Ministry of Defence

Defence Standard 68-251

Issue 2 Publication Date 7 December 2001

Fuel Soluble Lubricity Improving

Additives for Aviation Turbine
Fuels
NATO Code: S-1747
Joint Service Designation: AL-61
DEF STAN 68-251/2

AMENDMENT RECORD

Amd No Date Text Affected Signature and Date

REVISION NOTE

This Standard has been revised to bring the test methods into line with up-to-date
requirements.

HISTORICAL RECORD

This standard supersedes the following:

DERD 2461 dated 1 April 1977

Interim Def Stan 68-251 Issue 1 dated 23 December 1994
 DEF STAN 68-251/2

CONTENT

Description Page

Content 1
Preface 2
Main Text 3

SECTION 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

0 Introduction 3
1 Scope 3
2 Warning 3
3 Related Documents 3
4 Materials 4
5 Product Compliance 4
6 Test Requirements 5
7 Keeping Qualities 7
8 Containers and Marking of Containers 7

Table 1 Test Requirements 5

Fig 1 Schematic Diagram of BOCLE Ball-on-Cylinder 17

Lubricity Evaluator

Fig 2 Modification to Arm Support Cylinder 18

Fig 3 Filtering Technique 19

ANNEX A OEM Approval of the Product 8

ANNEX B Procedure for Determining Lubricity Improving 9
Potential
ANNEX C Procedure for Determining Solubility in Fuel 21
ANNEX D Procedure for Determining Compatibility with 22
Other Fuel Additives
ANNEX E Related Documents 24

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DEF STAN 68-251/2

PREFACE

Fuel Soluble Lubricity Improving Additives For Aviation Turbine Fuels

Nato Code: S-1747

Joint Service Designation: AL-61

a. This standard provides requirements for Fuel Soluble Lubricity Improving Additives for
use in Aviation Turbine Fuels.

b. This standard has been produced on behalf of the Standardization Advisory Group
(SAG) in collaboration with the UK Aviation Fuels Committee (AFC).

c. This standard has been agreed by the authorities concerned with its use and is intended
to be used whenever relevant in all future designs, contracts, orders etc. and whenever
practicable by amendment to those already in existence. If any difficulty arises which prevents
application of the Defence Standard, the Directorate of Standardization (DStan) shall be
informed so that a remedy may be sought.

d. Any enquiries regarding this standard in relation to an invitation to tender or a contract

in which it is incorporated are to be addressed to the responsible technical or supervising
authority named in the invitation to tender or contract.

e. Compliance with this Defence Standard shall not in itself relieve any person from any
legal obligations imposed upon them.

f. This standard has been devised for the use of the Ministry of Defence (MOD) and its
contractors in the execution of contracts for the MOD. To the extent permitted by law, the
MOD hereby excludes all liability whatsoever and howsoever arising (including, but without
limitation, liability resulting from negligence) for any loss or damage however caused when
the standard is used for any other purpose.

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 DEF STAN 68-251/2

MAIN TEXT

Fuel Soluble Lubricity Improving Additives for Aviation Turbine Fuels

NATO Code: S-1747

Joint Service Designation: AL-61

SECTION 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

0 INTRODUCTION

Defence Standard 68-251 is the specification for fuel soluble lubricity improving additives for
aviation turbine fuels, which is under the Technical Authority of the Defence Fuels Group and
replaced DERD 2461 on 23 December 1994.

1 SCOPE

1.1 This Defence Standard specifies the requirements for certain fuel soluble pipeline
corrosion inhibiting additives which may be used to improve the lubricity of aviation turbine
fuels. Material provided to this specification shall possess satisfactory performance and
properties when used in appropriate vehicles and/or gas turbine or engines operated by the
Crown, or for which the Civil Aviation Authority is the certificating agency.

1.2 This Standard and its related Qualified Products List (QPL) 68-251 implement the
inspection requirements of NATO STANAG 3390.

2 WARNING

The Ministry of Defence (MOD), like its contractors, is subject to both United Kingdom and
European laws regarding Health and Safety at Work, without exemption. All Defence
Standards either directly or indirectly invoke the use of processes and procedures that could be
injurious to health if adequate precautions are not taken. Defence Standards or their use in
no way absolves users from complying with statutory and legal requirements relating to
Health and Safety at Work.

