2014 International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)
Fault Classification of Phase to Phase Fault in Six
Phase Transmission Line using Haar Wavelet and
ANN
Ravi Kumar
M.Tech (C.T.), Department Of Electrical Engineering
National Institute Of Technology, Raipur
Raipur, India
ravi.nitrr.bit@gmail.com
Abstract—This paper presents a fault classification technique
based on Haar Wavelet Transform (WT) and Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) for six phase transmission line against phase to
phase faults. The approximation & detailed coefficients of voltage
& current signals are extracted using Haar WT. The standard
deviation (SD) of approximated coefficient of voltage & current
samples is used as input to the neural network for classification
purpose. Six phase transmission line is modeled and the proposed
protection technique has been developed using the Simulink®
and Simpowersystem® toolboxes of MATLAB®7.01. The effect
of variation of fault parameters such as fault distance location,
resistance and inception angle are also considered. The
simulation result of Haar WT and ANN based fault classifier is
presented in this paper. This has been discovered that the
proposed method classifies all types of phase-to-phase fault
accurately. Thus simulation results demonstrate the suitability
and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Keywords—Six phase transmission line, Haar Wavelet
Transform (WT), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Standard
Deviation (SD).
I. INTRODUCTION
The concept of High Phase Order (HPO) transmission
system was first introduced by L. D. Barthold and H. C. Barnes
in 1972 [1]. Among High phase order transmission, six-phase
transmission line emerges as the most promising solution to
satisfy the growing need of electricity. It is capable of
maximizing the power density by 1.732 times in a given right-
of-way (ROW) configuration, compacting transmission lines
and employing existing transmission corridors as efficiently as
possible [2].
Transmission lines are subjected to many kinds of faults. So
the possibility of occurrence of fault in line is more as
compared to other electrical power system equipment. It causes
an interruption in the continuity of electricity supply.
Continuous power supply is necessary. Hence, accurate and
fast protection system under a variety of fault conditions is an
important requirement from the point of service restoration
and reliability. Various protection schemes have been reported
earlier for protection of six phase line [5]. Fundamental
components of six phase voltages and currents along with
ANN are used for fault detection and classification purpose [3]
[6]. Distance protection of six phase transmission lines using
fault induced high frequency transients and wavelet transform
has been reported in [4]. The energy of the detailed
coefficients of phase currents extracted by Haar wavelet is
used to detect faults.
978-1-4799-2866-8/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE
Ebha Koley, Anamika Yadav, A.S. Thoke
Department Of Electrical Engineering
National Institute Of Technology, Raipur
Raipur, India
ebha_koley@yahoo.co.in, ayadav.ele@nitrr.ac.in,
asthole@yahoo.co.in
With the advent of digital relays various soft computing
techniques have been applied for protection of three phase
single circuit and double circuit line.
ANN is useful for power system applications because they can
be trained with off-line data [7]. ANNs possess excellent
features such as generalization capability, noise immunity,
robustness and fault tolerance. However the application of
ANN combined with wavelet for protection of six phase line
has not been reported earlier.
In this paper, a magnificent technique based on Haar wavelet
and ANN is presented for the development of protection
systems. The approximation & detailed coefficients of voltage
& current signals are extracted using Haar WT. The proposed
method uses the standard deviation of approximated
coefficient of voltage & current samples in order to constitute
a feed forward neural network. Feed forward neural network is
trained using these data and after training the network has been
tested to check the correctness and suitability of the proposed
algorithm. A number of possible fault combinations for phase
to phase faults on six phase transmission line have been
considered for investigation and presented in the result. The
simulation results reveal that the proposed algorithm can
accurately and efficiently classify the faults under different
operating conditions.
II. FAULT CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM
The basic points of the procedure used to implement a wavelet
and neural network in the fault classification algorithm in six
phase transmission line are described below.
1. Modeling and Simulation: The first step is to simulate six
phase transmission line model. The Allegheny Power
System of 138kV, 60Hz is modeled by using the
Simulink® and Simpowersystem® toolboxes of
MATLAB® 7.01 for study. The line length of the system
is taken to be 68 km. The transmission line is simulated
using distributed parameter line model using MATALB®
7.01 software. The six phases of the AC source must be
displaced by 60° with respect to each other. Since, six
phase sources are not available in MATLAB® two
numbers of three phase sources are connected to create six
phase line. Two numbers of three phase loads of 100MW
and 100 MVAr are connected at receiving end. Three
phase fault breakers are used to create different types of
phase to phase fault in the line. The short circuit capacity
of each source is 1.25 GVA and X/R ratio is 10. A single
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 2014 International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)

