4-6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

When t = , sin t = .
Therefore, arcsin =
4-6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions .
Find the exact value of each expression, if it

exists. 3. arcsin
–1
1. sin 0
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Find a point on the unit circle on the interval
with a y-coordinate of .
with a y-coordinate of 0.
–1 When t = , sin t = . Therefore, arcsin =

When t = 0, sin t = 0. Therefore, sin 0 = 0.
.
2. arcsin
SOLUTION: 4. sin – 1
SOLUTION:
with a y-coordinate of . Find a point on the unit circle on the interval
When t = , sin t = . Therefore, arcsin =

–1
. When t = , sin t = . Therefore, sin = .
3. arcsin 5.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Find a point on the unit circle on the interval Find a point on the unit circle on the interval
with a y-coordinate of . with a y-coordinate of .
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 1

4-6 When
Inverse
t = Trigonometric Functions
, sin t = . Therefore, sin
–1
= . When t = , cos t = 0. Therefore, arccos 0 = .
5. 7. cos– 1
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
with a y-coordinate of . with an x-coordinate of .
–1 –1
When t = , sin t = . Therefore, sin When t = , cos t = . Therefore, cos =
= . .
6. arccos 0 8. arccos (–1)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
with an x-coordinate of 0. with an x-coordinate of –1.
When t = , cos t = –1. Therefore, arccos (–1)= .

When t = , cos t = 0. Therefore, arccos 0 = .
9.
–1
7. cos
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: Find a point on the unit circle on the interval
Find a point on the unit circle on the interval with an x-coordinate of .
with an x-coordinate of .

–1
4-6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions When t = , cos t = . Therefore, cos = .
When t = , cos t = –1. Therefore, arccos (–1)= .
11. arctan 1
9.
SOLUTION:
such that =1.
When t = , tan t = . Therefore, arctan 1=

When t = , cos t = . Therefore, =
.
.
12. arctan (– )
10. cos– 1
SOLUTION:
Find a point on the unit circle on the interval such that =– .
–1
When t = , cos t = . Therefore, cos = . When t = , tan t = . Therefore,
11. arctan 1
arctan (– )= .
SOLUTION:
13.
such that =1.
SOLUTION:
such that = .
When t = , tan t = . Therefore,

4-6 arctan
Inverse –1
(– Trigonometric
)= . Functions When t = 0, tan t = . Therefore, tan 0 = 0.
15. ARCHITECTURE The support for a roof is
13.
shaped like two right triangles, as shown below. Find
θ.
SOLUTION:
such that = .
SOLUTION:
Use inverse trigonometric functions and the unit
circle to solve.
–1
When t = , tan t = . Therefore, tan
= .
14. tan – 1 0
–1
SOLUTION: When t = , sin t = . Therefore, sin = .
16. RESCUE A cruise ship sailed due west 24 miles
such that = 0.
before turning south. When the cruise ship became
disabled and the crew radioed for help, the rescue
boat found that the fastest route covered a distance
of 48 miles. Find the angle θ at which the rescue
boat should travel to aid the cruise ship.

–1
When t = 0, tan t = . Therefore, tan 0 = 0.
SOLUTION:
15. ARCHITECTURE The support for a roof is Use inverse trigonometric functions and the unit
shaped like two right triangles, as shown below. Find circle to solve.
θ.
–1
When t = , cos t = . Therefore, cos =
–1
4-6 When
Inverse
t = Trigonometric Functions
, sin t = . Therefore, sin = . .
16. RESCUE A cruise ship sailed due west 24 miles Sketch the graph of each function.

before turning south. When the cruise ship became 17. y = arcsin x
disabled and the crew radioed for help, the rescue
boat found that the fastest route covered a distance SOLUTION:
of 48 miles. Find the angle θ at which the rescue First, rewrite y = arcsin x in the form sin y = x.
boat should travel to aid the cruise ship.

Next, assign values to y on the interval to
make a table of values.

y x = sin y
–1
SOLUTION:
Use inverse trigonometric functions and the unit
circle to solve. 0 0

with an x-coordinate of . 1

Plot the points and connect them with a smooth
curve.

18. y = sin – 1 2x
–1
When t = , cos t = . Therefore, cos =
SOLUTION:
–1
. First, rewrite y = sin 2x in the form sin y = x.
Sketch the graph of each function.

17. y = arcsin x
SOLUTION:
First, rewrite y = arcsin x in the form sin y = x.

Next, assign values to y on the interval to y

y x = sin y 0 0
–1
4-6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
18. y = sin – 1 2x 19. y = sin – 1 (x + 3)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
–1 –1
First, rewrite y = sin 2x in the form sin y = x. First, rewrite y = sin (x + 3) in the form sin y = x.

x = sin y
y y –3
–3.89
–3.85
0 0 0 –3
–2.15
–2.11

Plot the points and connect them with a smooth Plot the points and connect them with a smooth
curve. curve.
19. y = sin – 1 (x + 3)
SOLUTION:
–1 20. y = arcsin x – 3
First, rewrite y = sin (x + 3) in the form sin y = x.
SOLUTION:
First, rewrite y = arcsin x – 3 in the form sin y = x.

make a table of values. Next, assign values to y on the interval to

x = sin y make a table of values.
y - Powered
eSolutions Manual 3 Cognero
– by Page 6
x = sin(y +
–3.89
y 3)
20. y = arcsin x – 3 21. y = arccos x

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
First, rewrite y = arcsin x – 3 in the form sin y = x. First, rewrite y = arccos x in the form cos y = x.

make a table of values. y x = cos y
0 1
x = sin(y +
y 3)
0.99 0
0.80
0 0.14
-1
−0.60

−0.99 Plot the points and connect them with a smooth
curve.
curve.
21. y = arccos x
22. y = cos– 1 3x
SOLUTION:
First, rewrite y = arccos x in the form cos y = x. SOLUTION:
–1
First, rewrite y = cos 3x in the form cos y = x.


y x = cos y Next, assign values to y on the interval to
0 1

y
0 0

-1
0
22. y = cos– 1 3x 23. y = arctan x

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
–1 First, rewrite y = arctan x in the form tan y = x.
First, rewrite y = cos 3x in the form cos y = x.


