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Preface

This report has been written in pursuance of the requirements for BBA Program. In this regard,

an attempt has been made to study the country and all its aspect to increase in knowledge. It has

been prepared by keeping in mind as to be more precise and accurate in term of rationality with

the other major prospects. I have made the maximum efforts to cover all the required

information’s and data. This report has been prepared with the prays of my parents and

honorable tutors. I am grateful for the efforts of, for providing the opportunities for increasing

literacy rate.

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Acknowledgement

I am thankful to God Almighty who blessed his mercy and kindness in the completion of this

report, praise to Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H) who is forever torch of guidance for mankind. It

was very interesting and knowledgeable experience for me.

During the preparation of report, I studied all the data to increase my subject knowledge of

International Business and I try to cover all the topics which are assigned to me in this report.

I would also be thankful to all people who have contributed for the accomplishment of this

report. I am very lucky, in having a group of people whose critical evaluations were of great

importance during the documentation of this report. Finally, I am deeply obliged to our Lecturer

who gave us this opportunity yo increase our knowledge and make this report.

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Table of Content

Subjects Page No.

1. Introduction of country……………………………………………...4
2. History…………………………………………………………….....5
3. Capital……………………………………………………………….7
4. Prime Minister ……………………………………………………....8
5. States & Territories ……………………………………………….....9
6. Political System ……………………………………………………..10
7. Main Political Parties ……………………………………….…….. .11
8. Economic System…………………………………………………...11
9. Legal System……… ……………………………………………......13
10. Major Airports & Airroutes…………………………………………18
11. Sea Ports……………………………………………………………19
12. Trading Partners…………………………………………………….21
13. Trading Relation with pak …………………………………………..22
14. VISA Requirement………………………………………………......23
15. Major Universities……………………..…………………………….26
16. References…………... …………………………………………........27

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Introduction of Country
Australia
Australia was founded on 26 January 1788, but it became 'The Commonwealth of Australia'
upon federation of the states on 1 January 1901.

In 1788 the British Government established a penal colony (prison) on the east coast of the
continent called Terra Australis, which had been claimed by James Cook under the name of New
South Wales when he charted it in 1770. (Originally, the Dutch called the western half of the
continent New Holland.) The term ' Australia ' was adopted for the continent in 1824.

Australia officially the Commonwealth of Australia,[12] is a country comprising the mainland

of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the
world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor
and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the
north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.

For at least 40,000 years[13] before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was
inhabited by indigenous Australians,[14] who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language
groups.[15][16] After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by
Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales
from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was
explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.

On 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Since
Federation, Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system which functions
as a federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy. The federation comprises six
states and several territories. The population of 22.7 million[5] is highly urbanised and heavily
concentrated in the eastern states due to geography and climate[17].

A highly developed country, Australia is the world's 12th-largest economy and has the world's
fifth-highest per capita income. Australia's military expenditure is the world's 13th-largest. With
the second-highest human development index globally, Australia ranks highly in many

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international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, health, education,

economic freedom, and the protection of civil liberties and political rights.[18] Australia is a
member of the G20, OECD, WTO, APEC, UN, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS and the
Pacific Islands Forum.

The first map on which the word Australia occurs was published in St Petersburg in 1824. It is in
Krusenstern's "Atlas de l'Océan Pacifique".[38]

History

Human habitation of the Australian continent is estimated to have begun between 42,000 and
48,000 years ago,[39] possibly with the migration of people by land bridges and short sea-
crossings from what is now South-East Asia. These first inhabitants may have been ancestors of
modern Indigenous Australians.[40] At the time of European settlement in the late 18th century,
most Indigenous Australians were hunter-gatherers, with a complex oral culture and spiritual
values based on reverence for the land and a belief in the Dreamtime. The Torres Strait Islanders,
ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturalists and hunter-gatherers.[41] The northern
coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast
Asia.[42]

The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European
landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon. He
sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, and made landfall on 26 February at the
Pennefather River near the modern town of Weipa on Cape York.[43] The Dutch charted the
whole of the western and northern coastlines of "New Holland" during the 17th century, but
made no attempt at settlement.[43] William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on
the north-west coast of Australia in 1688 and again in 1699 on a return trip. In 1770, James Cook
sailed along and mapped the east coast of Australia, which he named New South Wales and
claimed for Great Britain.[44] With the loss of its American colonies in 1780, the British
Government sent a fleet of ships, the "First Fleet", under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip,
to establish a new penal colony in New South Wales. A camp was set up and the flag raised at
Sydney Cove, Port Jackson, on 26 January 1788,[45] a date which became Australia's national
day, Australia Day although the British Crown Colony of New South Wales was not formally
promulgated until 7 February 1788. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, the
establishment of farming, industry and commerce; and the exploration and settlement of other
regions.

