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Current A/D Auxiliary
Ia, Ib, Ic relay Trip and alarms
inputt converter outputs
Digital
Plant and
Opto- communication
protection Microcomputer Communication
Isolators link to remote
contacts
relays
LCD display
+6.5V and keypad
Auxiliary DC – DC +19.5V Operator
LED indications
dc supply converter –19.5V interface
+24V serial and
parallel I/O
design for use with modern digital The LFCB does not include harmonic write memory (RAM) for temporary
communication systems. Since data restraint against transformer data.
can easily be mixed and carried magnetising in-rush currents and so
An RS232 serial communication
within a digital data message, all is not suitable for circuits which
facility is also provided which can
three phase current signals are have power transformers within the
be used to interrogate the relay
transmitted over the same protected zone.
either locally or remotely.
communication channel.
Currents are compared on a per Description A high performance communication
phase basis, obviating the biasing module provides two independent
problem of the conventional The relay is housed in a 4U duplex channels for signalling
summation current trans-former (178mm) high case suitable for between relays. These are based on
approach and providing phase either rack or panel mounting. the high level data link control
selection information for single pole The relay has a modular protocol (HDLC). The channels are
tripping and to identify the fault construction using plug-in modules capable of operating at up to
type. Relays at all ends operate which are individually tested and 1Mb/s but are normally set to
simultaneously providing rapid calibrated in the factory. operate at 56 or 64kb/s.
fault clearance irrespective of If necessary, modules can be The module incorporates its own
whether the fault current is fed from exchanged without any need to microprocessor to handle the high
all terminals or from only one line recalibrate the relay. speed data communication and to
end. The analogue inputs from main process part of the protection and
current transformers (1A or 5A) are signalling functions.
Intertripping commands and status
information are also carried within scaled down by very low burden Two output relay modules, each
the data message to provide (<0.1VA) relay current transformers containing eight hinged armature
auxiliary intertripping facilities and and then converted into digital data relays, provide twenty six trip and
other information. by a 12 bit analogue to digital alarm contacts.
converter. External plant status and
An LFCB102 version is available control signals are received via opto A power supply module converts
with segregated phase direct isolated inputs in the same module. power from a dc supply to internal
intertripping. The analogue and status inputs are voltage rails. A power failure
sampled at a rate of 8 samples per monitoring circuit with alarm output
The LFCB202 relay provides
cycle. contact is included. The relay
redundancy of communication by
consumes less than 10W in the
transmitting and receiving A 16 bit microprocessor module is quiescent state and less than 20W
messages over two communication used to control data acquisition, under tripping conditions.
channels. Both channels are process protection and control
monitored continuously by the algorithms, and to control the output The front panel operator interface,
relay. If one of the channels has and communication modules. shown in Figure 1, consists of a 2
failed, communication between the It contains read-only memory (ROM) row by 16 character alphanumeric
relays can still be maintained by for programmes, non volatile read/ liquid crystal display (LCD) together
the other healthy channel. write memory (EEPROM) for settings with a seven pushbutton keypad.
The LFCB202 is applicable to two and operation records and read/ With the cover in position only the
terminal lines only. ‘ACCEPT/READ’ key, for reading
3
and accepting alarms, and reading Operation A number of methods can be used
the relay settings, and the ‘RESET’ to synchronise data sampling of
key, for clearing alarms, are An LFCB current differential relays at different ends. Most of the
accessible. protection system consists of methods however require an
identical relay units located at each external clock reference and
Other information available for end of the protected line. In contrast complex clock generation and
display includes phase, differential to conventional analogue relays, the control circuitry.
and bias current magnitudes at local three phase currents at each line The LFCB uses a novel software
and remote ends, fault and alarm end are measured by sampling at a controlled ‘poll and answer’
records, communication error fixed frequency. The data samples technique which has been devised
statistics and setting values. represent the instantaneous values to provide a means of continuously
They are selected for display using of the current waveforms and may monitoring and measuring the
the five pushbuttons arranged in a contain dc offset, harmonics and propagation delay of the
cruciform pattern, four of these act high frequency components. It is communication channels during the
as cursor keys for selecting desirable therefore to filter and process of obtaining current vector
commands or altering parameters in preprocess the data to a form information from remote ends.