Next, assign values to y on the interval to y x = tan y
–3.08
y
–1
0 0
0
1
3.08
0
curve.

curve.
24. y = tan– 1 3x
SOLUTION:
–1
First, rewrite y = tan 3x in the form tan y = x.
23. y = arctan x
SOLUTION:
First, rewrite y = arctan x in the form tan y = x.
make a table of values. Note that x = tan y has

no x-values for y-values of and − .

y x = tan y y x= tan y
–3.08
–1
0 0

24. y = tan– 1 3x 25. y = tan– 1 (x + 1)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
–1 –1
First, rewrite y = tan 3x in the form tan y = x. First, rewrite y = tan (x + 1) in the form tan y = x.

make a table of values. Note that x = tan y − 1 has
no x-values for y-values of and − .
make a table of values. Note that x = tan y has

no x-values for y-values of and − . x = tan y –
y 1
y x= tan y
–2
0 –1
0
0 0

curve.
Further investigation reveals that as x approaches
curve. negative infinity, y approaches , and as x
Further investigation reveals that as x approaches
approaches positive infinity, y approaches .
negative infinity, y approaches − , and as x

approaches positive infinity, y approaches .
25. y = tan– 1 (x + 1)
26. y = arctan x – 1
SOLUTION:
–1 SOLUTION:
First, rewrite y = tan (x + 1) in the form tan y = x.
First, rewrite y = arctan x – 1 in the form tan y = x.

The range of inverse tangent of x is . Since
26. y = arctan x – 1 27. DRAG RACE A television camera is filming a

drag race. The camera rotates as the vehicles move
SOLUTION: past it. The camera is 30 meters away from the
First, rewrite y = arctan x – 1 in the form tan y = x. track. Consider θ and x as shown in the figure.
The range of inverse tangent of x is . Since

we are subtracting 1, the new range should be
. Next, assign values to y within this
a. Write θ as a function of x.
range to make a table of values.
b. Find θ when x = 6 meters and x = 14 meters.

x = tan (y SOLUTION:
y + 1) a. The relationship between θ and the sides is
–2.5 –14.1
opposite and adjacent, so tan θ = . After taking
–0.64
0.22 the inverse, θ = arctan .
0 1.56

–4.59 b.
0.5 14.1

curve. Further investigation reveals that as x
approaches negative infinity, y approaches − 1
≈ −2.57, and as x approaches positive infinity, y
approaches − 1 ≈ 0.57.

28. SPORTS Steve and Ravi want to project a pro
soccer game on the side of their apartment building.
They have placed a projector on a table that stands 5
feet above the ground and have hung a 12-foot-tall
screen 10 feet above the ground.
27. DRAG RACE A television camera is filming a
drag race. The camera rotates as the vehicles move
past it. The camera is 30 meters away from the
track. Consider θ and x as shown in the figure.
28. SPORTS Steve and Ravi want to project a pro
soccer game on the side of their apartment building.
4-6 They have Trigonometric
Inverse placed a projector onFunctions
a table that stands 5
feet above the ground and have hung a 12-foot-tall
screen 10 feet above the ground.
b. The goal is to maximize θ, so if we graph
, we can identify the maximum
value of θ. The d-value that corresponds with this
maximum is the distance.
a. Write a function expressing θ in terms of distance

d.
b. Use a graphing calculator to determine the
distance for the maximum projecting angle. The d-value that corresponds with this maximum is
SOLUTION: about 9.2 feet.

a. Make a diagram of the situation.
Find the exact value of each expression, if it
exists.
29.
SOLUTION:
We are asked to find θ in terms of d. However, we The inverse property applies, because lies on the
do not know the value of the angle α either. Using
right triangle trigonometry, we can determine that tan interval [–1, 1]. Therefore, = .
α= and tan (θ + α) = . Now we have two
equations, but still three variables. We need to find a
way to eliminate α. 30.
If we can get α and θ + α isolated in each equation,
we can eliminate α. SOLUTION:
The inverse property applies, because lies on the
interval [–1, 1]. Therefore, = .
31.
SOLUTION:
interval [–1, 1]. Therefore, = .
32. cos– 1 (cos π)
SOLUTION:
b. The goal is to maximize θ, so if we graph
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero The inverse property applies, because π lies onPage
the 11
, we can identify the maximum interval
–1
. Therefore, cos (cos π)= π.
value of θ. The d-value that corresponds with this
corresponds to . So, cos = .

4-6 interval
Inverse [–1,Trigonometric
1]. Therefore, Functions
= . cos (tan
–1
1) =
32. cos– 1 (cos π)
36.
SOLUTION:
The inverse property applies, because π lies on the SOLUTION:
–1
interval . Therefore, cos (cos π)= π.
First, find cos . On the unit circle, corresponds
33. to (0, 1). So, cos = 0.

SOLUTION: –1
Next, find sin 0. The inverse property applies,
The inverse property applies, because lies on the –1
because 0 is on the interval [–1, 1]. Therefore, sin
0 = 0, and = 0.
interval . Therefore, = .
34. 37.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
–1
The inverse property applies, because lies on the First, find cos . To do this, find a point on the
unit circle on the interval [0, 2π] with an x-coordinate
interval . Therefore, = .
of . When t = , cos t = . Therefore,
35. cos (tan– 1 1) –1
cos = .
SOLUTION:
–1
First, find tan 1. The inverse property applies,
because 1 is on the interval . Therefore, Next, find or sin . On the unit circle,
–1
tan 1= . Next, find cos . On the unit circle,
corresponds to (0, 1). So, sin = 1, and
corresponds to . So, cos = .

= 1.

cos (tan
–1
1) = 38. sin (tan– 1 1 – sin– 1 1)
SOLUTION:
–1
36. First, find tan 1. To do this, find a point on the unit
circle on the interval [0, 2π] with an x-coordinate
SOLUTION: equal to the y-coordinate. When t = , cos t = sin t
First, find cos . On the unit circle, corresponds –1
= . Therefore, tan 1= .
to (0, 1). So, cos = 0.
–1
Next, find sin 1. To do this, find a point on the unit
–1 circle on the interval [0, 2π] with a y-coordinate of 1.
Next,
eSolutions find -sin
Manual 0. The
Powered inverse property applies,
by Cognero Page 12
–1 –1
because 0 is on the interval [–1, 1]. Therefore, sin When t = , sin t = 1 . Therefore, sin 1= .

to . So, = .
corresponds to (0, 1). So, sin = 1, and

= 1.
4-6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions sin (tan
–1
1 – sin
–1
1) =
38. sin (tan– 1 1 – sin– 1 1) 39. cos (tan– 1 1 – sin– 1 1)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
–1 –1
First, find tan 1. To do this, find a point on the unit Find tan 1. Find a point on the unit circle on the
circle on the interval [0, 2π] with an x-coordinate interval [0, 2π] with an x-coordinate equal to the y-
equal to the y-coordinate. When t = , cos t = sin t coordinate. When t = , cos t = sin t = .
–1 –1
= . Therefore, tan 1= . Therefore, tan 1= .

