = -5586.3 J
ΔS = 0

P
P2

P1

V1=V2 V

3. Komposisi udara (dianggap mengikuti sifat gas ideal beratom dua, Cp = 7/2 R). Tahapan proses
kompresi dan pendinginan:

a. Tahap‐a, kompresi adiabatik: dari kondisi‐1 (P1 = 1 bar dan T1 = 30oC) menjadi kondisi‐2 (P2 = 12
bar)
b. Tahap‐b, pendinginan isobarik: dari kondisi‐2 menjadi kondisi‐3 (T3 = 30oC).

Laju alir udara masuk kompresor, F = 100 kmol/min. Air pendingin pada after cooler mengalami
kenaikan temperatur dari 15oC menjadi 25oC. Kompresi dilaksanakan dengan kemungkinan sebagai
berikut.
a. Kompresi adiabatik‐reversibel
b. Kompresi adiabatik tak‐reversibel dengan efisiensi kompresi = 70%, 80%, 90% (sebagai parameter
yang divariasikan).

Cp = 7/2 R = 29.1 J/mol K

Cv = Cp – R = 5/2 R 20.785 J/mol K

P1 = 1 bar P2 = 12 bar
T1 = 30oC = 303.15 K T2 T3 = 30oC

T2 = T1 Ln(P2/P1)R/Cp = 303.15 x ln(12/1)8.314/29.1 = 393.2 K

Adiabatic reversible :
ΔU = W = Cv ΔT = 20.785 x (393.2 – 303.15) = 1871.7
ΔH = Cp ΔT = 29.1 x (393.2 – 303.15) = 2620.455
Saat pendinginan
Q = ΔH = Cp ΔT = 29.1 x (303.15 – 393.2)= -2620.455
ΔU = Cv ΔT = 20.785 x (303.15 – 393.2) = -1871.7
W = ΔU – Q = -1871.7 – (-2620.455) = 748.755

Total
Q = -2620.455 + 0 = -2620.455
ΔU = 0
W = 748.755 + 1871.7 = 2620.455

Ireversibel (70%)
W = 1871.7/0.7 = 2673.842
Q = ΔU – W = 1871 - 2673.842 = -802.84

Pendinginan
W = 748.755/0.7 = 1069.65
Q = = ΔU – W = -1871.7 – 1069.65 = -2941.35

Total
Q = -802.84 + -2941.35 = -1744.19
W = 2673.842 + 1069.65 = 373.49

Ireversibel (80%)
W = 1871.7/0.8 = 2339.6
Q = ΔU – W = 1871 - 2339.6 = -468.6

Pendinginan
W = 748.755/0.8 = 935.94
Q = = ΔU – W = -1871.7 – 935.94 = -2807.64

Total
Q = -468.6 + -2807.64 = -3276.24
W = 2339.6 + 935.94 = 3275.54

Ireversibel (90%)
W = 1871.7/0.9 = 2079.65
Q = ΔU – W = 1871 – 2079.65 = -208.65

Pendinginan
W = 748.755/0.9 = 831.95
Q = ΔU – W = 1871 – 831.95 = 1039.05

Total
Q = -208.65 + 1039.05 = 830.4
W = 2079.65 + 831.95 = 2911.6

i. Gambarlah diagram alir proses kompresi dan pendinginan tsb.

Kompresi PEndinginan

ii. Gambarlah proses tersebut dalam diagram P‐V.

iii. Hitunglah kerja‐poros (shaft work, Ws kJ/min) yang terlibat dalam proses di atas.

iv. Hitunglah panas (Q, kJ/min) yang terlibat dalam proses di atas.

v. Hitunglah nilai perubahan entalpi setiap langkah dan yang keseluruhan (ΔH1‐2; ΔH2‐3,ΔH1‐3).

vi. Hitunglah kebutuhan air pendingin (dalam satuan kg/menit).

vii. Susunlah tabel atau diagram yang menampilkan hasil perhitungan di atas secara sistematik untuk dapat
dievaluasi dengan praktis.