a menu fashion. suitable for the calculation of the The technique assumes equal
The ‘SET’ key at the centre is used to magnitudes of differential and bias channel propagation delay for the
confirm new settings and other currents. This is achieved by digital data transmit and receive paths.
security related commands. filtering using the One Cycle Fourier No synchronisation is required for
The relay has four indicating lamps filtering technique which yields the data sampling at the different line
and two 25 pin D type sockets power frequency components of the ends as the process of polling vector
mounted on its front panel. current waveforms in vector form. information also includes
One socket is used for local RS232 The vector values of all three phases measurement of the time deviation
serial communication whilst the together with other relevant timing of data sampling between line ends.
other is a parallel input/output port and status information are A software technique is then used to
which functions either as a parallel transmitted over the communication time align current vectors from
printer port or as a test port for channels to the other ends of the different line ends to a common time
connection to computer based line. Based on the local and frame before the differential and
injection testing equipment. received vector information, the bias currents are calculated.
differential currents and bias
currents of all three phases can be
calculated and compared on a per
phase basis to make the tripping
decision.
When vector samples from each
end are compared, they must
correspond to the same sampling
instant to prevent an erroneous
differential current being measured.
Unless the sampling times are
synchronised at each end, it is
necessary for the vector samples to
be time aligned to compensate for
the different sampling instants and
the channel propagation delay for
data to be sent from one end to
another.
4
A 94A–1 F17
F19 Trip A (1)
1. (a) CT shorting links make 4. The following conditions will also cause the 5. Optical connectors are of SMA 9mm type
before (b) and (c) disconnect. contacts to reset: unless otherwise specified.
(b) Short terminals break before (c). A. Failure detected by micro computer during 6. The block auto-reclose contacts can be
(c) Long terminals. power-on diagnostics. selected to close on permissive intertrip or
B. Failure detected by micro computer during to close on permissive intertrip and 3 phase
2. Earthing connections are typical only.
run-time self monitoring. fault trip.
3. All outputs are shown de-energised. Under 7. The trip A, trip B and trip C contacts close for
C. Loss of internal clock pulse signals.
healthy operating conditions the output is any trip conditions if three pole tripping mode
energised. The following conditions will D. Operation of internal watchdog circuit. is selected.
cause the contacts to reset:
A. Loss of dc supply.
B. Loss of internal dc rail voltage.
Figure 3: External connection diagram: type LFCB digital current differential relay with fibre optic communications interface.
5
Bias Restraint Test Facilities Event and Fault
Characteristic Test facilities are provided to enable Recording
The relay has a dual slope the relay to be thoroughly tested The relay keeps a record of the last
percentage bias restraint during commissioning, routine ten alarms/events which are stored
characteristic as shown in Figure 4. maintenance and fault finding in non-volatile EEPROM memory
The initial bias slope ensures operations. One test facility is the and these are preserved, even in
sensitivity to low level faults. As the 25 way parallel socket on the front case of a power loss. Each event
fault level rises, extra errors may be panel which allows the internal record gives the cause of the event
introduced as a result of current voltage rails and the states of the and the time and date of its
transformer saturation and the bias trip and block auto-reclose outputs occurrence.
slope is therefore increased to of the relay to be checked whilst the
relay is in service. The socket also The relay also records the last three
compensate for this.
has input lines which can be used to fault records in non-volatile EEPROM
emulate keystrokes on the front memory. Each fault record contains
Power-on Diagnostics information on the fault type and the
panel, facilitating the use of
and Continuous Self- computer based secondary injection magnitudes of the local, remote,
Monitoring test sets to interact with the relay differential and bias currents of the
and issue operator commands for three phases and time and date of
Power-on diagnostic tests are the operation of the relay.
outputting data or changing
carried out automatically by the
settings. This reduces line outage
relay when it is switched on. Print Facility
during routine testing.