3 RELATED DOCUMENTS

3.1 The publications shown in Annex E are referred to in the text of this standard.
Publications are grouped and listed in alphanumeric order.

3.2 Reference in this standard to any related document means in any invitation to tender or
contract the edition and all amendments current at the date of such tender or contract unless a
specific edition is indicated.

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DEF STAN 68-251/2

SECTION 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

3.3 In consideration of 3.2 above, users shall be fully aware of the issue and amendment
status of all related documents, particularly when forming part of an invitation to tender or
contract. Responsibility for the correct application of standards rests with users.

3.4 DStan can advise regarding where related documents are obtained from. Requests for
such information can be made to the DStan Helpdesk. How to contact the helpdesk is shown
on the outside rear cover of this Defence Standard.

4. MATERIALS

4.1 The materials must be essentially hydrocarbon in nature and must not contain
phosphorus.

4.2 The Ministry of Defence and/or its appointed agent(s) reserves the right to require that
the material and any components used are subject to toxicological and physiological tests to
ascertain their suitability for use.

5 PRODUCT COMPLIANCE

5.1 Before any product can be considered as complying with this Standard, the
manufacturer shall demonstrate that the product meets the requirements of Table 1.

5.2 The manufacturer shall submit, in confidence, formulation details, the source of
component supply, and place of manufacture of the product to the Technical Authority.

5.3 The manufacturer shall submit any supporting evidence (if available) for the product’s
use in similar applications.

5.4 Once submitted, the formulation, source of component supply, and place of manufacture
of the product shall not be changed without the written approval of the Technical Authority.
The products that satisfy the requirements of this specification are listed in QPL 68-251. The
procedure for a new product to be added to QPL 68-251 can be obtained from the Technical
Authority.

5.5 In addition to testing the finished product in accordance with Table 1, the Technical
Authority reserves the right to require additional evidence that the product is compliant.
Testing of the base stock and components at any stage of the manufacturing process may be
required by the Technical Authority.

5.6 If any sample taken from the consignment is found not to comply with the requirements
of this Standard, the whole consignment may be rejected.

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 DEF STAN 68-251/2

SECTION 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

6. TEST REQUIREMENTS

6.1 Properties of the product shall not exceed the maximum nor be less than the minimum
values set out in Table 1.

6.2 Methods quoted in the table are referee methods and shall be used in cases of dispute.
Alternative technically equivalent methods may be used with the agreement of the responsible
Technical Authority.

6.3 The IP 367 (ISO 4259) procedure, which covers the use of precision data, may be used
for the interpretation of test results in cases of dispute between purchaser and supplier.

Table 1 Test Requirements

Test Property Units Limits Method

1 Appearance
2 Density at 15 °C
Clear, bright and free Visual Examination
from undissolved
water, sediments and
other impurities
kg/m3 Report IP 365/ASTM D4052

3 Flash Point °C Report IP 34/ASTM D93

4 Viscosity, Kinematic mm2/s Report IP 17/ASTM D445
at 40 °C
5 Acid Number mg Report IP 177/ASTM D664
KOH/g (See NOTE 1)
6 pH Report (see NOTE 2)
7 Ash Content % m/m Max 0.05 IP 4/ASTM D482
(See NOTE 3)
8 Pour Point °C Max Minus 18 IP 15/ASTM D97
9 Minimum Effective mg/1 Report ASTM D5001
Concentration (See NOTE 4)
(MEC) for lubricity
10 Lubricity Improving mm Max 0.78 Annex B
Potential. Wear scar
diameter at MEC
11 Micro Separometer Rating Min 70 ASTM D3948
(MSEP) (See NOTE 5)

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DEF STAN 68-251/2

SECTION 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Table 1 Test Requirements

Test Property Units Limits Method

12 Solubility There shall no Annex C
precipitation,
cloudiness, or other
evidence of
incompatibility

13 Compatibility There shall be no Annex D

precipitation,
cloudiness, or other
evidence of
incompatibility
14 OEM Approval Annex A

NOTE 1 Use a sample size of 1 g.