line diagram of the six phase transmission line is shown in
Fig.1.
Fig.1. Single line diagram of six phase
Transmission system
Fig.2. shows the six phase faulty voltage and current
waveform. It is clear from the fig. 2 that phase currents are
displaced by 60° from each other. It is also clear from the
figures that after the occurrence of fault the magnitude of
voltage and current changes in the faulty phase whereas
magnitude in other healthy phases will remain same during
pre-fault to post fault conditions.
8
6 Ib
Current waveform (in p.u)
2. Feature Extraction: Feature extraction can be defined as
the process that transforms an original signal into a form
which contains more suitable information for a specific
problem. During fault in transmission line a sharp change
is noticed in the magnitude and frequency of the signal as
system transit from the normal state to faulty state [8].
Wavelet transform is a powerful tool for analyzing non-
stationary transient signals while Fourier transform
facilitates only stationary signals. Fourier transform yields
globalized information of the signal which is transformed
from the time domain to frequency domain. Wavelet
transform performs multi-scale resolution analysis of the
signal and conceded with the time-frequency localized
information. The third level of Haar WT is used here for
feature extraction (i.e. approximated coefficients and
detailed coefficients) from the current and voltage samples
obtained from the simulation of model. Haar WT is
conceptually simple, performing fast computation and
memory efficient compared to other wavelets. Wavelet
transform refine the functions in terms of a set of basis
functions (wavelets) which are generated from a mother
wavelet by the operations of dilatations and translations
[9]. The scaling function (father wavelet) of Haar wavelet
is defined as---

ͳǡ ݂݅Ͳ ൑ ‫ ݐ‬൏ ͳ
‫׎‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ൜
Ͳǡ‫݁ݏ݅ݓݎ݁ݐ݋‬Ǥ
And the basis function (mother wavelet) of Haar wavelet
Ia
is defined as---

4
Ic
ͳǡͲ ൑ ‫ ݐ‬൏ ͳൗʹ
2 Ȳሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ൞െͳǡ ͳൗ ൑ ‫ ݐ‬൏ ͳ
ʹ
0
Ͳǡ‫݁ݏ݅ݓݎ݄݁ݐ݋‬
-2

-4
Fig.3 indicates the graphical representation of scaling
Ie If Id
(father wavelet) and basis function (mother wavelet).
-6
Ȍ(t) basis function ‫(׎‬t) scaling function
-8
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time in sec 1 1

1.5
Va Vb
Voltage W aveform (in p.u)

Vc
1
-1
0.5 Fig.3. Scaling and basis function
of Haar WT
0
The proposed method implementation is based on the multi-
-0.5 resolution analysis of transient signals obtained from the
simulation of transmission model. Depending on the variation
-1
of parameters like fault inception angle, resistance and fault
Ve Vd Vf location the obtained sampled data are stored in a vector. Haar
-1.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 wavelet transform (WT) is applied to these sampled data to
Time in sec derive the fine grained details (detailed and approximated
coefficients) of the signal. Further information concerning the
Fig.2. Six phase faulty current and voltage waveform of “AB” fault proposed algorithm follows.
occurred at inception time 0.0333sec

3. ANN Formation: The size and structure of the ANN

The instantaneous values of six phase voltage and current network are directly proportional to the number of input
samples are processed through low pass butter-worth filter with data and their corresponding target data. The input chosen
cutoff frequency of 480 KHz. The output of the low pass filter here is the standard deviation of approximated coefficients
is sampled at sampling frequency of 1.2 KHz. of six phase voltages and currents which are measured at

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 2014 International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)

the relay location. The purpose of ANN is to find out the (12-5-6) is capable of minimizing the mean square error (mse)
fault occurred in the system and also specify the faulty to a final value of 1*e-08 as shown in Fig. 5.
phase. Thus the ANN inputs “X” and outputs Y” are:
`
X = [IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, IF, VA, VB, VC, VD, VE, VF] - (1)
Y = [A, B, C, D, E, F] - (2)