–1 –1
Next, find sin 1. To do this, find a point on the unit Find sin 1. Find a point on the unit circle on the
circle on the interval [0, 2π] with a y-coordinate of 1. interval [0, 2π] with an y-coordinate of 1. When t =
–1 –1
When t = , sin t = 1 . Therefore, sin 1= . , sin t = 1 . Therefore, sin 1= .

Find . On the unit circle, corresponds
Find . On the unit circle, corresponds
to . So, = .
to . So, = .

–1 –1
cos (tan 1 – sin 1) =
–1 –1
sin (tan 1 – sin 1) =
40.
39. cos (tan– 1 1 – sin– 1 1)
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
–1 –1
Find tan 1. Find a point on the unit circle on the Find cos 0. Find a point on the unit circle on the
interval [0, 2π] with an x-coordinate equal to the y- interval [0, 2π] with an x-coordinate equal 0. When t
coordinate. When t = , cos t = sin t = . = , cos t = 0 . Therefore, .

–1
Therefore, tan 1= . –1
Find sin . Find a point on the unit circle on the

–1 interval [0, 2π] with an y-coordinate of . When t =
Find sin 1. Find a point on the unit circle on the
interval [0, 2π] with an y-coordinate of 1. When t =
–1 , sin t = .
, sin t = 1 . Therefore, sin 1= .

Therefore, .

FindManual - Powered
eSolutions . Onbythe unit circle,
Cognero corresponds Page 13
to . So, = . Find . On the unit circle, corresponds

to . So, = .
to . So, .

4-6 cos
Inverse
(tan Trigonometric
–1 –1
1 – sin 1) = Functions = .
Write each trigonometric expression as an

40. algebraic expression of x.
41. tan (arccos x)
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
–1
Find cos 0. Find a point on the unit circle on the Let u = arccos x, so cos u = x.
interval [0, 2π] with an x-coordinate equal 0. When t
= , cos t = 0 . Therefore, . Because the domain of the inverse cosine function is
restricted to Quadrants I and II, u must lie in one of
these quadrants. The solution is similar for each
–1 quadrant, so we will solve for Quadrant I.
Find sin . Find a point on the unit circle on the

Draw a diagram of a right triangle with an acute
interval [0, 2π] with an y-coordinate of . When t = angle u, an adjacent side length x and a hypotenuse
length 1.
, sin t = .

Therefore, .

From the Pythagorean Theorem, the length of the
Find . On the unit circle, corresponds side opposite u is . Now, solve for tan u.
to . So, .

= .
So, tan (arccos x) = .
Write each trigonometric expression as an
algebraic expression of x.
41. tan (arccos x) 42. csc (cos– 1 x)
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
–1
Let u = arccos x, so cos u = x. Let u = cos x, so cos u = x.

Because the domain of the inverse cosine function is Because the domain of the inverse cosine function is
restricted to Quadrants I and II, u must lie in one of restricted to Quadrants I and IV, u must lie in one of
these quadrants. The solution is similar for each these quadrants. The solution is similar for each
quadrant, so we will solve for Quadrant I. quadrant, so we will solve for Quadrant I.

Draw a diagram of a right triangle with an acute Draw a diagram of a right triangle with an acute
angle u, an adjacent side length x and a hypotenuse angle u, an adjacent side length x and a hypotenuse
length 1. length 1.

4-6 So, tan (arccos
Inverse x) = . Functions
Trigonometric So, csc (cos
–1
x) = .
42. csc (cos– 1 x) 43. sin (cos– 1 x)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
–1 –1
Let u = cos x, so cos u = x. Let u = cos x, so cos u = x.

restricted to Quadrants I and IV, u must lie in one of restricted to Quadrants I and II, u must lie in one of

angle u, an adjacent side length x and a hypotenuse angle u, an adjacent side length x and a hypotenuse
length 1. length 1.

From the Pythagorean Theorem, the length of the From the Pythagorean Theorem, the length of the
side opposite to u is . Now, find csc u. side opposite u is . Now, solve for sin u.

–1
So, sin (cos x) = .
–1
So, csc (cos x) = .
44. cos (arcsin x)
43. sin (cos– 1 x) SOLUTION:
Let u = arcsin x, so sin u = x.
SOLUTION:
–1
Let u = cos x, so cos u = x. Because the domain of the inverse cosine function is
Because the domain of the inverse cosine function is these quadrants. The solution is similar for each
restricted to Quadrants I and II, u must lie in one of quadrant, so we will solve for Quadrant I.
quadrant, so we will solve for Quadrant I. Draw a diagram of a right triangle with an acute
angle u, an opposite side length x and a hypotenuse
Draw a diagram of a right triangle with an acute length 1.
angle u, an adjacent side length x and a hypotenuse
length 1.

side adjacent to u is . Now, solve for cos u.

4-6 Inverse Trigonometric
–1 Functions
So, sin (cos x) = . So, cos (arcsin x) = .
44. cos (arcsin x) 45. csc (sin– 1 x)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Let u = arcsin x, so sin u = x. –1
Let u = sin x, so sin u = x.

Because the domain of the inverse cosine function is
quadrant, so we will solve for Quadrant I.

length 1.
length 1.

side adjacent to u is . Now, solve for cos u.
side adjacent to u is . Now, solve for csc u.

So, cos (arcsin x) = . –1
So, csc(sin x) = .
45. csc (sin– 1 x)
46. sec (arcsin x)
SOLUTION:
–1 SOLUTION:
Let u = sin x, so sin u = x.
Let u = arcsin x, so sin u = x.

restricted to Quadrants I and IV, u must lie in one of

length 1.
length 1.
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eSolutions
Page 16
side adjacent to u is . Now, solve for csc u.
side adjacent to u is . Now, solve for sec u.

4-6 So,
Inverse
csc(sin Trigonometric
–1
x) = . Functions So, sec(arcsin x) = .
46. sec (arcsin x) 47. cot (arccos x)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Let u = arcsin x, so sin u = x. Let u = arccos x, so cos u = x.

restricted to Quadrants I and IV, u must lie in one of restricted to Quadrants I and II, u must lie in one of

angle u, an opposite side length x and a hypotenuse angle u, an adjacent side length x and a hypotenuse
length 1. length 1.

side adjacent to u is . Now, solve for sec u. side opposite u is . Now, solve for cot u.