Van Diemen's Land, now known as Tasmania, was settled in 1803 and became a separate colony
in 1825.[46] The United Kingdom formally claimed the western part of Western Australia (the
Swan River Colony) in 1828.Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales:
South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859.[48] The Northern Territory

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was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia.[49] South Australia was founded
as a "free province"—it was never a penal colony.[50] Victoria and Western Australia were also
founded "free", but later accepted transported convicts.[51][52] A campaign by the settlers of New
South Wales led to the end of convict transportation to that colony; the last convict ship arrived
in 1848.[53]

On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies was achieved after a decade of planning,
consultation and voting.[64] The Commonwealth of Australia was established and it became a
dominion of the British Empire in 1907. The Federal Capital Territory (later renamed the
Australian Capital Territory) was formed in 1911 as the location for the future federal capital of
Canberra. Melbourne was the temporary seat of government from 1901 to 1927 while Canberra
was constructed.[65] The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of the South
Australian government to the federal parliament in 1911.[66] In 1914, Australia joined Britain in
fighting World War I, with support from both the outgoing Commonwealth Liberal Party and the
incoming Australian Labor Party.[67] Australians took part in many of the major battles fought on
the Western Front.[68] Of about 416,000 who served, about 60,000 were killed and another
152,000 were wounded.[69] Many Australians regard the defeat of the Australian and New
Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) at Gallipoli as the birth of the nation—its first major military
action.[70][71] The Kokoda Track campaign is regarded by many as an analogous nation-defining
event during World War II.[72]

Britain's Statute of Westminster 1931 formally ended most of the constitutional links between
Australia and the UK. Australia adopted it in 1942,[73] but it was backdated to 1939 to confirm
the validity of legislation passed by the Australian Parliament during World War II.[74][75] The
shock of the United Kingdom's defeat in Asia in 1942 and the threat of Japanese invasion caused
Australia to turn to the United States as a new ally and protector.[76] Since 1951, Australia has
been a formal military ally of the US, under the ANZUS treaty.[77] After World War II Australia
encouraged immigration from Europe. Since the 1970s and following the abolition of the White
Australia policy, immigration from Asia and elsewhere was also promoted.[78] As a result,
Australia's demography, culture, and self-image were transformed.[79] The final constitutional
ties between Australia and the UK were severed with the passing of the Australia Act 1986,
ending any British role in the government of the Australian States, and closing the option of
judicial appeals to the Privy Council in London.[80] In a 1999 referendum, 55 per cent of voters
and a majority in every state rejected a proposal to become a republic with a president appointed
by a two-thirds vote in both Houses of the Australian Parliament. Since the election of the
Whitlam Government in 1972,[81] there has been an increasing focus in foreign policy on ties
with other Pacific Rim nations, while maintaining close ties with Australia's traditional allies and
trading partners.[82]

Facts about Australia

Population 22576835
Currency Australian dollar (AUD)($)
Time zone (s) UTC +8 to +11.5
Drive on the: left
International dialing code 61
Official language English

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Capital city Canberra

Other major cities Sydney
Big mac 5.5
Half litre/pint of beer 5.3
Can of coke 2.6
Bottle of water 1.5l 2.2
20 cigarettes 15.5
Cinema ticket 14

Capital:

Canberra is the capital city of Australia. With a population of 367,000, it is Australia's

largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall. The city is located at the northern end of
the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), 280 km (170 mi) south-west of Sydney, and 660 km
(410 mi) north-east of Melbourne. A resident of Canberra is known as a "Canberran".

The site of Canberra was selected for the location of the nation's capital in 1908 as a compromise
between rivals Sydney and Melbourne, Australia's two largest cities. It is unusual among
Australian cities, being an entirely planned city outside of any state, similar to the American
Federal District of Columbia. Following an international contest for the city's design, a blueprint
by the Chicago architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected and
construction commenced in 1913.The Griffins' plan featured geometric motifs such as circles,
hexagons and triangles, and was centred around axes aligned with significant topographical
landmarks in the Australian Capital Territory.

Currency:
Australian dollar (AUD)

Currency difference with Pakistan:

1 Australian dollar = 100.7000 Pakistani rupees

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Prime Minister:

Following a partyroom leadership challenge, Julia Gillard became the first

female Prime Minister in June 2010.[104] The most recent federal election was held on 21 August
2010 and resulted in the first hung parliament in over 50 years. Gillard was able to form a
minority Labor government with the support of independents.

Julia Gillard, Prime Minister of Australia since 2010

Deputy Prime Minister:

The current Deputy Prime Minister is Labor politician Wayne Swan.

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States And Territories:

The six states and two mainland territories are:

 New South Wales

 Queensland
 South Australia
 Tasmania
 Victoria
 Western Australia
 Northern Territory
 Australian Capital Territory

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Political System:

Australia is a constitutional monarchy with a federal division of powers. It

uses a parliamentary system of government with Queen Elizabeth II at its apex as the Queen of
Australia, a role that is distinct from her position as monarch of the other Commonwealth realms.
The Queen resides in the United Kingdom, and she is represented by her viceroys in Australia
(the Governor-General at the federal level and by the Governors at the state level), who by
convention act on the advice of her ministers. Supreme executive authority is vested by the
Constitution of Australia in the sovereign, but the power to exercise it is conferred by the
Constitution specifically to the Governor-General.[83][84] The most notable exercise of the
Governor-General's reserve powers outside a Prime Minister's request was the dismissal of the
Whitlam Government in the constitutional crisis of 1975.[85]

The federal government is separated into three branches:

 The legislature: the bicameral Parliament, defined in section 1 of the constitution as

comprising the Queen (represented by the Governor-General), the Senate, and the House
of Representatives;
 The executive: the Federal Executive Council, in practice the Governor-General as
advised by the Prime Minister and Ministers of State;[86]
 The judiciary: the High Court of Australia and other federal courts, whose judges are
appointed by the Governor-General on advice of the Council.

