|A| [dB] |A| [dB]

0 0 ∆Ω
–3 –3

0 1 Ω 0 Ω1 1 Ω2 Ω

Figure 16–36. Low-Pass to Band-Rejection Transition

The corner frequency of the low-pass transforms to the lower and upper –3-dB frequen-
cies of the band-rejection filter Ω1 and Ω2. The difference between both frequencies is the
normalized bandwidth ∆Ω:
DW + W max * W min

Identical to the selectivity of a band-pass filter, the quality of the filter rejection is defined
as:
fm
Q+ + 1
B DW
Therefore, replacing ∆Ω in Equation 16–19 with 1/Q yields:
A 0ǒ1 ) s 2Ǔ
A(s) + (16–20)
1 ) Q1 ·s ) s 2

16.6.1 Active Twin-T Filter

The original twin-T filter, shown in Figure 16–37, is a passive RC-network with a quality
factor of Q = 0.25. To increase Q, the passive filter is implemented into the feedback loop
of an amplifier, thus turning into an active band-rejection filter, shown in Figure 16–38.
C C

R/2
VIN VOUT

R R

2C

Figure 16–37. Passive Twin-T Filter