NOTE 2 Use 0.10 g – 0.11 g of sample in 125 ml of IP 177 / ASTM D664 titration solvent.
Read the constant pH as defined in note 10 of IP 177 or note 15 of ASTM D664.

NOTE 3 The electric muffle furnace shall be capable of maintaining a temperature of (875
± 25) oC. A sample size of 25 g shall be used. The heating of the crucible prior to ashing
shall be at (850 ± 50) °C. The heating of the residue shall be at (875 ± 25)°C.

NOTE 4 The inhibitor shall be tested in accordance with ASTM D5001 using Isopar M as
the solvent and a 1 kg load on the ball. The MEC is the amount of inhibitor that gives a
wear scar diameter of 0.65 mm or less.

NOTE 5 The test shall be carried out on a blend of the inhibitor in the reference fluid base
as described in ASTM D3948. The concentration of the inhibitor in the blend shall be not
less than 23 mg/1.

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SECTION 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

7 KEEPING QUALITIES

The product, when suitably stored in its original sealed containers, shall retain the properties
described in this Standard for a period, from the date of filling, or not less than 12 months in
temperate climates and not less than 6 months in tropical climates.

8. CONTAINERS AND MARKING OF CONTAINERS

8.1 The product shall be supplied in sound, clean and dry containers, suitable for the
product and in accordance with the requirements of the contract or order.

8.2 Coatings and paint finishes shall comply with the requirements of the contract or order.
Markings shall be in accordance with the requirements of Def Stan 05-52 (Part 1). The
product identification shall be specified in the contract or order.

8.3 It shall be the responsibility of the contractor to comply with any legal requirements for
the marking of containers.

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ANNEX A

OEM APPROVAL OF THE PRODUCT

A.1 The product defined by this specification shall be certified by the appropriate OEMs as
approved for use in certain aircraft systems. Details of the OEMs responsible and the relevant
aircraft systems may be obtained from the address below. All products shall meet the
requirements of Table A of this specification. Any additional tests required and the methods
employed to gain such approval will be at the discretion of the relevant OEM.

Defence Fuels Group

Defence Petroleum Centre
West Moors
Wimborne
Dorset
BH21 6QS

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 DEF STAN 68-251/2

ANNEX B

PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING LUBRICITY IMPROVING POTENTIAL

B.1 SCOPE

B.1.1 This method describes a procedure used to determine the lubricity enhancing
characteristics of candidate fuel soluble lubricity improving additives as a qualification test to
QPL 68-251. For qualification purposes and until precision criteria are established, this
procedure will be carried out at the manufacturer’s own expense at QinetiQ Ltd, Fuels and
Lubricants Centre, Building 415, Cody Technology Park, Ively Road, Farnborough, Hants,
GU14 0LX.

B.1.2 The method assesses the ability of the candidate additive to inhibit scuffing wear on
steel rubbing surfaces.

B.1.3 This test method is based on the standard ASTM D5001 Test Method for
Measurement of Lubricity of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity
Evaluator (BOCLE). It utilises the same testing equipment and overall methodology with
some modifications.

B.2 OUTLINE OF METHOD

B.2.1 A fluid sample containing the Candidate additive is placed in a reservoir in which the
air atmosphere is maintained at 60 % RH (relative humidity) at 25 °C. A fixed steel ball in a
vertically mounted chuck is forced against an axially mounted steel ring with an applied load.
The ring is rotated at a fixed speed while being partly immersed in the fluid. The ring remains
wet with the fluid and continuously transports it to the ball/ring interface. The size of the
wear scar generated on the ball is a measure of the scuffing inhibiting property of the additive.

B.3 WARNING

B.3.1 WARNING – Compressed gas under high pressure. Use with extreme caution in the
presence of combustible materials.

B.3.2 WARNING – Flammable vapours can cause flash fires.

B.4 APPARATUS

B.4.1 Ball-on Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE) as stated in ASTM D5001 and
shown in Figure 1, except that the load descent distance is to be reduced to 1 mm by fitting a
suitable spacer into the support cylinder as shown in Figure 2.

B.4.2 Constant Temperature Bath Circulator, capable of maintaining the fluid sample at
(25 ± 1) °C when circulating heat transfer fluid through the base of the reservoir.