So, sec(arcsin x) = . So, cot (arccos x) = .
47. cot (arccos x) 48. cot (arcsin x)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Let u = arccos x, so cos u = x. Let u = arcsin x, so sin u = x.

restricted to Quadrants I and II, u must lie in one of restricted to Quadrants I and II, u must lie in one of

angle u, an adjacent side length x and a hypotenuse angle u, an opposite side length x and a hypotenuse
length 1. length 1.

SOLUTION:

g(x) is of the form 0.5f (x) − 3. The 0.5 represents a
4-6 So,
Inverse Trigonometric
cot (arccos x) = . Functions horizontal expansion while the 3 represents a
translation down.
48. cot (arcsin x) 51. f (x) = cos−1 x and g(x) = 3(cos−1 x − 2)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Let u = arcsin x, so sin u = x. g(x) is of the form 3f [(x) − 2]. The 2 represents a
translation down while the 3 represents a vertical
Because the domain of the inverse cosine function is expansion after the translation. Therefore, the
restricted to Quadrants I and II, u must lie in one of translation down will be 6 units.
52. f (x) = arcsin x and g(x) = arcsin (x + 2)
angle u, an opposite side length x and a hypotenuse SOLUTION:
length 1.
g(x) is of the form f (x + 2). The 2 represents a
translation to the left while the represents a

vertical compression.
53. f (x) = arccos x and g(x) = 5 + arccos 2x

From the Pythagorean Theorem, the length of the SOLUTION:
g(x) is of the form f (2x) + 5 . The 2 represents a
side adjacent to u is . Now, solve for cot u. horizontal compression while the 5 represents a
translation up.
54. f (x) = tan−1 x and g(x) = tan−1 3x − 4

SOLUTION:

g(x) is of the form f (3x) − 4 . The 3 represents a
horizontal compression while the 4 represents a
So, cot(arcsin x) = .
translation down.
Describe how the graphs of g(x) and f (x) are 55. SAND When piling sand, the angle formed between

related. the pile and the ground remains fairly consistent and
−1 −1 is called the angle of repose. Suppose Jade creates
49. f (x) = sin x and g(x) = sin (x − 1) − 2
a pile of sand at the beach that is 3 feet in diameter
SOLUTION: and 1.1 feet high.
g(x) is of the form f (x − 1) − 2. The 1 represents a
translation to the right while the 2 represents a
translation down.
50. f (x) = arctan x and g(x) = arctan 0.5x − 3

SOLUTION: a. What is the angle of repose?
b. If the angle of repose remains constant, how
g(x) is of the form 0.5f (x) − 3. The 0.5 represents a
many feet in diameter would a pile need to be to
horizontal expansion while the 3 represents a
reach a height of 4 feet?
translation down.
SOLUTION:
51. f (x) = cos−1 x and g(x) = 3(cos−1 x − 2) a. Draw a diagram to model this situation.
SOLUTION:
g(x) is of the form 3f [(x) − 2]. The 2 represents a
translation down while the 3 represents a vertical
expansion after the translation. Therefore, the
b. If the angle of repose remains constant, how
many feet in diameter would a pile need to be to
reach a height of 4 feet?
4-6 SOLUTION:
Inverse Trigonometric Functions The pile would reach 4 feet if the diameter was
about 2(5.5) or 11 feet.
a. Draw a diagram to model this situation.
Give the domain and range of each composite
function. Then use your graphing calculator to
sketch its graph.
56. y = cos (tan−1 x)
SOLUTION:
The domain of cos x is {x | x } and the range of
−1
tan x falls within this domain, so there are no
Use the tangent function to find θ. further restrictions on the domain. The domain of
−1
tan x is also {x | x }, so the domain of the
composite function is {x | x }.

−1
The range of tan x is , so this becomes
the domain of cos x, or the limit of the input values
for cos x. The only corresponding output values for
Therefore, the angle of repose is about 36º. these input values is {y | 0 < y ≤ 1}. Therefore, the
range of the composite function is {y | 0 < y ≤ 1}.
b. Draw a diagram to model this situation, where the
height of the triangle is 4 ft and angle of repose is
36º. 57. y = sin (cos−1 x)
SOLUTION:
The domain of sin x is {x | x } and the range of
−1
cos x falls within this domain, so there are no
further restrictions on the domain. The domain of
−1
cos x is [−1, 1] so the domain of the composite
function is restricted to {x | −1 ≤ x ≤ 1}.

Use the tangent function to find x. −1
The range of cos x is [0, π], so this becomes the
domain of sin x, or the limit of the input values for sin
x. The only corresponding output values for these
input values is {y | 0 ≤ y ≤ 1}. Therefore, the range
of the composite function is {y | 0 ≤ y ≤ 1}.
58. y = arctan (sin x)

SOLUTION:
The pile would reach 4 feet if the diameter was The domain of arctan x is {x | x } and the range
about 2(5.5) or 11 feet. of sin x falls within this domain, so there are no
further restrictions on the domain. The domain of sin
Give the domain and range of each composite x is also {x | x }, so the domain of the composite
function. Then use your graphing calculator to function is {x | x }.
sketch its graph.

56. y = cos (tan−1 x) The range of sin x is [−1, 1], so this becomes the
SOLUTION: domain of arctan x, or the limit of the input values for
arctan x. The only corresponding output values for
The domain of cos x is {x | x } and the range of
−1 these input values is . Therefore, the
tan x falls within this domain, so there are no
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x is also {x | x }, so the domain of the range of the composite function is Page 19
.
composite function is {x | x }.
−1
−1
The range of cos x is [0, π], so this becomes the
these input values is . Therefore, the
domain of sin x, or the limit of the input values for sin
x. The only corresponding output values for these
4-6 input valuesTrigonometric
Inverse is {y | 0 ≤ y ≤ 1}. Therefore, the range
Functions range of the composite function is .
of the composite function is {y | 0 ≤ y ≤ 1}.
58. y = arctan (sin x) 60. y = cos (arcsin x)

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The domain of arctan x is {x | x } and the range The domain of cos x is {x | x ∈ } and the range of
of sin x falls within this domain, so there are no arcsin x falls within this domain, so there are no
further restrictions on the domain. The domain of sin further restrictions on the domain. The domain of
x is also {x | x }, so the domain of the composite arcsin x is {x | −1 ≤ x ≤ 1}, so the domain of the
function is {x | x }. composite function is restricted to {x | −1 ≤ x ≤ 1}.