In the Senate (the upper house), there are 76 senators: twelve each from the states and two each
from the mainland territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory).[87]
The House of Representatives (the lower house) has 150 members elected from single-member
electoral divisions, commonly known as "electorates" or "seats", allocated to states on the basis
of population,[88] with each original state guaranteed a minimum of five seats.[89] Elections for
both chambers are normally held every three years, simultaneously; senators have overlapping
six-year terms except for those from the territories, whose terms are not fixed but are tied to the
electoral cycle for the lower house; thus only 40 of the 76 places in the Senate are put to each
election unless the cycle is interrupted by a double dissolution.[87]

Australia's electoral system uses preferential voting for all lower house elections with the
exception of Tasmania and the ACT which, along with the Senate and most state upper houses,
combine it with proportional representation in a system known as the single transferable vote.
Voting is compulsory for all enrolled citizens 18 years and over in every jurisdiction,[90] as is
enrolment (with the exception of South Australia).[91] The party with majority support in the
House of Representatives forms the government and its leader becomes Prime Minister. In cases
where no party has majority support, the Governor-General has the power to appoint the Prime
Minister and, if necessary, dismiss one that has lost the confidence of Parliament.[92]

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Main Political Parties:

There are two major political groups that usually form government, federally
and in the states: the Australian Labor Party and the Coalition which is a formal grouping of the
Liberal Party and its minor partner, the National Party.[93][94] Independent members and several
minor parties have achieved representation in Australian parliaments, mostly in upper houses.

Within Australian political culture, the Coalition is considered centre-right and the Labor Party is
considered centre-left. Queensland in particular, along with Western Australia and the Northern
Territory, are regarded as comparatively conservative.[95][96][97][98][99][100] Victoria, South
Australia, Tasmania, and the Australian Capital Territory are regarded as comparatively socially
liberal. New South Wales has often been regarded as a politically moderate bellwether state.

Economic System:
Free market is the main characteristics of the economic system of Australia. The
growth of the economy of Australia is phenomenal and this country is among the first five developed
countries of the world. The four main components of the Australian economic system are trade,
manufacturing, services and finance. In the beginning of the 21st century the Australian government had
taken a pledge to further reform its economy. The standard of living of Australia has risen significantly in
the last fifteen years and it is just below United States now.

Industrialization, private enterprises, large scale productions, high technology and natural resources are
Australian economic system. Small businesses also play an important role in the economy of this country.
The unemployment rate in this country speaks for its developing economy as 11% unemployment rate in
1992 has come down to just 5%.

The growth of the Australian economy began in the middle of the 19th century with woolen industry and
the gold rush. The gold rush was also responsible for the population growth of the country which was
very much needed by Australia at that point of time. The second phase of economic boom began during
the Second World War and it continued till 1970.

The fundamentals of the Australian economy were further changed at the beginning of the new
millennium. A new improved tax system was started which was favourable both for the individual and the
businesses. The government is also striving towards building a more adaptable labour market and
augmenting the living standards. Some major business sectors are also partially privatized. In the first
decade of the new millennium it is expected that the growth would be around 3.5%. One of the most
significant achievements is that in 2000 the labour productivity growth has even moved past United
States.

The integral part of the economic system of Australia is the Australian Securities Exchange or ASX. The

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name of Australian Stock exchange was changed to Australian Securities Exchange only in December
2006. This stock market trades from 10 in the morning to 4 in the afternoon.

International trade both export and import has contributed greatly to the development of the economy.

Employment

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in
August 2012 was estimated to be 5.1% of an estimated labour force of 12,000,000.[5]

According to Roy Morgan Research the unemployment rate was estimated to be 9.8% in August
2012.[55] 17.5% (2.1 million) Australians were estimated to be either unemployed or
underemployed. Over 2 million workers, or about 40% of the Australian workforce, were
estimated to be currently part-time or casual.[56]

Taxation System:
Taxation in Australia can be divided mainly in to two parts, federal taxation and
state taxation. The taxes are not uniform all through out the country. The most important of all
the taxes are income tax and business tax. Apart from these two taxes there are taxes like Goods
and Services tax, Social Security Levy, Municipal tax, excise duties and Capital Gains tax. The
main reason behind the phenomenal growth of the Australian economy is its stable government,
healthy politics and huge natural resource. The knowledge based industries has evolved as
another factor which has contributed to the exceptional growth of this country currently. At least
twenty five thousand Information Communication and Technology companies are present in
Australia currently.