B.4.3 Microscope capable of 100X magnification with a glass slide micrometer having a
scale ruled in 0.01 mm divisions.

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DEF STAN 68-251/2

B.4.4 Ultrasonic bath of adequate capacity

B.4.5 Desiccator containing a suitable drying agent.

B.4.6 Vessels for the cleaning procedure:

Vessel A 500 ml stainless steel dedicated to initial ball and ring cleaning.

Vessel B 500 ml stainless steel dedicated to a mixture of equal parts by volume of

propan-2-ol and petroleum spirit (or 2,2,4-trimethylpentane).

Vessel C 500 ml stainless steel dedicated to petroleum spirit for primary stage
cleaning.

Vessel D 500 ml stainless steel dedicated to petroleum spirit for secondary stage
cleaning.

Vessel E 500 ml stainless steel dedicated to acetone.

B.4.7 Clay Treatment

B.4.7.1 Glass filter holder of 300 ml capacity with glass support

B.4.7.2 One 500 ml glass flask suitable for filter holder.

B.4.7.3 One 500 ml flask with stopper for clay treatment

B.4.7.4 Clamp for holding filter holder and flask together.

B.4.7.5 Whatman No 2 paper filters.

B.4.7.6 Vacuum pump.

B.5 REAGENTS AND MATERIALS

B.5.1 Test ring (NOTE 1) of SAE 8720 steel having a Rockwell hardness ‘C’ scale (HRC)
number of 58 to 62 (Hardness Vickers number HV655 to HV750) and surface texture, Ra,
0.56 mm to 0.66 mm. It is recommended that eight surface measurements, in the axial
direction, be made on each ring at points around the outside diameter and an average taken to
confirm compliance with these requirements.

B.5.2 Chrome alloy steel test ball made from AISI steel No E-52100 with a diameter of
12.7 mm (0.5 in) grade 5 to ten extra polish finish. The HRC shall be 64 to 66 (HV 800 to
860).

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NOTE 1: UK suppliers of test rings and balls are:

Rings and balls:

MED-LAB Limited
Copeland Street
Derby
DE1 2PU

Balls, part No SKF RB12.7/310996A:

BSL
Unit 5
The Rutherford Centre
Rutherford Road
Basingstoke
RG24 8PD

Rings, part No F-25601:

Falex International Ltd

PO Box 349
Ascot
Berkshire
SL5 9SR

B.5.3 Compressed air containing less than 0.1 ppm hydrocarbons and less than 50 ppm
water.

B.5.4 Gloves, clean, lint-free, cotton, disposable.

B.5.5 Wiping tissue, light duty, lint-free, hydrocarbon-free, disposable.

B.5.6 Propan-2-ol, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and acetone, Analar grade. Petroleum spirit

boiling range 60 °C to 80 °C.

B.5.7 Reference Fluids

B.5.7.1 Fluid 1 – A low lubricity reference fluid, Isopar M (NOTE 2) clay treated according
to the procedure under section B.5.7.3 and with 10 mg/1 of an approved anti-oxidant (NOTE
3) added after treatment. The fluid shall be tested according to section B.8. Experience has
shown that an average ball wear scar diameter of (0.8 ± 0.08) mm is produced.

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DEF STAN 68-251/2

Fluid 2 – A high lubricity reference fluid, Isopar M clay treated according to the procedure
B.5.7.3 and with 20 mg/1 of linoleic acid (NOTE 4) added after treatment. The fluid shall be
treated according to Section B.8. Experience has shown that an average ball wear scar
diameter of (0.50 ± 0.04) mm is produced.

NOTE 2: Manufactured by EXXON Chemicals and supplied by: Multisol Limited, 48A
Kings Street, Knutsford, Cheshire, WA16 6DX.

NOTE 3: Approved anti-oxidants are listed in Def Stan 91-91.

NOTE 4: Linoleic Acid is available from Aldrich Chemical Company Ltd, The Old
Brickyard, New Road, Gillingham, Dorset, SP8 4JL.

B.5.7.3 Clay Treatment Procedure.

B.5.7.3.1 Set up the filtering equipment as shown in figure 3.