The range of sin x is [−1, 1], so this becomes the
domain of arctan x, or the limit of the input values for The range of arcsin x is , so this becomes
arctan x. The only corresponding output values for the domain of cos x, or the limit of the input values
these input values is . Therefore, the
these input values is {y | 0 ≤ y ≤ 1}. Therefore, the
range of the composite function is {y | 0 ≤ y ≤ 1}.
range of the composite function is .
61. y = tan (arccos x)
SOLUTION:
59. y = sin−1 (cos x)
The domain of tan x is
SOLUTION:
−1 and the range of
The domain of sin x is {x | x } and the range
arccos x is [0, π], so the domain is restricted to
of cos x falls within this domain, so there are no
further restrictions on the domain. The domain of cos . The domain of arccos x is {x | −1
x is also {x | x }, so the domain of the composite
function is {x | x }. ≤ x ≤ 1}, so the domain of the composite function is
further restricted to {x | −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, x 0}.
The range of cos x is [−1, 1], so this becomes the
−1
domain of sin x, or the limit of the input values for The range of arccos x is[0, π], so this becomes the
−1 domain of tan x, or the limit of the input values for
sin x. The only corresponding output values for tan x. The corresponding output values for these
these input values is . Therefore, the input values is {y | y 0}. Therefore, the range of
the composite function is{y | y 0}.
range of the composite function is . 62. INVERSES The arcsecant function is graphed by

restricting the domain of the secant function to the
60. y = cos (arcsin x) intervals and , and the arccosecant
SOLUTION: function is graphed by restricting the domain of the
The domain of cos x is {x | x ∈ } and the range of
cosecant function to the intervals and
arcsin x falls within this domain, so there are no
arcsin x is {x | −1 ≤ x ≤ 1}, so the domain of the .
composite function is restricted to {x | −1 ≤ x ≤ 1}.
a. State the domain and range of each function.
b. Sketch the graph of each function.
The range of arcsin x is , so this becomes c. Explain why a restriction on the domain of the
secant and cosecant functions is necessary in order
the domain of cos x, or the limit of the input values
to graph the inverse functions.
these input values is {y | 0 ≤ y ≤ 1}. Therefore, the SOLUTION:
eSolutions
rangeManual - Powered
of the by Cognero
composite function is {y | 0 ≤ y ≤ 1}. Page 20
a. If the domain of secant is restricted to
61. y = tan (arccos x) , then the range of arcsecant must
a. State the domain and range of each function.
b. Sketch the graph of each function.
c. Explain why a restriction on the domain of the
4-6 Inverse
secant and Trigonometric
cosecant functions isFunctions
necessary in order
to graph the inverse functions.
arccosecant
SOLUTION:
a. If the domain of secant is restricted to
, then the range of arcsecant must
also be because they are inverses.

The domain of arcsecant that produces this range is
D = (− , −1] ∪ [1, ). This is determined by c. If restrictions are not put on the domain of the
finding the values for secant produced by the secant and cosecant functions when graphing the
endpoints of the domain of secant. So, sec π = −1 inverses, similar to the inverses of sine, cosine, and
and sec 0 = 1. Also, as θ approaches from the tangent, the inverses will not be functions. Without
left, sec θ approaches ∞, and as θ approaches domain restrictions, y = sec x and y = csc x are no
longer one-to-one and, therefore, no longer have
from the right, sec θ approaches −∞.
inverses.

If the domain of cosecant is restricted Write each algebraic expression as a
trigonometric function of an inverse
to , then the range of arccosecant trigonometric function of x.
must also be because they are 63.
inverses. The domain of arccosecant that produces SOLUTION:

this range is D = (− , −1] [1, ). This is Recall from example 8 in this lesson that we can
determined by finding the values for cosecant draw a diagram of a right triangle with an acute
produced by the endpoints of the domain of angle u and a hypotenuse length 1.
cosecant. So, csc = 1 and . Also, as
θ approaches 0 from the left, csc θ approaches ∞,

and as θ approaches 0 from the right, csc θ
approaches − .

b.
The six main trigonometric ratios are all ratios of
arcsecant
some combination of the three sides of a right
triangle. From our diagram, all we know is the
hypotenuse is equal to 1. Since we need to find a
trigonometric function of something that gives us
, we can arbitrarily let one side of the
triangle represent the numerator, x, and the other

side represent the denominator, .
arccosecant
According to our new labels in the graph,

represents , or tan u. Also,
c. If restrictions are not put on the domain of the

inverses, similar to the inverses of sine, cosine, and
tangent, the inverses will not be functions. Without Note that if we had switched the labels of the sides,
domain restrictions, y = sec x and y = csc x are no −1
we would have had cot (cos x).
4-6 longer
Inverseone-to-one and, therefore,Functions
Trigonometric no longer have
inverses.
Write each algebraic expression as a

trigonometric function of an inverse 64.
trigonometric function of x.
SOLUTION:
63. Recall from example 8 in this lesson that we can
draw a diagram of a right triangle with an acute
SOLUTION: angle u and a hypotenuse length 1.
Recall from example 8 in this lesson that we can
draw a diagram of a right triangle with an acute
angle u and a hypotenuse length 1.

The six main trigonometric ratios are all ratios of
The six main trigonometric ratios are all ratios of some combination of the three sides of a right
some combination of the three sides of a right triangle. From our diagram, all we know is the
triangle. From our diagram, all we know is the hypotenuse is equal to 1. Since we need to find a
hypotenuse is equal to 1. Since we need to find a trigonometric function of something that gives
trigonometric function of something that gives us
us , we can arbitrarily let one side of the
, we can arbitrarily let one side of the

represents , or cot u. Also, sin
represents , or tan u. Also,
−1
u= = , so x = sin u and u = sin
sin u = = , so x = sin u and u =
x.
−1
sin x. −1
Finally, we have cot u = cot (sin x) = .
−1
Finally, we have tan u = tan (sin x) = .
Note that if we had switched the labels of the sides,
−1
Note that if we had switched the labels of the sides, we would have had tan (cos x).
−1
we would have had cot (cos x).

65. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this
problem, you will explore the graphs of compositions
of trigonometric functions.
64. a. ANALYTICAL Consider f (x) = sin x and f −1(x)
−1
SOLUTION: = arcsin x. Describe the domain and range of f o f
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero −1 Page 22
Recall from example 8 in this lesson that we can and f of .
draw a diagram of a right triangle with an acute b. GRAPHICAL Create a table of several values
angle u and a hypotenuse length 1. for each composite function on the interval [–2, 2].

65. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this

problem, you will explore the graphs of compositions
4-6 of
Inverse Trigonometric
trigonometric functions. Functions
a. ANALYTICAL Consider f (x) = sin x and f −1(x) f f −1
−1
= arcsin x. Describe the domain and range of f o f
−1
and f of .
b. GRAPHICAL Create a table of several values
for each composite function on the interval [–2, 2].
−1
Then use the table to sketch the graphs of f f
−1
and f f . Use a graphing calculator to check
your graphs.
c. ANALYTICAL Consider g(x) = cos x and g
−1 f −1 o f
(x) = arccos x. Describe the domain and range of g
−1 −1
g and g g and make a conjecture as to
−1 −1
what the graphs of g g and g g will look
like. Explain your reasoning.
d. GRAPHICAL Sketch the graphs of g g −1
−1
and g g. Use a graphing calculator to check
your graphs.
e. VERBAL Make a conjecture as to what the
graphs of the two possible compositions of the c. f f −1 represents cos (arccos x). The domain of
tangent and arctangent functions will look like. arccos x is [−1, 1], so the domain of cos (arccos x) is
Explain your reasoning. Then check your conjecture also [−1, 1]. The range of cos x is [−1, 1], so the
using a graphing calculator. range of cos (arccos x) is also [−1, 1].

SOLUTION: f −1 f represents arccos (cos x). The domain of
a. f f −1 cos x is (−∞, ∞), so the domain of arccos (cos x) is
represents sin (arcsin x). The domain of
arcsin x is [−1, 1], so the domain of sin (arcsin x) is also (−∞, ∞). The range of arccos is limited to [0, π],
also [−1, 1]. The range of sin x is [−1, 1], so the so the range of arccos (cos x) is also [0, π].
range of sin (arcsin x) is also [−1, 1].
The graph of g g −1 should be the line y = x for −1
f −1 f represents arcsin (sin x). The domain of sin ≤ x ≤ 1. The inverse property of trigonometric
x is (− , ), so the domain of arcsin (sin x) is also functions states that on the closed interval [−1, 1],
(− , ). The range of arcsin is limited to cos (cos−1 x) = x. The graph of g −1 g should be
the line y = x for 0 ≤ x ≤ π. Once the graph reaches
, so the range of arcsin (sin x) is π, it will turn and decrease until it reaches the x-axis
at the same rate. When it reaches the x-axis, it will
also . turn again and increase until it reaches π. It will
continue to do this as x approaches infinity.

b. d.
g g −1
f f −1
g −1 g

g −1 g
66. ERROR ANALYSIS Alisa and Trey are
discussing inverse trigonometric functions. Because
−1
tan x = , Alisa conjectures that tan x =
. Trey disagrees. Is either of them

correct? Explain.
SOLUTION:
e . Sample answer: For f (x) = tan (tan−1 x), due to Trey is correct. Alisa should not assume that all
the inverse property of trigonometric functions, for relationships of trigonometric functions apply to their
all values of x, f (x) = x. This should result in the line inverses. She should also not make the mistake of
y = x for all real numbers. The graph of g(x) = tan−1 thinking that sin
−1
x= , cos
−1
x= ,
(tan x) will be different because the tan x is
undefined for multiples of π. As a result, asymptotes −1
and tan = , and using these false
for multiples of π can be expected. We can also
relationships to prove her incorrect assumption.
expect a range of due to the definition of Trigonometric values of angles are related to each
−1 −1
arctan. other. However, when we find sin x, cos x, and
−1
f(x) = tan (tan−1 x) tan x, we are calculating angle measures. Angle
measures by themselves do not have this unique
relationship.
67. CHALLENGE Use the graphs of y = sin−1 x and

−1 −1 −1
y = cos x to find the value of sin x + cos x on
the interval [−1, 1]. Explain your reasoning.

SOLUTION:
g(x) = tan−1 (tan x) −1 −1
a. Graph y = sin x and y = cos x.

66. ERROR ANALYSIS Alisa and Trey are

discussing inverse trigonometric functions. Because x = 0.5:
−1
tan x = , Alisa conjectures that tan x =
. Trey disagrees. Is either of them

x = 1:
correct? Explain.
SOLUTION:
Trey is correct. Alisa should not assume that all
x = −1:
relationships of trigonometric functions apply to their
inverses. She should also not make the mistake of
−1 −1
thinking that sin x= , cos x= ,
−1
and tan = , and using these false −1
If we make a table of values, we can see that sin
−1
x = 1:

x = −1:
68. REASONING Determine whether the following
statement is true or false : If cos = , then

−1 −1
If we make a table of values, we can see that sin cos = . Explain your reasoning.
−1
x + cos x= in the interval [−1, 1].
SOLUTION:

False; sample answer: does not fall within the
x −1 −0.5 0
range of the inverse. Recall that arccos is restricted
to the upper half of the unit circle. The value of θ for
sin −1 x 0
−1
cos = θ is .
−1 π
cos x

sin−1 x y = cos x is one-to-one only for [0, π]. Only within
−1 this domain does the inverse of y = cos x exist.
+ cos
x REASONING Determine whether each
function is odd, even, or neither. Justify your
x 0.5 1 -
answer.
69. y = sin−1 x
sin −1 x -
SOLUTION:
−1 0 - –1
cos x Sample answer: Suppose y = sin x is odd. The
definition of an odd function states for every x in the
sin−1 x −1
−1 - domain of f , f (−x) = −f (x). If we let sin x = u, we
+ cos have x = sin u. From Lesson 4-3, we know that the
x sine function is odd, so –x = sin (−u). From here, we
−1
can get sin (−x) = −u.
–1 –1
The graph of y = sin x + cos x supports this
conjecture. Every y-value appears to be for the –1
Also, as shown below, the graph of y = sin x is
given domain. symmetric with respect to the origin.
68. REASONING Determine whether the following

70. y = cos−1 x
statement is true or false : If cos = , then
SOLUTION:
–1
−1 Sample answer: The graph of y = cos x is not
cos = . Explain your reasoning.
symmetric with respect to the y-axis or origin.
–1
Therefore, y = cos x is neither even nor odd.
SOLUTION:
False; sample answer: does not fall within the
range of the inverse. Recall that arccos is restricted
70. y = cos−1 x 72. Writing in Math Explain how the restrictions on the

sine, cosine, and tangent functions dictate the domain
SOLUTION: and range of their inverse functions.
–1
Sample answer: The graph of y = cos x is not SOLUTION:
symmetric with respect to the y-axis or origin.
–1
Sample answer: The restricted domains of the
Therefore, y = cos x is neither even nor odd. cosine, sine, and tangent functions become the
ranges of the arccosine, arcsine, and arctangent
functions respectively. Additionally, the ranges of the
cosine, sine, and tangent functions under these
restrictions become the domains of their inverses.

