Processes 3: Physical processes

Yhd 73.3005
Anna Mikola TkT D Sc (Tech)
Lecture outline
Membrane processes
Screening
- Ultrafiltration
Sedimentation
- Nanofiltration
gravitational
- Reverse osmosis
tube/lamella
- Electrodialysis
Flotation
- Exemples of applications for
drinking water and
Filtration wastewater treatment
- Gravity filtration
- Pressure filtration
- Continuous filtration
Working principle of screens

Many different screens Applications:

Solids are removed
mecanically
Openings between 2 – 10 mm
Recent very fine screens (0,5
mm à)
Removes finer particles via
filtration through the layer of
screenings
Pretreatment of wastewater
Pretreatment of ceptic tank
sludges
Treament of storm water
overflows (new)

Laitoksen nimi
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Bar screen (Tankovälppä)

Laitoksen nimi
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Step screen (Porrasvälppä)

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 Step screen (Porrasvälppä)

Mesh size 2-3 mm Removes finer particles all the

Head loss <-> steps move up time
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Step screen

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Belt screen (Levynauhavälppä)

• L Lähde: Huber

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Membrane screen

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Working principle of sand removal

• Based on
gravitational or
centrifugal
separation
• Often connected
to grease removal
and pre-aeration

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 Sand removal

•Example: Wheel scrapers

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 Working principle of clarifiers /
sedimentation basins
• Based on gravitational settling
• Flocculation can be enhanced by chemicals
• Used widely in drinking water treatment to
separate the flocs and in wastewater treatment
to settle the sludge
• Low energy demand, quite high space
requirement
• Horizontal (rectangular or circular)
“vaakaselkeytin” or vertical “pystyselkeytin”
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Clarifier theory

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 Clarifier theory

Particles that settle faster than the hydraulic

retention time of the basin are removed.

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 Discrete
Settling of dilute suspensions, little or no
tendency to flocculate
Flocculent
Settling of dilute suspensions with flocculation
taking place during the settling
Hindered (Zone settling)
Particles settle as a mass; inter-particle forces
hold them in fixed position, settlement in a zone
Compressive
Settlement provided by the compacting mass
resulting from particles that are in contact 15

Adapted from Prof. Pagilla Illinois Institute of technology

 Clarifier

Horizontal

Wa
ter

JScraper moves the sludge to a

sludge pocket
JWater flows into overflow weirs at
the end

JSurface load 2-3 m/h (primary clar)

JRetention time 1-2 h

Sludge
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 Clarifier

•Circular => Sludge removed from the middle

•Water enters in the middle
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Secondary clarifier

Well settling sludge and little

suspended solids in the
effluent

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Secondary clarifier

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 Lamella settler theory
- Inclined plates are added in the clarifier basin
- Distance between the plates usually 5 – 10 cm
- Reduces the vertical distance a floc must settle
before agglomerating to form larger particles

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Lamella or tube settlers

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Robescu et al. 2010

Lamella settler

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 Working principle of flotation
• A part of the effluent into Demands energy, but saves
which air is dissolved under space
pressure is recycled in the
process.
• When this recycle flow
enters the process, pressure
drops and air forms micro-
bubbles in the wastewater
• These bubbles attach or
form within solids or flocs
causing them to float
• Solids are removed with a
skimmer from the surface

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Flotaatio (DAF)

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Filtration theory

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Continuos flow sand filtration

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Membrane filtration

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Lähde: Hydro Elektrik GmbH 30
Membrane filtration principle

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 Examples of applications in
Finland
• Flotation
• Many applications in
Water treatment
- Tampere Rusko, Savonlinna
Vääräsaari
Wastewater treatment
- Pihlajaniemi WWTP, Vaasan
Pått, Tammisaari Skeppsholmen
etc.

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 Examples of applications in
Finland
• Membrane filtration
• Few applications in
Water treatment
- NF Mustasaari Björköby and
Kempele Tuohino, RO Föglö,

First pilot plants for municipal

wastewater treatment
Applications in smaller scale
e.g. boats, industry
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