4. Sebuah sistem gas ideal mempunyai keadaan awal P = 1 atm , T = 15oC dan V = 23,63 liter. Gas ini
dikompresi menjadi P = 5 atm dan T = 15oC . Untuk mencapai kondisi ini dapat dilakukan 2 cara
(pathway) seperti di bawah ini
A. Pendinginan pada tekanan tetap dan pemanasan pada volume tetap
B. Pemanasan pada volum tetap dan kemudian pendinginan pada tekanan tetap

Berapa W, Q, Δ U dan Δ H pada proses A dan B bila Cv = 20.785 J/mol.K dan Cp = 29.099 J/mol.K.
Tentukan juga kualitas dari proses dengan menghitung (ΔS)total dari masing‐masing pathway
Jawab:
P1 = 1 atm P2 = 5 atm
T1 = 15 oC = 288.15 K T2 = 15 oC = 298 K
V1 = 23,63 liter = 0.02363 m3

A. Pendinginan pada tekanan tetap

V2 = V1 x P1/P2 = 0.02363 x (1/5) = 0.00473 m3

T’ = T1 x V2/V1 = 288.15 x 0.00473/0.02363 = 57.68 K
Q = ΔH = Cp ΔT = 29.099 x (57.68 – 288.15) = -6,706.45 J
ΔU = ΔH – Δ(PV) = ΔH – PΔV = -6,706.45 – 101,325 (0.00473 – 0.002363) = -6946.28

Diikuti pemanasan pada volume tetap

ΔU = Q = Cv ΔT = 20.785 x (288.15 – 57.68) = 4,790.32 J

Total
Q = -6,706.45 + 4,790.32 = -1916.13 J
ΔH = ΔU = -6,946.28 + 4,790.32 = -2,155.96 J
W = ΔU – Q = -2,155.96 – (-1916.13) = -239.83 J

B. Pemanasan pada volume tetap

T’ = T1 x P2/P1 = 288.15 x 5/1 = 1,440.75 K

ΔU = Q = Cv ΔT = 20.785 x (1440.75 – 288.15) = 23,956.79 J

Diikuti pendinginan pada tekanan tetap

Q = ΔH = Cp ΔT = 29.099 x (288.15 – 1440.75) = -33,539.51 J
ΔU = ΔH – Δ(PV) = ΔH – PΔV = -33,539.51 – 506,625 (0.00473 – 0.002363) = -34,738.69 J

Total
Q = 23,956.79 + (-33,539.51) = -9582.72
ΔU = 23,956.79 + (-34,738.69) = -10781.9
W = ΔU – Q =-10781.9 – (-9582.72) = -1199.18

5. Gas ideal dikompresi dari awal keadaan 70oC dan 1 bar menjadi keadaan temperature 150 oC
A. Berapa W,Q, Δ U dan Δ H bila kompresi dilakukan secara adiabatic reversible ?
B. Berapa W,Q, Δ U dan Δ H bila kompresi dilakukan secara irreversible dengan efisiensi 80% ?
C. Tentukan juga kualitas dari proses dengan menghitung (ΔS)total dari masing‐masing pathway di
atas dan berikan komentar anda.

T1 = 70oC = 343.15 K T2 = 150oC = 423.15 K

P1 = 1 bar

Cv = 3/2 R = 12.471 Cp = 5/2 R = 20.785

A. adiabatic reversible
ΔU = W = Cv ΔT = 12.471 x (423.15 – 343.15) = 997.68 J
ΔH = Cp ΔT = 20.785 x (423.15 – 343.15) = 1662.8 J
Q=0
γ = Cp/Cv = 20.785/12.471 = 1.67
P2 = P1 x (T2/T1)γ/(γ-1) = 1 x (432.15/343.15)1.67/(1.67-1) 1.78 atm

B. adiabatic ireversibel effisiensi 80%

Ireversibel (80%)
W = 997.68/0.8 = 1247.1
Q = ΔU – W = 997.68 – 1247.1 = -249.42

6. Suatu HEAT ENGINE masa depan merupakan sebuah mesin panas dengan fluida kerja ideal dari
kondisi 1 pada 1 atm, 25 oC dan dikompresikan secara isotermik sampai dengan 10 atm. Kemudian
diberi panas secara isobar sehingga temperatur menjadi T3. Dari kondisi 3 diekspansi adiabatic
reversibel kembali ke kondisi 1 (asumsikan terjadi pada sistem tertutup).
A. Hitung efisiensi siklus!
B. Jika kerja fluida yang diinginkan sebesar 10 W atau 10 J/s, berapa laju fluida kerja?

Jawab

P1 = 1 atm P2= 10 atm

T1 = 25oC = 298.15 K
T2 = T1 x P2/P1 = 298.15 x 1/10 = 29.815 K

A. η = 1 – (T2/T1) = 1 – (29.815/298.15) = 0.9 = 90%

B. P = ½ mv2
10 = ½ x 1 x v2
v = (2 x 10)0.5 = 4.47 m/s