These tests include checks on the
timer, microprocessor, memory and A number of tests are available Settings and recorded information
other major components. There are through the operator interface. stored in the relay can be printed
also a number of system checks A measurement function is provided out via the parallel port or the serial
which continuously monitor the which displays local and remote port on the front panel.
operation of the relay. phase and sequence component Each printout contains the user
currents on the LCD. This can be defined relay identification and time
In the event of a failure detected by
used to check the analogue input and date of printing.
the power-on diagnostic or self-
hardware and software, also current
monitoring tests, an error message
is displayed on the front panel LCD
transformer polarity and Remote Interrogation via
connections. Test options are RS232 Serial Link
and the ‘relay inoperative alarm’
provided to display the on/off states
output contact closes. The relay will A 25 pin D type socket is also
of the opto-isolated status inputs and
then either lock out or attempt a provided at the rear of the relay to
to perform a lamp test on the four
recovery depending on the type of allow an operator to communicate
relay indicating lamps.
failure detected. with the relay via the serial port
Further test options enable the relay using a visual display unit (VDU) or
trip and alarm outputs and their personal computer. The facility
associated circuits to be tested. emulates the front panel keypad and
LCD and allows access to the
Differential Ia Ib
current
Idiff
Ic Idiff = Ia + Ib + Ic
Ibias = 0.5 ( Ia + Ib + Ic )
Trip
Percentage The relay operates when
bias k2 (1) For Ibias IS2
Percentage
bias k1 Idiff k1 Ibias + IS1
No trip (2) For Ibias IS2
IS1 Idiff k2 Ibias – (k2 – k1) IS2 + IS1
6
command menu. Given a suitable Permissive Intertrip overcurrent scheme except that the
serial communication link the overcurrent check is done at the
Facility
operator can interrogate the relay remote ends and no additional
remotely and ask for print-outs of The permissive intertrip facility is relays are needed.
fault and alarm records and other provided to intertrip circuit breakers The permissive intertrip shares the
information. It is also possible to at the remote ends. The ‘initiate trip output contacts of the current
change settings, if the relay has permissive intertrip’ opto-isolated differential protection function but
been set up to allow full remote input may, for example, be always trips three phase.
access. connected to an output contact of a
The relay provides two output
busbar relay to intertrip remote
contacts for blocking auto-reclose on
Intertrip Facility breakers upon a busbar fault.
permissive intertrip. These contacts
When the ‘Initiate permissive
This is an auxiliary signalling facility may also be selected to block auto-
intertrip’ input is activated, the relay
whereby when the ‘initiate intertrip’ reclose on three phase faults.
sets a corresponding status bit in its
opto isolator is activated, the relay transmit message.
sets a corresponding status bit in its This commands the remote relays to
transmit message to command the check if the current flowing into the
remote relays to close their intertrip initiating end exceeds the current
output contacts (85-1 to 85-4). threshold setting IS1 and if so, to trip
It may be assigned by the user to after the permissive intertrip time
any trip or signalling function such setting is exceeded. The permissive
as direct transfer trip or to block intertrip time delay allows time for
auto-reclose. the fault to be cleared by circuit
breakers at the initiating end. This is
similar to a conventional interlocked
Relay A Transformer
Relay B
protection
DTT = 1
Data message
Opto
IB
F
Relay A Busbar
Relay B
relay
PIT = 1
Data message
Opto
7
Three to Two Terminal For operational reasons it may be
necessary to switch out one of the
Reconfiguration
line ends, and its associated relay,
(LFCB103 or LFCB123 on a three terminal circuit. A second
only) reconfiguration feature is provided
with the LFCB103 by which, after all
The LFCB103 relay is normally used
security checks are satisfied, an
for the protection of three terminal
operator at one end can command
lines. The relay can, however, be set
the two remote relays to work as a
for two terminal operation.
two terminal system. The local relay
This allows the relay to be applied
can then be switched off leaving the
to a two terminal line which may be
now two terminal line to be
converted to a three terminal line at
protected by the two remote relays.
a later date. Since only a setting
A restore command can similarly be
change is required to configure the
issued to bring the system back to
relay for two or three terminal
three terminal operation.
operation, no hardware or wiring
changes are required when the third
terminal is added. Additional
security interlocks are incorporated
in the setting procedure to provide
added security when changing the
relay configuration.
