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5.1 DEFINITION
(b) Retarder
A retarding admixture can be defined as an admixture which retards
the set and the initial hardening of the concrete.
5.2 INTRODUCTION
53.1 Composition
(e) Temperature
Except for setting time temperature does not affect dosage.
60 Application of admixtures in concrete
5.3.4 Effects on fresh concrete
(b) Workability
Workability of concrete is improved when water reducers are
incorporated into the mix at a given water content. For a given
consistency, the admixture-treated concrete with reduced water
generally is more workable [7, lo]. Improving concrete workability by
admixture treatment means better appearance [6, lo], uniformity [lo,
291, pumpability [31] and finishing characteristics [6, 311.
It has been found [6, 231 that the admixture efficiency and
capability to reduce water content is higher for high slump concrete.
Concretes containing admixtures are more sensitive to retempering.
The additional amount of water needed to reach a required variation
in slump would be smaller for concrete with admixture than the
amount of water needed for concrete without admixture [7, lo].
(c) Bleeding
For a given slump water reducers can modify the rate or capacity for
bleeding or both.
(c) Reducing the mixing water of the concrete mix by water reducer,
in order to maintain the workability level without modifying the cement
content, will have a substantial influence on the properties of the
hardened concrete. The physical properties (specific gravity, porosity,
surface properties, permeability, drying shrinkage, creep, etc),
mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, etc) and
chemical properties (durability, sulphate resistance, etc) are affected by
the water reducers, particularly when the admixtures are used to
reduce water, to reduce the water/cement ratio and to perform a better
concrete class. There will be no further discussion on this issue in this
chapter.
5.3.6 Use
(b) Testing
A test should be made to evaluate the effect of the admixture on the
properties of concrete made with job materials under the anticipated
ambient conditions and construction procedures to be used. Tests of
water reducing admixtures and set controlling admixtures should
indicate their effect on the following properties of the concretes:
water requirement
air content
consistency
bleeding of water and possible loss of air from the fresh concrete
time of setting
compressive (flexural) strength
resistance to freezing and thawing
drying shrinkage.
5.3.7 Application
5.4 RETARDERS
54.1 Composition
The ingredients used as retarders are very much the same as the
ingredients used for water reducers (see Section 53.1). The degree of
effect depends upon the relative amounts of each ingredient used in
the formulation, type, brand and content of cement [4, 5, 15, 191.
g eEJtmass
.
(b) Workability
The retarder admixture keeps workability for a longer period.
(d) Bleeding
Retarders affect the rate and capacity of fresh concrete to bleed and
settle under the influence of gravity. Different admixtures influence
bleeding and settlement of concrete differently. For a given
water/cement ratio [24] gluconate increases bleeding, glucose decreases
it, and lignosulphonate has no effect on it. A higher reduction of
bleeding is observed in the presence of air entraining agent [30]. The
increase of partial mobility in presence of admixtures caused
channelled bleeding and hence a great rate of settlement.
(e) Setting
Use of a retarding admixture in concrete generally causes a delay in
initial and final setting times [23]. The specific retardation with a
particular cement and different admixtures should be determined only
by trial mixes [23]. All the commercial retarding admixtures should
comply with the standards. A practical and simple test to determine
the initial and final setting time of concrete is the Proctor penetration
test, which is shown to be more efficient than the Pin-pull test [23].
By changing the dosage of the admixture, the vibration limit can be
delayed for the desired length of time for an easy pouring of each layer
of concrete to avoid cold joints, For any initial ambient temperature
and concrete temperature, the dosage can be adjusted to maintain the
desired time for the vibration of the concrete.
The retardation in initial and final setting times caused by a given
amount of admixture, will probably be different at different
temperatures. If the retarding effect is expressed in time, there will be
a very small difference in the rate of setting between admixture-treated
concrete and the reference mix.
54.6 Use
5.4.7 Application
5.5 REFERENCES