Economic overview:

Australia is one of the world's rich, developed countries. It is also one of the
world's most industrialized countries. The economy of Australia is one of the largest capitalist
economies in the world with a GDP of US$1.57 trillion.[14] Australia's total wealth is 6.4 trillion
dollars. In 2011, it was the 13th largest national economy by nominal GDP[15] and the 17th-
largest measured by PPP adjusted GDP, about 1.7% of the world economy. Australia is the 19th-
largest importer and 19th-largest exporter. Economy of Australia is quarterly fore-casted by the
Reserve Bank of Australia. [16] Australian National University also supplements Probabilistic
interest rate setting project for the Australian Economy, which is compiled by Shadow Board
Members from the ANU academic staff. [17]

The Australian economy is dominated by its service sector, comprising 68% of GDP. The mining
sector represents 10% of GDP; the "mining-related economy" represents 9% of GDP – the total

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mining sector is 19% of GDP.[18] Economic growth is largely dependent on the mining sector and
agricultural sector with the products to be exported mainly to the East Asian market.[19] IT
related jobs (such as computer system design and engineering) belong to the category of
Professional, Scientific and Technical Services as defined by the Department of Education,
Employment and Workplace Relations of Australia that its job creations appear mostly in the
state capital cities of Australia.[20]

The Australian Securities Exchange is the largest stock exchange in Australia and in the South
Pacific[21] and ranks 9th in the world in terms of market capitalization.[22] Australia is home to
some of the largest (commodity) companies in the world, including but not limited to, BHP
Billiton, National Australia Bank, Commonwealth Bank, Rio Tinto Group, ANZ, Westpac,
Telstra, Macquarie Bank, Woolworths and AMP – which also are the 10 largest companies in
Australia.[23] The Australian dollar is the currency of the Commonwealth of Australia and its
territories, including Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island. It is also the
official currency of the independent Pacific Island nations of Kiribati, Nauru and Tuvalu.

Australia is a member of the APEC, G20, OECD and WTO. The country has also entered into
free-trade agreements with ASEAN, Chile, New Zealand, Thailand, and the United States.[24]
The ANZCERTA agreement with New Zealand has greatly increased integration with the New
Zealand economy and in 2011 there was a plan to form an Australasian Single Economic Market
by 2015.[25]

Legal System:

The Australian legal system is based on a fundamental belief in the rule of law,
justice and the independence of the judiciary. All people—Australians and non-Australians
alike—are treated equally before the law and safeguards exist to ensure that people are not
treated arbitrarily or unfairly by governments or officials.

Principles such as procedural fairness, judicial precedent and the separation of powers are
fundamental to Australia’s legal system.

The common law system, as developed in the United Kingdom, forms the basis of Australian
jurisprudence. It is distinct from the civil law systems that operate in Europe, South America and
Japan, which are derived from Roman law. Other countries that employ variations of the
common law system are the United States, Canada, New Zealand, Malaysia and India.

The chief feature of the common law system is that judges’ decisions in pending cases are
informed by the decisions of previously settled cases.

The Australian Constitution of 1901 established a federal system of government, under which
powers are distributed between the federal government and the states. It defined exclusive
powers (investing the federal government with the exclusive power to make laws on matters such
as trade and commerce, taxation, defence, external affairs, and immigration and citizenship) and
concurrent powers (where both tiers of government are able to enact laws). The states and

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territories have independent legislative power in all matters not specifically assigned to the
federal government. Where there is any inconsistency between federal and state or territory laws,
federal laws prevail. Federal laws apply to the whole of Australia.

In effect, Australia has nine legal systems—the eight state and territory systems and one federal
system. However, it is the state and territory criminal laws that mainly affect the day-to-day lives
of most Australians.

Each of the federal and state systems incorporates three separate branches of government—
legislative, executive and judicial. Parliaments make the laws, the executive government
administers the laws, and the judiciary independently interprets and applies them.

The courts

The High Court of Australia interprets and applies the law of Australia, decides cases of special
federal significance, including challenges to the constitutional validity of laws, and hears appeals
(by special leave) from the federal, state and territory courts. The High Court has a Chief Justice
and six other judges who can preside either individually or together. It is the highest court of
appeal on all matters, whether decided in the federal or state jurisdictions.

The other federal courts are the Federal Court of Australia, the Family Court of Australia and the
Federal Magistrates Court of Australia. Under the Constitution, state and territory courts may be
invested with federal jurisdiction.

The Federal Court’s jurisdiction is broad, covering almost all civil matters arising under
Australian federal law and some summary criminal matters. The court also has substantial and
diverse appellate jurisdiction, including over the decisions of single judges of the Federal Court
and the Federal Magistrates Court (in non-family-law matters) and some decisions of the state
and territory courts.

The Family Court is Australia’s superior court in family law. Through its specialist judges and
staff, the court helps to resolve complex family disputes. It also covers specialised areas such as
cases relating to the Hague Convention on International Child Abductions (which came into
force in Australia in December 1998) and the international relocation of children by parents or
guardians.

The Federal Magistrates Court was established by the federal parliament in 1999 and conducted
its first sittings in July 2000. Its jurisdiction includes family law, bankruptcy, unlawful
discrimination, consumer protection and trade practices, privacy, migration, copyright and
industrial law. Nearly all of its jurisdiction is shared with the Family Court or the Federal Court.