−1
For example, when −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, sin (sin x) = x. In
this case, the range of sin x, [−1, 1], limits the domain
−1
of sin x.
71. y = tan−1 x
SOLUTION: Locate the vertical asymptotes, and sketch the
–1
graph of each function.
Sample answer: Suppose y = tan x is odd. The 73. y = 3 tan θ
definition of an odd function states for every x in the
−1 SOLUTION:
domain of f , f (−x) = −f (x). If we let tan x = u, we
have x = tan u. From Lesson 4-3, we know that the The graph of y = 3 tan x is the graph of y = tan x
tangent function is odd, so –x = tan (−u). From here,
−1 expanded vertically. The period is or π. Find the
we can get tan (−x) = −u. Graphically, it can be
seen that for every x in the domain of f , f (−x) = −f location of two consecutive vertical asymptotes.
(x).

–1
Also, as shown below, the graph of y = tan x is
and
symmetric with respect to the origin.
Create a table listing the coordinates of key points

for y = 3 tan x for one period on .

Function
y = tan x y = 3 tan x

72. Writing in Math Explain how the restrictions on the Vertical
sine, cosine, and tangent functions dictate the domain Asymptote
and range of their inverse functions. Intermediate
SOLUTION: Point
x-int
Sample answer: The restricted domains of the (0, 0) (0, 0)
cosine, sine, and tangent functions become the
ranges of the arccosine, arcsine, and arctangent Intermediate
functions respectively. Additionally, the ranges of the Point
cosine, sine, and tangent functions under these Vertical
restrictions become the domains of their inverses. Asymptote

−1 Sketch the curve through the indicated key points for
this Manual
eSolutions case, the rangeby
- Powered ofCognero
sin x, [−1, 1], limits the domain the function. Then repeat the pattern. Page 26
−1
of sin x.

−1
this case, the range of sin x, [−1, 1], limits the domain
4-6 Inverse
−1 Trigonometric Functions
of sin x.
Locate the vertical asymptotes, and sketch the 74. y = cot 5θ

graph of each function.
73. y = 3 tan θ SOLUTION:
The graph of is the graph of y = cot x
SOLUTION:
The graph of y = 3 tan x is the graph of y = tan x expanded vertically. The period is or π. Find the
expanded vertically. The period is or π. Find the location of two consecutive vertical asymptotes.
location of two consecutive vertical asymptotes.
and

and for for one period on [0, π].

Function
y = cot x y = cot 5θ

Vertical
Asymptote x =0 x =0
for y = 3 tan x for one period on .
Intermediate
Point
Function x-int
y = tan x y = 3 tan x

Vertical Intermediate
Asymptote Point
Intermediate Vertical
Point x=π x=π
Asymptote
x-int
(0, 0) (0, 0)
Sketch the curve through the indicated key points for
Intermediate the function. Then repeat the pattern.
Point
Vertical
Asymptote

the function. Then repeat the pattern.
75. y = 3 csc θ
SOLUTION:
74. y = cot 5θ The graph of y = 3 csc θ is the graph of y = csc x
SOLUTION: expanded vertically and expanded horizontally. The
The graph of is the graph of y = cot x period is or 4π. Find the location of two vertical
expanded vertically. The period is or π. Find the
location of two consecutive vertical asymptotes. asymptotes.
76. WAVES A leaf floats on the water bobbing up and

75. y = 3 csc θ down. The distance between its highest and lowest
points is 4 centimeters. It moves from its highest
SOLUTION: point down to its lowest point and back to its highest
point every 10 seconds. Write a cosine function that
The graph of y = 3 csc θ is the graph of y = csc x models the movement of the leaf in relationship to
the equilibrium point.
expanded vertically and expanded horizontally. The
SOLUTION:
period is or 4π. Find the location of two vertical
The distance between the highest and lowest points
is 4 centimeters, so the magnitude is half of that, or
asymptotes. 2. Therefore, a = 2. The period is from highest point
to highest point, or 10 seconds.
and

for y = 3 csc x for one period on [−2π, 2π].
The function is y = a cos bt.

y = 3 csc
Function
y = csc x
x Find the value of x. Round to the nearest tenth,
if necessary.
Vertical
Asymptote x = −π x = −2π
Intermediate
Point
x-int 77.
x =0 x =0

SOLUTION:
Intermediate
Point An acute angle measure and the length of a leg are
Vertical given, so the tangent function can be used to find the
x=π x = 2π length of the side opposite x.
Asymptote

the function. Then repeat the pattern.
78.
76. WAVES A leaf floats on the water bobbing up and
down. The distance between its highest and lowest SOLUTION:
points is 4 centimeters. It moves from its highest An acute angle measure and the length of the
point down to its lowest point and back to its highest opposite leg are given, so the sine function can be
point every 10 seconds. Write a cosine function that used to find the length of the hypotenuse x.
models the movement of the leaf in relationship to
the equilibrium point.
For each pair of functions, find [ f g](x), [g

f ](x), and [ f g](4).
80. f (x) = x2 + 3x − 6; g(x) = 4x + 1
SOLUTION:
78.
SOLUTION:
An acute angle measure and the length of the
opposite leg are given, so the sine function can be
used to find the length of the hypotenuse x.