B.5.7.3.2 Using 250 g of clay (NOTE 5) per litre of Isopar M, shake the mixture in a flask
with stopper for 1 minute.

B.5.7.3.3 Filter using the technique shown in figure 3.

B.5.7.3.4 Add 10 ppm of an approved anti-oxidant (NOTE 3) to the filtrant and mix
thoroughly.

NOTE 5: Clay is White Bentonite (Mineral colloid BP) and is available from Fordomin Ltd,
Yate Mills, Broad Lane (off Goose Green Way), Yate, Bristol BS17 5LA.

B.5.8 Test Fluid.

B.5.8.1 The test fluid for qualification testing of an additive shall be 25 mg/1 additive in
Isopar M.

B.6 PREPARATION

B.6.1 Cleaning of Equipment and Test Components.

B.6.1.1 Cleaning of balls and rings as received.

B.6.1.1.1 The balls and rings shall be stripped of any protective coating by manually
rubbing them with rags or paper towels saturated with 2,2,4-trimethylpentane.

B.6.1.1.2 Immerse partially cleaned balls and rings in Vessel A containing petroleum spirit
and clean ultrasonically for 10 minutes.

B.6.1.1.3 Repeat C.6.1.1.2 with fresh petroleum spirit.

B.6.1.1.4 Rinse balls and rings with fresh petroleum spirit.

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 DEF STAN 68-251/2

B.6.1.1.5 Immerse balls and rings in Vessel B containing fresh propan-2-ol mix (equal parts
by volume of propan-2-ol and petroleum spirit or 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) and clean
ultrasonically for 10 minutes.

B.6.1.1.6 Handle all clean rings and balls with clean forceps or disposable gloves.

B.6.1.1.7 Rinse the balls and rings with fresh petroleum spirit in vessel D and blow dry.

B.6.1.1.8 Rinse the balls and rings with fresh acetone in vessel E and blow dry.

B.6.1.1.9 Dry and store in a desiccator.

B.6.2 Cleaning of Components Between Runs (NOTE 6).

B.6.2.1 Cleaning of balls, rings and machine parts – Reservoir and cover, Ball Chuck, Ball
Lock Ring, Ring Mandrel Assembly Wrenches and Tweezers.

Note 6: Vessels used for this cleaning procedure should be dedicated to the procedure as
stated in Section B.4.6.

B.6.2.2 Rinse the components with fresh petroleum spirit in Vessel C. Change solvent every
test, but waste from Vessel D can be used.

B.6.2.3 Immerse the components in fresh propan-2-ol mix in Vessel B and clean
ultrasonically for ten minutes. Change the solvent after every test.

B.6.2.4 Rinse the components in fresh petroleum spirit in Vessel D and blow dry. Transfer
used solvent to Vessel C.

B.6.2.5 Rinse the components in acetone in Vessel E and blow dry. Change the solvent after
every five tests.

B.7 ASSEMBLY AND OPERATING PROCEDURE

B.7.1 Visually inspect test balls before each test. Discard balls that exhibit pits, corrosion
or surface abnormalities.

B.7.2 The assembly and operating procedure in section 10 of ASTM D5001 applies with
the following changes:

B.7.2.1 The operating air pressure is 180 kPa.

B.7.2.2. The conditioning gas is air at (60 ± 0.2) % Relative Humidity (RH).

B.7.2.3 The conditioning period is 15 minutes.

B.7.2.4 The test period is 2 minutes.

B.7.2.5 The applied load is 2 kg (1 kg mass on arm).

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DEF STAN 68-251/2

B.7.2.6 The arm drop time is set to 10 s with 1 kg applied load (500 g on arm) and 1 mm
drop distance.

B.7.3 Procedure.

B.7.3.1 A summary of test conditions is included in Table B.

B.7.3.2 The cleaned components are assembled and fitted to the BOCLE.

B.7.3.3 (50 ± 1) ml of test fluid is placed in the bath.

B.7.3.4 The loading arm drop time is checked. This should be 10 s with a load of 1 kg (500
g on arm) at 180 kPa.

B.7.3.5 The motor and the 5 minutes conditioning period are started.

B.7.3.6 After the 15 minutes the load is applied via the loading switch.

