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ELE-341 Electronics II
Dr Lutfi Albasha 2
Ideal Op-Amp Equivalent Circuit
The circled numbers indicate the sequence of the steps in the analysis
VI
Input Resistance, a result of virtual ground Ri R1
iI
Output Resistance is taken at ideal output voltage source, hence: Ro 0
R2
Av 1
R1
vO RL 1 vO
0.01 1
vI RL RS 1 100 vI
Too much loading
R
vo2 1 2 v2b
R1
R4
R4 R2 v 2b vI 2
R2 R3 R 4
vo1 vI 1 R 3 R1 v 2b v1b
R1 R2
vO 2 vI 2
R1
R4 R2
R 3 R1
t
1
CR 0
vo(t ) vc(t ) Vc v1 (t )dt
t
1
CR 0
vo(t ) vc(t ) Vc v1 (t )dt
Vo ( s ) Z 2 ( s )
Vi ( s ) Z 1( s )
Vo ( s ) 1
Vi ( s ) sCR
When the input is a square wave, for example, the output will be
triangular
The input to the integrator with R =10 k and C = 0.1 F is the square-wave shown. Find:
1. The output of the integrator
2. The value of C in case a 2V peak-to-peak is needed at the output
The first (negative) peak amplitude occurs at t = 1 ms. Thus we can write:
Which yields:
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_6.html
R2
Vo ( s ) Z 2 R2 || Z C R1
AC _ Gain
Vi ( s ) Z1 R1 1 sR2C
R2
call DC _ Gain
R1
1
Cutoff _ Frequency
R2C
vo ( s ) Z R
2 sRC
vI ( s ) Z1 1
sC
vo ( j )
jRC
v I ( j )
Vo
CR
V
I bode values
90
Appears like a high pass filter