Australian state and territory courts have jurisdiction in all matters brought under state or
territory laws. They also handle some matters arising under federal laws, where jurisdiction has
been conferred by the federal parliament. State and territory courts deal with most criminal
matters, whether arising under federal, state or territory law.

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Each state and territory court system operates independently. All states have supreme courts and
some also have courts of criminal appeal, which are the highest appellate courts at the state level.
Courts known as ‘district’ or ‘county’ courts hear the more serious cases, with a judge presiding
over the court to interpret and determine the law. For more serious charges it is usual for a jury
(usually of 12 people) to determine the guilt or innocence of defendants. Serious offences such as
murder, rape and armed robbery are usually tried in a higher court.

Lesser offences are dealt with in lower courts, known as local or magistrates courts (or courts of
petty sessions), where magistrates determine the guilt or innocence of defendants.

In all cases, defendants are considered to be innocent until proven guilty beyond all reasonable
doubt. There is no death penalty in Australia.

Legal aid and representation

Australian governments recognise that access to legal representation is an important element in

ensuring justice for all. They provide some legal aid for people assessed as being least able to
afford to cover the costs of a court appearance.

The federal Attorney-General’s Department is responsible for administering funding for the
provision of legal aid services for federal law matters through legal aid commissions,
administering a Community Legal Services Program and managing legal aid services for
Indigenous Australians.

State and territory governments fund legal aid services for cases being tried under state and
territory law. There are eight independent legal aid commissions, one in each of the states and
territories, with a total budget of around $400 million. Funding is provided by the federal
government and state and territory governments. Other revenue comes from interest earnings,
contributions and fees.

Investigating complaints and reviewing administrative decisions

Specific agencies also exist to protect the legal and administrative rights of all people in
Australia, including the Commonwealth Ombudsman, the Migration Review Tribunal, the
Refugee Review Tribunal, the Administrative Appeals Tribunal and the Human Rights and
Equal Opportunity Commission.

The position of Commonwealth Ombudsman was created in 1977 to consider and investigate
complaints from people who believe they have been treated unfairly or unreasonably by a federal
government department or agency. The ombudsman cannot override decisions made by agencies
or issue directions to agency staff. Instead, the ombudsman resolves disputes through
consultation and negotiation and, if necessary, by making formal recommendations to the most
senior levels of government.

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There is also an ombudsman in Western Australia (appointed in 1971), Victoria (1972),

Queensland (1974) and New South Wales (1974). The Commonwealth Ombudsman acts as the
ombudsman for the Australian Capital Territory.

Two separate tribunals provide independent and final merits reviews of decisions made about
visas to enter or stay in Australia. The Migration Review Tribunal reviews decisions made about
general visas (including visitor, student, partner, family, business and skilled). The Refugee
Review Tribunal deals with decisions regarding protection (refugee) visas.

Administrative Appeals Tribunal

The Administrative Appeals Tribunal began operations in July 1976 and is part of the federal
Attorney-General’s portfolio. It is an independent body that conducts merits reviews of a wide
range of administrative decisions made by other tribunals and by federal government ministers,
officials and authorities. The Administrative Appeals Tribunal has jurisdiction to review
decisions made under more than 400 separate Acts and legislative instruments.

Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission

The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission was established in 1986 as an
independent statutory organisation reporting to the federal parliament through the Attorney-
General. Its goals are to foster understanding about, and protection of, human rights in Australia
and to address human rights concerns. Its functions include resolving complaints of
discrimination or breaches of human rights under federal law and holding public inquiries into
human rights issues of national importance.

Law enforcement and police

The police in Australia are responsible for keeping peace and order in the community and
bringing before the court people they believe have broken the law. Although police officers may
arrest people and give evidence in court, they do not decide whether or not people are guilty of
crimes. This is the responsibility of the courts.

Australia has a national police force—the Australian Federal Police—that investigates offences
against federal laws, including drug trafficking, illegal immigration, crimes against national
security and crimes against the environment.

All states of Australia and the Northern Territory have their own police forces that deal with
crimes under state or territory laws. Policing in the Australian Capital Territory is handled by the
Australian Federal Police.

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Australian Crime Commission

The Australian Crime Commission was established in January 2003 (replacing the National
Crime Authority) as an independent statutory body to work nationally with federal, state and
territory agencies, principally to counter serious and organised crime. It brings together all arms
of Australian intelligence gathering and law enforcement to coordinate the fight against major
crime.

International legal cooperation and treaties

Australia seeks to promote international cooperation in the legal sector. The federal government
established the International Legal Services Advisory Council in 1990 to promote the
globalisation of legal services. The council seeks to promote understanding of different
countries’ laws, legal systems and legal institutions, particularly in the areas of trade, business
and international law. It also contributes to the development of legal institutions, education and
training, and legal interchanges and contacts.

Combating transnational crime and terrorism is also a high priority for Australia, and extradition
and mutual assistance are key tools in that fight. International cooperation ensures that criminals
cannot evade justice simply by crossing borders. Australia has formal extradition arrangements
with more than 120 countries.