3 2
Relay A Relay B
3 2
Relay C
Opto
Figure 7: Reconfiguration
8
Communication be either dedicated to the current
differential protection signalling or
Interfacing
multiplexed and shared with other
To ensure compatibility with a wide protection and telecommunication
range of communication equipment equipment, employing optical fibres
and media the LFCB is designed to or conventional media (see Figure
work within the signalling 8). The modular design of the LFCB
bandwidth of a basic 56/64kb/s means only the communication
pulse code modulated (PCM) interface module need be varied to
channel. suit different requirements. The basic
interface options are described
Several options are available for
below.
interfacing the LFCB to a
communications link. The link can
MITZ
Optical fibres Optical fibres Electrical
connections Multiplexed
LFCB LFCB LFCB
link
PCM
Other protection and MUX
(a) Direct link using optical fibres telecommunication
equipment
Dedicated Optical Link Multiplexed Link-Optical The MITZ 03 interface unit supports
X.21 interfacing. This unit may also
Different ranges of communication Cables Connecting Relay
support subsets of RS449.
distance require different types of and Multiplexer Please contact ALSTOM T&D
optical transmitting and receiving Protection & Control Ltd for any
When using multiplexers, the LFCB
devices. The LFCB has three basic further information.
relay should contain the short range
versions of optical communication
850nm optical interface (see Note: The co-directional G.703,
interface, all of which operate with
section: Dedicated Optical Link for V.35 and X.21 interfaces comply
50/125µm multimode fibres at the
details). with CCITT recommendations.
850nm wavelength and use SMA
An MITZ interface is required at the
9mm type optical connectors.
multiplexer end for optical/electrical
The basic short range 850nm signal conversions. One MITZ unit is
interface has an optical budget of required per communications
0–14dB. Medium and long range channel per relay. All MITZ units use
850nm interfaces are also the same type of optical transmitter
available. and receiver as the LFCB short
Details of versions suitable for range 850nm optical interface.
dedicated 1300nm or 1550nm MITZ versions
wavelength applications are The MITZ 01 interface unit supports
available upon request. G.703 co-directional interfacing.
The 1300nm interface can be
The MITZ 02 interface unit supports
specified for use on either multi
V.35 interfacing.
mode or single mode optical fibre.
The 1500nm interface can only be
used with single mode fibre.
All 1300nm and 1500nm interfaces
are available with ST or FC/PC style
optical connectors.
9
Technical Data
Ratings
Current (In) 1A or 5A
(4 x In continuous)
(100In or 400A or 1s)
Frequency Nominal Operative Range
50Hz 47 to 51Hz
60Hz 56.4 to 61.2Hz
Auxiliary voltage Vx(1) (DC) Nominal Operative Range
(Relay power supply) 24/27V 19.2 – 32.4V
30/34V 24 – 40.8V
48/54V 38.4 – 64.8V
110/125V 88 – 150V
220/250V 176 – 300V
Auxiliary voltage Vx(2) (DC) Nominal Operative Range
(Opto-isolator supply) 24/34V 19.2 – 40.8V
48/54V 38.4 – 64.8V
110/125V 88 – 150V
220/250V 176 – 300V
Note: Vx(2) may be different
from Vx(1)
10
Contact rating
Make and carry for 0.2s 7500VA (30A or 300V ac or dc
maxima)
Carry continuously 5A ac or dc
Break (104 operations) AC 1250VA
DC 50W resistive 5A or 300V
25W inductive, maxima
L/R=40ms
Durability
Loaded contact 10,000 operations minimum
Unloaded contact 100,000 operations minimum
Burdens
AC <0.1VA
DC (Vx(1)) 10W quiescent: 20W tripping
DC (Vx(2)) Maximum 0.3W mean burden
per input.
Intertrip
Operating time 20 – 25ms typical (50Hz)
18 – 22ms typical (60Hz)
Reset time 25ms max (50Hz)
21ms max (60Hz)
Note: The intertrip contacts remain
closed for a minimum of 60ms.
