Inthisecton in order simplify the ideas as much as posite the resistance of ‘nfinte busbar slong withthe corresponding phasor diagram. If loses are tnpleted the power cusp fom the urane In equal the power Outpa rom the generar, Tue angle 5 betwees the F and V phavors isknows 38 the [ond ‘angle and ie dependont on tho power inpot from the thine sha, With an ‘uppving is own oad the later dias the power required semanashowever, the fond detiveredby the machine iso longer directly dependent on the connected fond. By chang the turbine ostpat and hence 5 the genera ‘eanbe mide vo ake on any ad the oporator desires subject to cconowic a fechavca limi. From the phasor dgram in Figure 3.10), the power delvered to the lative busbar = VF con pee phe Bu —F av0r~e hese ay Feo = F sine ve, wor delivered = WF gins power dled bay ‘This expression of exteme importance asi poverns to a large extn the ‘operation of 4 power system. Te could have heee obtained directly from ‘equation 3, patting Equation (31) is shown plotted in Figure 3.11."The maximum power is ‘obiained at = 90,15 becomes larger tha 90° de wo an atteript to ada ‘ace a bens noe ‘move that Paw increase ia 6 reise less power output and the machine ‘becomes anstae ané loses syackionin. Lowe of synchrcnsm rsa in the ‘oterchange of current surges betseen the generator and network asthe poles ‘f the machine pull ito synchronsm and the out sex. she power utpot othe generatars mcteaued bysmalincrements with the ‘ovioad voltage kept constant the limi of stably accu at 890" andknown asthe soedysuate stabi mic There isanotber init stabi de 0 2 sun large change in conditions such as cased by fall, now 3 the transient sabi Lis and tis possible for the rotor to oselate beyond 90" ‘urbe ol times If these osilationsdirmih, the machines stable. Toe load Snpe 6 hu pysial sigeance it ste angle between tke radia marks on the end ofthe rotor shalt ofthe machine and an an imaginary rotor represent- ing he sytem. The marks ate In ential phy pestis wes the machine json norload, The syachrosizing power cocficient ~dP/45 watts per radian fnathe synchronising tong costeiont= (1 /)/(6P/4, Tn Figure 3.17) the phaso: diagram forthe limiting steady-state conltion teahown, should be nated that in thi condition current salays leading. The following figure, 120), (9, ané (how the phasor diagrams for various ‘oneatinal conditions. Another interesting operating condition is variable power and constant excitaian, Ths shown Figure 313, fathis ese a8 V Sint sabi. (a aso Ur {sartqoe sinter en tah een xt KURO GW ta We Ginga a ange a penaewe 113 Opatzest este pone os conta cat, Consider Figue 3.16(a), the phasor diggrim for a round-rtor machite ignoring esistance. The locesofeonstart IX, Land hence MVAisacecle and the locus of constant E a cce. Hence. sis proportional to VE or MVA, te VI Sad or MVAr Views ocr MW “To obtain the vealng factor for MVA, MVAr and MW the fet that at zero cexsttion, E=0 and IX, ~ V. i used, irom which |i V/X, at 90° lending co 100, corresponding 9 VAr/phase “The constuction ca chrt fora 6D MW machine fllows (Figure 3.1416). Machinedata 60.MW, 08 91,75 MVA. TIBkV, SCR 063, 3000 n/n ‘Maximum excite current 500 A X,nphzpa.-2040/phuse ‘The chat will eer 1 complete three-phase valuesof MW and MVAr. When the exciton snd hee Fare reducedto ze, the current lah V by 90" and fe equal to (0/%:) Le. 11,800)+3>2.9, The leading vars correspond to this 11,800'/2.94= 87 MVAr. With centre 0a number of semicrcks are drawn of rat equal various IMVA landings, the nest important being the 7S MVA ciclo. Ares with "2s ‘entre are drawn wit varius multiples 00'(or V) as radio give the loci for ‘onstantexctations. Lines may also bedrawe Irom 0 corresponding. various Power factors ut for clanty oniy O94 tagging shown. Tae operations Smits are fxedas flows, The ated turbine eatput gives 60 MW lat which Jndrawnas shown ie. ineely, which meets he 75 MVA ine The MYAaa Veecrcent 0) ete. Ferman chart sehen peo ‘rc governs the thermal loading ofthe machine, ete stator emperatue se, s0tlat over portion phihe output isdecided bythe MVA rating AL point hthe Fotor heating becomes more decisive andthe are hj indecied y the manic ‘exciation carr allowable in thiscase assumed tobe 2 5p. The remaining limit «that governed by lou of synchronism at leading power factor. The ‘heoetica Umit tthe line perpendicular to OW at 0 (Le. 6=90), bat in ‘racic a safety marpn is introduced tallow a further increase i load of ‘ther 10.0r 20 per centbefore instability In Figare 3.4810 per cont margins used and represented by ec: i constructed inthe folloing manner. ‘Conuidcrieg poeta onthe theoretical mit onthe E= 1 par, the power (a reduced by 10 por cest of the rated po fie. by 6 MW) 10 UB; the‘operating point mast, however sill be onthe same E arc and bis projectedio ‘which is-2 point om the new limiting curve. This i repeated for seve ‘excitations giving aly the curve ed ‘The complete operating limit is shown shack and the operator should normaly work within the area bounded by this ine ‘As an example of the use of the chart, the ful-tad operating pot g (GOW, O8 pl. lagging) wil requte sn excitation E of 2.3 pu. and the ‘eased oad angle 39" Thiscan be checked using, power = VE/X, sin Bie 1,600" 2.3 60x toh = HAO ig ot NEE ng trom whith se33