79.
SOLUTION:
An acute angle measure and the length of a leg are
given, so the cosine function can be used to find the 81. f (x) = 6 − 5x; g(x) =
length of the hypotenuse x.
SOLUTION:
For each pair of functions, find [ f g](x), [g

f ](x), and [ f g](4).
80. f (x) = x2 + 3x − 6; g(x) = 4x + 1
SOLUTION:
2
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero 82. f (x) = ; g(x) = x + 1 Page 29
SOLUTION:
10 questions
82. f (x) = 2 84. SAT/ACT To the nearest degree, what is the angle

; g(x) = x + 1
of depression θ between the shallow end and the
SOLUTION: deep end of the swimming pool?
A 25
B 37
C 41
D 53
E 73
SOLUTION:
The side adjacent to θ is 24 − 8 − 8 or 8 feet. The
side opposite θ is 10 − 4 or 6 feet. We can use
tangent to find θ.
83. EDUCATION Todd has answered 11 of his last

20 daily quiz questions correctly. His baseball coach
told him that he must raise his average to at least
70% if he wants to play in the season opener. Todd
vows to study diligently and answer all of the daily
quiz questions correctly in the future. How many
consecutive daily quiz questions must he answer The correct choice is B.
correctly to raise his average to a 70%?
85. Which of the following represents the exact value of
SOLUTION:
He needs to correctly answer a total of d questions ?
such that the total number he has correctly
answered, 11 + d, divided by the total number of F
questions, 20 + d, is 0.70.
G
J
10 questions
SOLUTION:
84. SAT/ACT To the nearest degree, what is the angle
–1
of depression θ between the shallow end and the First, find tan . To do this, find a point on the
deep end of the swimming pool?
unit circle on the interval [0, 2π] to represent this
ratio.
A 25 −1
Therefore, sin θ = .
The correct choice is B. The correct choice is H.
85. Which of the following represents the exact value of 86. REVIEW The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 67
inches. If one of the angles has a measure of 47°,
? what is the length of the shortest leg of the triangle?
A 45.7 in.
F B 49.0 in.
C 62.5 in.
G D 71.8 in.
SOLUTION:
H The shortest leg of a right triangle is opposite the
smallest angle of the triangle. One angle is 90°,
another is 47°, and the last angle is 43°. We can use
J
sine and this angle to find the length of the shortest
side.
SOLUTION:
–1
First, find tan . To do this, find a point on the
unit circle on the interval [0, 2π] to represent this
ratio.
The correct choice is A.
87. REVIEW Two trucks, A and B, start from the

−1 intersection C of two straight roads at the same time.
In this diagram, θ = tan . We can use the Truck A is traveling twice as fast as truck B, and
after 4 hours, the two trucks are 350 miles apart.
Pythagorean theorem to find the hypotenuse.
Find the approximate speed of truck B in miles per
hour.
Now we can evaluate .
F 39
G 44
H 51
J 78
SOLUTION:
If truck A is traveling twice as fast, then it has
Therefore, sin θ = . traveled twice the distance as truck B. Therefore, in
the diagram, the length of CB is x and the length of
The correct choice is H. CA is 2x.We can use the Pythagorean theorem to
determine the length of CB.
86. REVIEW The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 67
inches. If one of the angles has a measure of 47°,
what is the length of the shortest leg of the triangle?
A 45.7 in.
B 49.0 in.
C 62.5 in.
D 71.8 in.
The correct choice is A.
87. REVIEW Two trucks, A and B, start from the

intersection C of two straight roads at the same time.
Truck A is traveling twice as fast as truck B, and
after 4 hours, the two trucks are 350 miles apart.
Find the approximate speed of truck B in miles per
hour.
F 39
G 44
H 51
J 78
SOLUTION:
If truck A is traveling twice as fast, then it has
traveled twice the distance as truck B. Therefore, in
the diagram, the length of CB is x and the length of
CA is 2x.We can use the Pythagorean theorem to
determine the length of CB.

This is the distance that truck B has traveled in 4
hours.The approximate speed is about 39.1 miles per
hour. The correct choice is F.

4-6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

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4-6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

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When t = , sin t = .

Therefore, arcsin =

4-6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions .

Find the exact value of each expression, if it

–1 When t = , sin t = . Therefore, arcsin =

When t = , sin t = . Therefore, arcsin =

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 1

6. arccos 0 8. arccos (–1)

When t = , cos t = –1. Therefore, arccos (–1)= .

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 2

When t = , tan t = . Therefore, arctan 1=

16. RESCUE A cruise ship sailed due west 24 miles Sketch the graph of each function.

Sketch the graph of each function.

make a table of values.

18. y = sin – 1 2x 19. y = sin – 1 (x + 3)

20. y = arcsin x – 3 21. y = arccos x

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 7

22. y = cos– 1 3x 23. y = arctan x

Next, assign values to y on the interval to

make a table of values. Note that x = tan y has

24. y = tan– 1 3x 25. y = tan– 1 (x + 1)

Next, assign values to y on the interval to

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 9

26. y = arctan x – 1 27. DRAG RACE A television camera is filming a

The range of inverse tangent of x is . Since

a. Write a function expressing θ in terms of distance

The inverse property applies, because lies on the

interval [–1, 1]. Therefore, = .

The inverse property applies, because lies on the

interval [–1, 1]. Therefore, = .

33. to (0, 1). So, cos = 0.

corresponds to . So, cos = .

38. sin (tan– 1 1 – sin– 1 1) 39. cos (tan– 1 1 – sin– 1 1)

coordinate. When t = , cos t = sin t = . = , cos t = 0 . Therefore, .

to . So, = . Find . On the unit circle, corresponds

Write each trigonometric expression as an

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42. csc (cos– 1 x) 43. sin (cos– 1 x)

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From the Pythagorean Theorem, the length of the

44. cos (arcsin x) 45. csc (sin– 1 x)

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46. sec (arcsin x) 47. cot (arccos x)

47. cot (arccos x) 48. cot (arcsin x)

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48. cot (arcsin x) 51. f (x) = cos−1 x and g(x) = 3(cos−1 x − 2)

translation to the left while the represents a

53. f (x) = arccos x and g(x) = 5 + arccos 2x

54. f (x) = tan−1 x and g(x) = tan−1 3x − 4

Describe how the graphs of g(x) and f (x) are 55. SAND When piling sand, the angle formed between

50. f (x) = arctan x and g(x) = arctan 0.5x − 3

58. y = arctan (sin x)

58. y = arctan (sin x) 60. y = cos (arcsin x)

range of the composite function is . 62. INVERSES The arcsecant function is graphed by

, then the range of arcsecant must

also be because they are inverses.

must also be because they are 63.

inverses. The domain of arccosecant that produces SOLUTION:

cosecant. So, csc = 1 and . Also, as

θ approaches 0 from the left, csc θ approaches ∞,

triangle represent the numerator, x, and the other

According to our new labels in the graph,

c. If restrictions are not put on the domain of the

Write each algebraic expression as a