B.7.3.7 After 2 minutes the load is released. The load switch and timer are turned off and the
motor stopped.

B.7.3.8 The apparatus is stripped and the components closed.

B.7.3.9 Remove the test ball from locking nut, but not from the blue retaining ring. Wipe
clean with wiping tissue and measure scar diameter under the microscope (see section B.11).

B.8 CALIBRATION AND STANDARDIZATION

B.8.1 Reference Fluids.

B.8.1.1 Carry out three tests on each new batch of the reference fluids in accordance with
Section B.7 using a ring previously calibrated by reference fluid testing. Repeat the three tests
if the wear scar diameters differ by more than 0.08 mm for Reference Fluid 1 or by more than
0.04 mm for Reference Fluid 2.

Reject the Reference Fluid batch if:

(a) the wear scar diameters for the repeat tests again differ by more than the 0.08 mm for
reference Fluid 1 or by 0.04 mm for reference Fluid 2.

(b) the average wear scar diameter for the three results does not fail within the following
values.

Reference Fluid 1 – 0.72 mm to 0.88 mm

Reference Fluid 2 – 0.46 mm to 0.54 mm

B.8.2 Rings

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 DEF STAN 68-251/2

B.8.2.1 Test each new ring with Reference Fluid 1. The ring is acceptable if the ball wear
scar diameter is within 0.72 mm to 0.88 mm. If not, carry out a repeat test. Reject ring if:

(a) The two values for wear scar diameter differ by more than 0.08 mm from each other.

(b) Both the values for wear scar diameter are not within 0.72 mm to 0.88 mm.

B.8.2.2 Test each new ring with Reference Fluid 2. The ring is acceptable if the wear scar
diameter is within 0.46 mm to 0.54 mm.
If not, carry out a repeat test. Reject ring if:

(a) The two values for wear scar diameter differ by more than 0.08 mm from each other.

(b) Both the values for wear scar diameter are not within 0.46 mm to 0.54 mm.

B.8.3 Levelling of Load Arm.

B.8.3.1 The level of the load arm shall be inspected before every test. For adjustment
instructions see section B.9.4 in ASTM D5001.

B.9 MEASUREMENT OF THE WEAR SCAR

B.9.1 Position the test ball under the microscope such that the scar is centred within the
field of view. Measure the major and minor axes to the nearest 0.01 mm. Record the readings
on the Data sheet as shown in Figure 4. Note condition of wear area if different from
reference test, that is, debris colour, unusual particles or wear pattern and particles in the
reservoir etc.

B.9.2 Calculate the wear scar diameter as follows:

WSD = (M+N)/2

where,

WSD = Wear Scar Diameter, mm

M = Major Axis, mm
N = Minor Axis, mm

B.10 REPORT

B.10.1 Report the test conditions and results on the data sheet as shown in Figure 4.

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DEF STAN 68-251/2

B.11 PRECISION

B.11.1 The precision, repeatability and reproducibility of the method has yet to be
established. However, experience has shown that the precision criteria in ASTM D5001,
Section 14 may be used as a guide.

TABLE B

Operating Conditions

PROPERTY LIMITS

Fluid Volume 50 ml ± 1.0 ml

Fluid Temperature 25 °C ± 1 °C

Conditioned Air 60 % ± 0.2 % RH (at 25 °C)

Conditioning Time 15 minutes

Ring Rotational Speed 240 r/min ± 1 r/min

Applied Load 2 kg (1 kg weight)

Arm Drop Time 10 s using 1 kg weight (0.5 kg on arm)

Test Duration 2 minutes

Fluid Pretreatment: 0.5 l/min of conditioned air flowing through and 3.3 1/min
flowing over the fluid for 15 minutes

Fluid Test Condition: 3.8 l/min of conditioned air flowing over the fluid.