Australia is a party to an extensive range of treaties, which are the formal instruments of
international law. Australia is currently a signatory to agreements on a wide and expanding range
of matters, including with respect to postal, shipping, social security and health arrangements,
defence and security, nuclear non-proliferation, the environment, civil aviation, maritime
delimitation and technological exchanges, and agreements designed to establish universal
standards for the treatment of civilians in times of war. Australia has been heavily involved in
international measures to outlaw the use of weapons of mass destruction. Australia has also been
actively engaged in work on aspects of the law of the sea and the international trading system.

Key facts

 All people—Australians and non-Australians alike—are treated equally before the law.
 The Australian legal system is based on the concept of the rule of law.
 In all cases, defendants are considered to be innocent until proven guilty beyond all reasonable
doubt.
 Laws are made by the federal and state parliaments, while an independent judiciary interprets
and applies them.
 People who cannot afford legal representation may be given legal aid, subject to a means test
and certain other conditions.
 Independent Australian agencies safeguard legal and administrative rights.

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Major Airports and Air Routes:

Top 12 by aircraft movements in 2009-2011 calendar years

This is a list of the busiest airports in Australia by aircraft movements compiled by Airservices
Australia.

Rank Airport Location IATA 2011 2010 2009

1 Sydney Airport Sydney, New South Wales SYD 310,918 304,938 287,480
2 Moorabbin Airport Melbourne, Victoria MBW 274,082 252,218 310,550
3 Jandakot Airport Perth, Western Australia JAD 265,802 295,516 358,750
4 Bankstown Airport Sydney, New South Wales BWU 243,126 275,978 347,266
5 Parafield Airport Adelaide, South Australia PAL 206,952 228,290 243,522
6 Melbourne Airport Melbourne, Victoria MEL 206,284 205,202 191,864
7 Brisbane Airport Brisbane, Queensland BNE 198,996 187,956 179,242
8 Perth Airport Perth, Western Australia PER 136,504 124,640 118,704
9 Archerfield Airport Brisbane, Queensland --- 119,312 118,354 132,094
10 Camden Airport Sydney, New South Wales CDU 104,510 84,132 36,766
11 Adelaide Airport Adelaide, South Australia ADL 101,478 101,560 99,950
12 Gold Coast Airport Gold Coast, Queensland OOL 91,204 107,030 133,290

Airport Rank
Rank State Airport Passengers Passengers %
# Aug 2011 Aug 2012 Change
[1]

1. New South Sydney Airport YSSY 938,127 1,004,945 7.1

Wales
2. Victoria Melbourne Airport YMML 521,423 547,251 5.0
3. Queensland Brisbane Airport YBBN 385,201 375,534 2.5
4. Western Perth Airport YPPH 267,113 286,716 7.3
Australia
5. Queensland Gold Coast Airport YBCG 62,176 73,056 17.5
6. Queensland Cairns International YBCS 52,806 53,438 1.2
Airport
7. South Adelaide Airport YPAD 49,997 49,357 1.3
Australia
8. Northern Darwin International YPDN 30,719 27,555 10.3
Territory Airport
9. Norfolk Norfolk Island Airport YSNF 642 590 8.1
Island
Total International Passengers 2,308,924 2,418,442 4.7

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Sea ports:
These are some major ports in different states in Australia.

New South Wales

Name Latitude Longitude Remarks
Batemans 35° 42' 150° 11' E A minor port administered by Land and Property Management
Bay S Authority. Fishing and marina. [3] The port was serviced by the
Illawarra Steam Navigation Company.
Bellambi 34° 22' 150° 56' E
Harbour S
Bermagui 36° 25' 150° 4' E Fishing. The port was serviced by the Illawarra Steam Navigation
Harbour S Company.
Boat Harbour 28° 46' 153° 21' E
S
34° 20' 150° 56' E
S
Cape Hawke 32° 10' 152° 30' E
Harbour S
Coalcliff 34° 15' 150° 58' E
Harbour S
Coffs 30° 19' 153° 8' E
Harbour S

Northern Territory
Name Latitude Longitude Remarks
Bynoe Harbour 12° 41' S 130° 34' E
Curtis Haven 11° 28' S 130° 43' E
Gove Peninsula 12° 12' S 136° 44' E
Port Bradshaw 12° 29' S 136° 45' E
Port Bremer 11° 13' S 132° 16' E
Port Cockburn 11° 23' S 130° 23' E
Port Daly 12° 12' S 131° 13' E
Port Darwin 12° 27' S 130° 48' E

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Queensland
Name Latitude Longitude Remarks
Bowen 20° 4' S 148° 21' E
Bundaberg Port 24° 45' S 152° 24' E
Cairns Harbour 16° 54' S 145° 47' E
Cid Harbour 20° 15' S 148° 56' E
Port Clinton 22° 30' S 150° 45' E

South Australia
Name Latitude Longitude Remarks
Port Alfred 34° 36' S 137° 53' E
Port Ardrossan 34° 26' S 137° 55' E
Augusta Harbor 32° 46' S 134° 13' E
Port Augusta 32° 30' S 133° 45' E
B.H.P Shipping Port 34° 45' S 135° 53' E
Ballast Head Harbor 35° 46' S 137° 48' E
Blanche Port 32° 46' S 134° 13' E
Boat Harbor 35° 31' S 138° 13' E
Port Caroline 36° 50' S 139° 50' E