Depending on the complexity of ANN, the number of

hidden layers is decided for easy learning and formation of
the network. After a series of trials and modifications best
performance is obtained by using three layers (input,
output and one hidden layer). The minimal number of
neurons in each layer determines the optimized
architecture of ANN. The architecture of ANN based fault
classifier for six phase faults are shown in Fig. 4. After
analyzing the various combinations for the transfer
function (such as logsig, tansig, purelin), the tansig
function has been chosen for both the hidden layer as well
as output layer. This network is adequate to classify the
faulted phase efficiently and accurately.
Input layer Hidden layer Output layer
12 neurons 5 neurons 6 neurons
Fig.4. Architecture of ANN Based Fault classifier
4. Training Process: The network is trained using Levenberg-
Marquardt as the learning algorithm. The Levenberg-
Marquardt algorithm (LMA) can be thought of as a
combination of Gauss-Newton and steepest descent method
that yields more robust results [10]. The weight updates after
each epoch during training. A suitable number of epochs must
Fig.5. Training figure obtained by
Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm
III. TEST RESULTS
After training the network, it is required to test the network
with independent data set that is never used during the training
process. To validate the performance of the network the
testing data sets are obtained from the random variation of
fault parameters (location, resistance and inception angle). As
an example of “AB” fault at four different locations (16km,
31km, 46km and 61km) from the sending end with four fault
resistance (25Ÿ, 49Ÿ, 73Ÿ and 97Ÿ) and five fault inception
angles (0°, 90°, 180°, 270° and 360°) is examined. Total 100
numbers of samples are considered for testing, in which
(4*4*5=80) faulty and 20 healthy samples are included. The
six outputs of ANN plotted against total no. of samples are
shown in figures 6. From the figure shown, it is clear that
during no fault condition, the corresponding outputs are low
(0) and the output of the ANN corresponding to faulty phase
i.e. phase “A” and phase “B” is high (1) . Thus the network
will correctly classify the fault and the faulted phase.
2 2
1 1
P hase A

P hase B

be selected to meet the minimum mean square error (mse).

Every possible phase to phase faults (2L) at different fault 0 0

location (9km, 17km, 25km, 33km, 41km, 49km, 57km and

-1 -1
65km) with resistance of (0.01Ÿ & 100Ÿ ) along with the fault
inception angle(0°, 45°, 90°, 135° and 180°) have been -2 -2
simulated as listed in Table I. Total number of fault cases are 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
No. of samples No. of Samples
15*8*2*5= 1200 and 20 samples of no fault condition are used
to form a training data set.
TABLE I.
Pattern Generation
Parameter Set Value 2 2
Type of fault Phase to Phase fault 2L
Fault location 9km,17km,25km,33km,41km,49km,57km 1 1
and 65km
P hase D
P hase C

Fault resistance 0.01Ÿ &100Ÿ 0 0

Fault inception angle 0°,45°,90°,135° and 180°
Number of fault cases 15*8*2*5=1200 -1 -1
Number of training pattern 1200+20=1220
-2 -2
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
The goal achieved by the network is shown as the minimum of
No. of samples No. of samples
root mean square meets after a significant number of iterations.
For “L-L” fault, ANN fault classifier with 12 input neurons, 5
neurons in the hidden layer and 6 neurons in the output layer

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 2014 International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)

2 2
1 1
IV. CONCLUSION
A Haar WT and ANN based accurate algorithm for fault
classification of phase to phase faults on six phase transmission
line fed from sources at both ends is presented. The algorithm

P hase F
P haseE

0 0 uses the standard deviation of approximated coefficients of

instantaneous voltages and currents recorded at one end only.
-1 -1 The algorithm classifies all 15 types of phase to phase fault
correctly. The performance of the proposed scheme has been
-2 -2
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 investigated by a number of offline tests. The Simulation
No. of Samples No. of Samples results show that phase-to-phase faults are correctly classified
and the algorithm is immune to the effects of variations in fault
Fig. 6. Test result for “ AB” fault locations, fault inception angle and fault resistances.
Table III. shows some of the test results obtained from ANN
based fault classifier under various fault conditions. It can
be seen from the table that Haar WT and ANN based fault
classifier classify phase to phase faults accurately. Similar
results are obtained for all 15 types of phase to phase faults.

Table III.
Test results of ANN based fault classifier
Fault Fault Resistance Fault Expected output Actual output
Type Location Inception
A B C D E F A B C D E F
Angle
AB 16 km 25 Ÿ 0° 1 1 0 0 0 0 1.00 0.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
31 km 49 Ÿ 90° 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.99 0.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BC 16 km 25 Ÿ 0° 0 1 1 0 0 0 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
31 km 49 Ÿ 90° 0 1 1 0 0 0 0.00 0.99 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CD 16 km 25 Ÿ 0° 0 0 1 1 0 0 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.99 0.00 0.00
31 km 49 Ÿ 90° 0 0 1 1 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.99 0.99 0.00 0.00
DE 16 km 25 Ÿ 0° 0 0 0 1 1 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.99 0.00
31 km 49 Ÿ 90° 0 0 0 1 1 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.99 0.99 0.00
EF 16 km 25 Ÿ 0° 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.99
31 km 49 Ÿ 90° 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.99 0.99

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