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olog GEO 205 Introduction to Hydrogeology

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u Berhanu Fanta Alemaw
t rod PhD (Hydrology & Water Resources Engineering) -1999
In MSc (Water Resources Engineering) 1995
5 BSc (Civil Engineering) - 1990
20
O Geology Department
GE University of Botswana

Course Outline Part A Introduction to Hydrogeology Part A-

A-1

Part A-1 Introduction

Lecture 1 Introduction: Hydrology defined; The hydrologic cycle; Objectives (Lecture 1)
The hydrologic budget; Hydrologic models; Hydrologic data;
Common units of measurement
Hydrology reviewed
Part A-2: Introduction to components of the hydrological system and Hydrological cycle
basin water balance (concept, measurement and analysis) Global water balances
Lecture 2- Basin precipitation,
Water budget
Lecture 3- Evapotranspiration
Hydrologic data and units of measurements
Lecture 4- Sub-surface water ( infiltration and soil moisture) and
recharge; Examples on water budget (mass-
(mass-balance)
Lecture 5- Surface water and streamflow calculations

Hydrology Defined Water Flow Paths:

Hydrology is an earth science.
It encompasses the occurrence, distribution,
movement, and properties of the waters of
the earth
The three branches of hydrology are:
Meteorology -Atmospheric water (rainfall and weather-
related processes)
Surface water hydrology - Surface water hydrology
(over land surfaces)
Hydrogeology groundwater hydrology (vadose
zone/soil moisture & groundwater)
www.usda.gov/stream_restoration/chap1.html Fig. - 2.10

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Water and water resources the hydrological cycle
More on hydrologic cycle

The Role of water in sustainable development The Hydrologic cycle

Annual volumes of flow given in units relative to the annual

precipitation of the earth (119,000km3 /year=100units).

Concept of Water Budget

Global Water Balances
Reservoir Percentage Residence
Global of Time
Salt water Fresh water
Salt Water 97.5 - 2,643 yrs
Glaciers 1.75 68.7 12,000 yrs
Ground water 0.79 30.9 5,400 yrs
Surface water 0.008 0.3 2.26 yrs
Soil water 0.0012 0.05 7 weeks
Atmosphere 0.0009 0.04 9 days
Plants 0.00008 0.003 5 days

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 Scale in Water Balances
o Spatial Scale
Watershed (smaller catchment eg. Lotsane at Palapye,
small drainage project, eg, culvert, road/ bridge crossing a
stream
Catchment (intermediate basin eg. Motloutse)
Basin Scale (Main drainage basin, eg. Limpopo)
o Temporal Scale
o Seconds, minutes, hours, days, (storms, floods)
o Months, seasons, (water avaiability, storage)
o Annual, decadal, century (climate variability, climate change,
land use change effects)
Water balance at a catchment scale
What is a catchment/drainage basin?
A drainage basin is an area surrounded by a
continuous topographic divide within which all runoff
joins a single stream and extends downstream to the
point that the stream crosses the divide
Usefulness of concept of a catchment
to understand water balances
to understand processes
Example: inflows, outflows and storage processes

A catchment and watershed divide

Watershed Nyamabisi Catchment - Elevation in meters a.m.s.l.

1155 m
1150 m
-20.75 S
A basin, drainage or 1145 m
1140 m
catchment area that is 1135 m
1130 m
the land area that 1125 m
1120 m
-20.8 S
contributes runoff to 1115 m
1110 m
1105 m
an outlet point 1100 m
1095 m
1090 m
-20.85 S 1085 m
1080 m
Watershed 1075 m
Outlet point
boundary 1070 m
1065 m
1060 m
-20.9 S 1055 m
1050 m
27.05 E 27.1 E 27.15 E 27.2 E 27.25 E 27.3 E
Derived from remote sensing radar data Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital terrain model

Hydrological model as a system

Processes in a catchment
Precipitation
Evaporation/transpiration (evapotranspiration)
Surface runoff
Groundwater flow
Storage on the ground surface and subsurface
Soil moisture
etc

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 Hydrological model as a system
Water balance at a catchment