Tasmania
Name Latitude Longitude Remarks
Amy Harbour 43° 33' S 146° 6' E
Bathurst Harbour 43° 21' S 146° 11' E
Boat Harbour 39° 51' S 147° 47' E
Conical Harbour 41° 42' S 144° 55' E
Currie Harbour 39° 56' S 143° 50' E
Port Dalrymple 41° 8' S 146° 49' E
East Boat Harbour 40° 45' S 147° 57' E
Port Fenton 41° 10' S 146° 15' E
Granville Harbour 41° 49' S 145° 2' E
Grassy Harbour 40° 4' S 144° 3' E
Jack Smiths Boat Harbour 40° 26' S 148° 3' E
Jacobs Boat Harbour 40° 56' S 145° 37' E
Macquarie Harbour 42° 18' S 145° 22' E

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Trading Partners:

Australia's top 10 two-way trading partners and Australia’s top 10 exports, goods & services
Australia's top 10 two-way trading partners
Goods Services Total % share Rank
China 57,922 5,831 63,753 13.2 1
Japan 54,617 4,965 59,582 12.3 2
United States 34,930 14,742 49,672 10.3 3
Singapore 19,025 9,017 28,042 5.8 4
United Kingdom 16,808 8,891 25,699 5.3 5
Republic of Korea 20,415 2,416 22,831 4.7 6
New Zealand 16,476 5,976 22,452 4.6 7
Thailand 13,448 2,729 16,177 3.3 8
Germany 12,026 2,235 14,261 2.9 9
Malaysia 11,567 2,497 14,064 2.9 10
Total two-way trade 382,981 101,281 484,262 100.0
of which: APEC 274,339 58,951 333,290 68.8
ASEAN 62,787 18,037 80,824 16.7
European Union 27 63,698 19,161 82,859 17.1
OECD 199,974 51,239 251,213 51.9

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Trade Relations With Pakistan:

Pakistan’s exports to Australia touched its peak in 2011 by reaching USD 167 million while
imports in the same period reached USD 437 million, Both countries vows to take the bilateral
trade to USD 1 billion with some concerted efforts at public and private levels.

Australia's trade and investment relationship with Pakistan (e):

Australian merchandise Total share: Rank: Growth (yoy):
trade with Pakistan, 2011-12:
Exports to Pakistan 529 0.2% 35th 38.8%
(A$m):
Imports from Pakistan 177 0.1% 56th 1.3%
(A$m):
Total trade (exports + 706 0.1% 47th 27.0%
imports) (A$m):
Major Australian exports, 2011-12 (A$m): Major Australian imports, 2011-12 (A$m):
Vegetables 165 Bed, table, toilet & kitchen 68
linen
Oil-seeds & oleaginous fruits, 93 Clothing 30
soft
Coal 66 Rice 18
Fertilisers (excl crude) 45 Cotton fabrics, woven 12

Pakistan's global merchandise trade relationships:

Pakistan's principal export destinations, 2011: Pakistan's principal import sources, 2011:
1 United States 15.1% 1 United Arab 15.6%
Emirates
2 Afghanistan 10.5% 2 China 14.8%
3 United Arab 7.6% 3 Saudi Arabia 10.7%
Emirates
29 Australia 0.7% 18 Australia 1.0%

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Visa Requirements:

Who requires a Visa?

You will require a visa to enter into Australia unless you are a New Zealand passport holder or
you are continuing your journey within 8 hours of arrival, hold a valid onward ticket and you are
not leaving the transit lounge.

Australia Skilled Visa Requirements

The requirements for an Australia Skilled Visa are as follows:

 Age - you must be under 50 when you apply;

 English language - you should have sufficient ability in the English language to work in Australia
(at least at a competent level);
 Nominated occupation - when you apply you nominate a skilled occupation, which fits your
skills and qualifications. Your nominated occupation must be found on the Skilled Occupations
List;
 Skills assessment - before you apply, you must have your skills assessed by the Australian
assessing authority designated to assess your nominated occupation (which will usually have
specific qualifications requirements);
 Health assessment - you should be of reasonably good health and all applicants must have their
health assessed by a panel doctor and undergo a medical examination; and
 Character assessment - you should be of good character and this too will be assessed.

Student Visa Requirement:

Applying for a visa:

Applying for a visa can seem like a daunting and confusing process, but by being prepared and
organised you can cut down on stress and confusion. You should first check with your local
Australian Government office to find out whether you would be eligible for a student visa.

Before you apply for a visa you need to have received acceptance by an Australian tertiary
education institution giving you permission to study with them. To be eligible for a student visa
you will be required to study on a full-time basis in a course that is registered, or partly
registered, with the Australian Government and is allowed to offer courses to international
students.

You will be required to apply for a student visa under the sub-class for your chosen course.
There are seven sub-classes for each education sector. The level of qualification – such as

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undergraduate, postgraduate, and vocational education and training – determines what sub-class
you fall under.