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 DEF STAN 68-251/2

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of BOCLE:

Ball-on-cylinder Lubricity Evaluator

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DEF STAN 68-251/2

Figure 2: Modification to Arm Support Cylinder

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 DEF STAN 68-251/2

Figure 3: Filtering Technique

19
DEF STAN 68-251/2

Scuffing Test Date: _______________________

Sample:

Ring No. _____________________ Track No. _______________ Ball No. ______________

Ambient temperature, °C __________________

Base Temperature, °C start __________________

Base Temperature, °C end __________________

Base Temperature controlled (Y/N) __________________

Precondition reservoir time __________________

Start test time __________________

Air Humidity __________________

Ring Speed, r/min __________________

Applied load, kg __________________

Fuel volume used, ml __________________

Scar Type: Elliptical Circular Other

Minor axis, mm _______________

Major axis, mm _______________

WSD, mm _______________

Observations: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

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 DEF STAN 68-251/2

ANNEX C

PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING SOLUBILITY IN FUEL

C.1 SCOPE

C.1.1 This method describes the procedure used to determine the solubility of the additive
in fuel.

C.2 PROCEDURE

C.2.1 The additive shall be mixed with aviation turbine fuels as detailed below, at a
concentration of 23 mg/1. The aviation turbine fuel shall contain the maximum allowable
concentration of the specified fuel system icing inhibitor, and shall contain no other additives.
The presence of static dissipator additive is permitted.

AVTUR F-35 conforming to Def Stan 91-91

C.2.2 The mixture shall be inspected visually, immediately after mixing and after 24 hours,
for precipitation, cloudiness or other evidence of insolubility.

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DEF STAN 68-251/2

ANNEX D

PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING COMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER FUEL

ADDITIVES

D.1 SCOPE

D.1.1 This method describes the procedure used to determine the compatibility of the
lubricity improving additive with other additives in fuel.

D.2 OTHER LUBRICITY IMPROVING ADDITIVES

D.2.1 The additive under test shall be added to AVTUR F-35 (Def Stan 91-91) or AVCAT
F-44 (Def Stan 91-86) to obtain a concentration of 23 mg/1. The solution shall also contain
the maximum allowable concentration of the specified fuel system icing inhibitor. No other
lubricity improving additive shall be present in this solution.

D.2.2 Solutions shall also be made up for each of the other approved lubricity improving
additives, in each case containing 23 mg/1 of the approved additive, and the maximum
allowable concentration of the specified fuel system icing inhibitor.

D.2.3 The solution containing the additive under test shall then be mixed in equal
proportions with each of the solutions containing the other approved additives. At the end of
a 24 hour period, the samples shall be visually inspected for precipitation, cloudiness, or other
evidence of incompatibility.

D.3 STATIC DISSIPATER ADDITIVE

D.3.1 AVTUR F-35 (Def Stan 91-91) filtered through clay as described in appendix X.1 of
ASTM D3948 shall be blended with each static dissipater additive listed in Def Stan 91-91 to
provide test fuels which have a conductivity of 400 pico siemens per meter (pS/m) ± 100
pS/m. The fuel electrical conductivity shall be measured using either IP 274 or ASTM D4308
test methods.

D.3.2 After a 24 hour period, to ensure equilibrium fuel conductivity has been established,
the corrosion inhibitor additive under test shall be added and mixed. At the end of another 24
hour period, no more than a ± 40 per cent change in the electrical conductivity of the fuel shall
have occurred as a result of the test inhibitor. The post-test visual inspection of the sample
shall reveal no precipitation, cloudiness, or other evidence of incompatibility.

NOTE: Some loss in fuel conductivity may occur over time when bare glass bottles or bare
metal cans are used with fuels which contain static dissipater additives. The use of an epoxy-
coated container is suggested. Also, fuel conductivity is temperature sensitive; no significant
change in temperature should be allowed during the test.

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 DEF STAN 68-251/2

D.4 THERMAL STABILITY IMPROVER ADDITIVE

D.4.1 AVTUR F-35 (Def Stan 91-91) filtered through clay as described in appendix X.1 of
ASTM D3948 shall be blended with each approved thermal stability improver additive at the
specified concentration. The corrosion inhibitor additive under test shall be added to obtain a
concentration of 23 mg/1 and mixed. At the end of a 24 hour period, the samples shall be
visually inspected for precipitation, cloudiness, or other evidence of incompatibility.

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DEF STAN 68-251/2

ANNEX E

RELATED DOCUMENTS

Designation Title

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 DEF STAN 68-251/2

ASTM D3948 Standard Test Method for Determining Water Separation

Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable
Separometer.
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