Permissive intertrip
Time delay setting 0 – 200ms in 5ms steps
Operating time after delay
setting 22 – 27ms typical (50Hz)
19 – 23ms typical (60Hz)
Reset time 26ms max (50Hz)
24ms max (60Hz)
Note: The trip contacts remain
closed for a minimum of 60ms.
11
For applications where the
maximum value of secondary
through fault current x primary
system X/R is less than 350In, then:
for IS2 = 2In; k1 = 30%; k2 = 100%
Vk>180In (RCT + 2RL)
for IS2 = 2In; k1 = 30%; k2 = 150%
Vk>85In (RCT + 2RL)
Where Vk = kneepoint voltage
of current
transformer for
through fault
stability.
RCT = resistance of
current transformer
secondary circuit
(ohms).
RL = lead resistance of
single lead from
relay to current
transformer (ohms).
Note: IF x X/R >120 generally
occurs when the feeder being
protected is short and is connected
directly to a power station busbar,
where the generator X/R value is
high.
12
Electrical environment
High frequency disturbance
IEC 60255-22-1:1988 Class III 2.5kV peak between independent
circuits. 2.5kV peak between
independent circuits and case earth.
1kV peak across input circuits.
Fast transient disturbance
IEC 60255-22-4:1992 Class IV
IEC 60801-4:1988 Level 4 4kV, 2.5kHz applied directly to
auxiliary supply.
4kV, 2.5kHz applied directly to all
inputs.
Electrostatic discharge
IEC 60255-22-2:1989 Class IV 15kV – discharge in air with cover
in place.
IEC 60801-2:1991 Level 4 8kV – point discharge with cover
removed.
EMC compliance
89/336/EEC Compliance with the European
Commission directive on EMC is
claimed via the Technical
Construction File route.
EN 50081-2:1994
EN 50082-2:1995 Generic standards were used to
establish conformity.
Product safety
73/23/EEC Compliance with the European
Commission Low Voltage Directive.
EN 61010-1: 1993/A2: 1995 Compliance is demonstrated by
EN 60950-1: 1992/A11: 1997 reference to generic safety
standards.
Idiff 5 Idiff 5
(x In) (x In)
4 4
ms
25
Relay settings:
m
23
3 3
IS1 = 0.2 In
k1 = 30%
s
m
27
s IS2 = 2.0 In
2 2 m
s 25
m k2 = 150%
30
ms ms
35 30
1 1 s
35m
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
(a) 50Hz Ibias (x In) (b) 60Hz Ibias (x In)
13
Atmospheric environment
Temperature
IEC 60255-6:1988 Storage and transit
–25°C to +70°C
Operating –25°C to +55°C
IEC 60068-2-1:1990 Cold
IEC 60068-2-2:1974 Dry heat
Humidity
IEC 60068-2-3: 1969 56 days at 93% RH and 40°C
Enclosure protection
IEC 60529: 1989 IP50 (dust protected)
Mechanical environment
Vibration
IEC 60255-21-1:1988 Response Class 1
Case
Type LFCB relays are housed in
Multi-module MIDOS cases.
(See Figure 10).
14
483mm Rack details
Dimensions to IEC 297
7 max.
438
Rack mounting
31.75
±0.4
12.7
±0.4
All dimensions in mm
Terminal screws:
M4 x 8 brass Cheese Head with
Lockwashers are provided
400
200
Hinged front
panel 180.5 191
Removable 432 Push button
cover projection
10mm max.
10
440
Fixing holes
Ø5.4
201 178
10
252
443 37 Allow a minimum of 50mm for
Side teeminal block and wiring
Front
15
ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Ltd St Leonards Works, Stafford, ST17 4LX England
Tel: 44 (0) 1785 223251 Fax: 44 (0) 1785 212232 Email: pcs.enquiries@tde.alstom.com Internet: www.alstom.com
©1999 ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Ltd
Our policy is one of continuous development. Accordingly the design of our products may change at any time. Whilst every effort is made to produce up to date literature, this brochure should
only be regarded as a guide and is intended for information purposes only. Its contents do not constitute an offer for sale or advice on the application of any product referred to in it.
ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Ltd cannot be held responsible for any reliance on any decisions taken on its contents without specific advice.