Water balance
Consider Gaborone dam
1. Hydrologic budget above the surface
P + R1 R2 + Rg - Es - Ts - I = Ss (1.1)
2. Hydrologic budget below the surface Storage/Water balance components:
I + G1 G2 - Rg - Eg - Tg = Sg (1.2) Inflow from Notwane river
3. Hydrologic budget for the region (Add Eq. 1.2 and 1.3) Downstream release
P - (R2 R1) - (Es + Eg) - (Ts + Tg) - (G2 G1) = (Ss + Sg) (1.3)
Water supply
hydrologic budget for a region can be written simply as ET
P R G E T= S (1.4) Lake Evaporation

subscripts s=surface,g=subsurafce Consider annual and monthly fluctuations

P=precipitation and net R=surface flow, G=underground
flow, E=evaporation, T=transpiration, and S=storage,

Water budget/Mass balance or continuity equation

A system, take the Gaborone dam, with inputs that has
Water budget terms
outputs is represented by the following equation:
Think of a bathtub:
Inputs- Outputs=change in storage How many litres in the tub = V ? (storage)
Pt + Qt (Rt + ETt + Wt) = (St-St-1)/[t- (t-1)] How fast do you fill the tub, in litres per minute = Q? (flow
rate or discharge)
How long does it take to fill V at the rate of Q? (time)
Notwane Pt Et
inflow, Qt Watershed Budget: Q = P - ET
K, storage capacity Wt, Water Q = streamflow out of watershed
supply P = precipitation onto watershed
Volume ,St ET = evapotranspiration loss = water loss by plants and soil
[A watershed is the area that contributes to a river or stream]
Release Rt

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 Water budget ctd
Example: Say we have a streamflow depth of 15cm/yr from a 640ha watershed,
Water budget ctd what is this streamflow rate in km3/yr?
D = 15cm/yr
Example: Say we have 50cm of rain and 35cm of plant/soil loss A = 640 000 ha
in one year Q = 9 600 000 ha-cm per year = 9.6*106*ha cm* (10-2 km2 /ha) cm *(10-5km/cm)/yr =
0.96km3/yr
P = 50cm/yr
ET = 35cm/yr Conversion of Units
1 ha = 10 000m2 = 10-2 km2 1 cm= 10-2 m = 10-5 km
Q =P - ET = 50 - 35 = 15 cm/yr
You probably wonder what a ha-cm is:
We convert this depth per time (D) to a volume per time (Q) It is equal to one cm of water that covers one hectare of land
How? By multiplying by the watershed area! Can you observe what can be asked!
Q=AxD Ø Gaborone dam has what volume in ha-cm?
Hint: If you add 10cm to your bathtub, how do you get the volume of water Ø How much water does the Pandamatenga agricultural field consume in one year?
you added? Ø What is the annual water consumption for Gaborone City Residents?
The volume is the base times the height
Think of it as spreading the water out over the watershed Let s do this in class:
The depth is the height · If I have a 10-hectare golf course, and I put on 3cm of water every week, how many
The base is the watershed area m2-cm is this?
· How many m3 of water is this?
· If water bill is P2.50 per m3, what is the monthly bill to irrigate my Golf Course?

Water Resources Water Availability

103 m3/yr/cap
From: Shiklomanov [http://espejo.unesco.org.uy/]

Surface water resources:

Rivers
Lakes and seasonal pans
Dams
Wetlands,
springs
Groundwater resources:
Boreholes
Wellfields 1950
1980
1970
1960
Aquifers 1990
2025
2010
2000

Water Demand - Botswana (Mil m3/Yr)

[National Water Master Plan 1991] Problems in water projects
Category Consum- Demand Demand
ption 1990 2000 2020 How much water is needed ?
Settlements 36 78 175 How much water can be expected? [Minimum flow,
(Domestic) Annual yield, Flood peaks,Flood volume, Groundwater]
Mining and 23 36 64 Who may use the water?
Energy
What kind of water is it? [Chemical, Bacteriological,
Livestock 35 45 44
Sediment]
Irrigation & 19 29 47 What structural problems exist? [Geology, Dams,
Forestry Spillways, Intakes, Channel works, Pipelines, Canals,
Wildlife 6 6 6 Pumps, Turbines, Purification]
Total 119 194 336 Does project affect wild life or natural beauty?
Is the project economic?

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 Facilities in Water Projects
Control of excess water
Flood mitigation/Storm drainage
Bridges,
culverts
Sewerage
Conservation (Quantity)
Water supply
Irrigation
Hydropower
Navigation
Conservation (quality)
Pollution control

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