1. Eligibility

There are some general requirements you will need to meet in order to be eligible for a visa. You
will need to have:

 Good character
 Sound health
 Health insurance through the Overseas Student Health Cover (OSHC)
 No outstanding debts to the Commonwealth of Australia, or an acceptable repayment plan
 Adequate accommodation, support and welfare if you are under 18 years of age

2. English language requirements

Not all students will need to provide evidence of their English language skills. However, some
students may be required to provide results from a general or academic English language exam.
See English language testing systems for more information.

3. Assessment

All applications are assessed based on assessment levels. These are determined by your passport
and the visa sub-class you have applied to study under. Assessment levels are relative to how
likely students are to comply with their visa conditions, based on the previous compliance of
students from that country. The higher the assessment level, the bigger the immigration risk.

If your country has a high assessment level (5 being the highest) you will need to provide more
evidence to validate your claim to study in Australia. You will also need to demonstrate that you
have adequate financial capacity and an understanding of the English language, as well as other
evidence.

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4. Documentation

You may need to bring in evidentiary documents to support your study claim, especially if your
assessment level is high. You may need to prove that you are capable of covering all of the costs
associated with studying and living in Australia.

You will also need proof of your enrolment with an Australian tertiary education provider. An
‘offer of a place’ letter from your course provider will need to be included with your application.
You may also be required to show an electronic confirmation of enrolment certificate.

Get in contact with your local Australian Government office to find out what you will be
required to provide.

5. Student visa conditions

Once you have obtained your student visa and are studying in Australia, or about to, there are a
number of conditions that you need to comply to. In order to keep your student visa you must:

 Satisfy all course requirements, including attendance and enrolment

 Not work unless you have permission to – see different visa types in Working in Australia
 Maintain your health insurance with OSHC
 Leave before your visa expires
 Remain with your original Australian course provider for the first six months of your course. If
your course is shorter than six months then you must study for the duration.
 Advise your education provider of your residential address upon arrival, and any subsequent
changes to your address

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Major Universities:

National Rank University World Rank

1 University of Melbourne 28
2 Australian National University 37
3 University of Sydney 62
4 University of Queensland 65
5 University of New South Wales 85
6 Monash University 99
7 University of Adelaide 176
8 University of Western Australia 190
9 Macquarie University 251-275
10 Queensland University of Technology 251-275
11 The University of Newcastle 276-300
12 Murdoch University 301-350
13 University of South Australia 301-350
14 University of Wollongong 301-350
15 Charles Darwin University 351-400
16 Deakin University 351-400
17 Flinders University 351-400
18 University of Tasmania 351-400
19 University of Technology Sydney 351-400

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Refernces

http://www.google.com.pk/search?q=canberra&hl=en&safe=off&tbo=d&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X
&ei=TPC8UNTcGNS7hAedqoGgAw&ved=0CAQQ_AUoAA&biw=1280&bih=685

http://www.topuniversities.com/country-guides/australia

http://www.careerfaqs.com.au/courses/study-tips/get-a-student-visa-for-australia/

http://www.google.com.pk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=how%20to%20get%20australian%20student%20visa&sou
rce=web&cd=5&cad=rja&ved=0CF8QFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studyabroad.pk%2Fstudy-abroad-
from-pakistan-1%2FStudy-in-Australia-1%2FHow-to-Get-Australia-Student-Visa-
30.aspx&ei=wOa8UJrlBsbMhAeb4ICoAw&usg=AFQjCNEY7uhnCphQ6OevidOes78P9NVSQg

http://www.bobinoz.com/migration-advice/about-getting-a-visa-for-australia/

https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-
bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=1&NA=AU&DE=PK&PASSTYPES=PASS&user=KLMB2C&su
buser=KLMB2C

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Australian_citizens

http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/fs/paki.pdf

http://www.google.com.pk/#hl=en&sugexp=les%3B&gs_nf=3&gs_rn=0&gs_ri=hp&pq=balance%20of%2
0trade%20between%20pak%20and%20australia&cp=17&gs_id=g9c&xhr=t&q=balance+of+trade+austral
ia&pf=p&safe=off&tbo=d&sclient=psy-
ab&oq=balance+of+trade++australia&gs_l=&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=537d3c30e864924
d&bpcl=39314241&biw=1280&bih=685&bs=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations

http://www.google.com.pk/#hl=en&safe=off&tbo=d&sclient=psy-
ab&q=trade+between+pak+and+australia&oq=trade+between+pak+and+aus&gs_l=hp.3.0.33i29.175393
.195414.17.197116.52.25.3.15.15.7.521.7737.2-
8j9j3j2.22.0.les%3B..0.0...1c.1.GZPTdpQ7i7w&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=537d3c30e86492
4d&bpcl=39314241&biw=1280&bih=685

http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/blogs/the-airport-economist/celebrating-a-trading-nation-20100120-
ml8t.html

http://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/focus/081201_top10_twoway_exports.html

http://www.google.com.pk/#hl=en&safe=off&tbo=d&sclient=psy-
ab&q=legal+system+of+australia&oq=legal+system+of+australia&gs_l=hp.3...536044.539875.8.540519.

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27.12.0.0.0.5.1556.4056.4-
2j1j1j0j1.5.0.les%3B..0.0...1c.1.mTxU6uHSasc&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=537d3c30e8649
24d&bpcl=39314241&biw=1280&bih=685

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Australia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia#Economy

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