Dislocations

Mechanical properties

Prof. Wendy Liu

BME111  Design  of  Biomaterials  Spring  2015      April  23    Lecture  7  Slide  1    
 Imperfections in the Crystal Lattice
•  Vacancy
•  Intersitital atoms
Point defects 10-10m
•  Substitutional atoms

•  Dislocations Line defects

–  Edges, Screws, Mixed

•  Grain boundaries
•  Stacking Faults Planar defects
•  Twin Boundaries

•  Void, Inclusions Volume defects 10-2m

BME111  Design  of  Biomaterials  Spring  2015      April  23    Lecture  7  Slide  2    
 Line defects

•  One dimensional defects around which atoms are

misaligned

•  Slip or movement between crystal planes

•  Can form during crystal growth or induced by mechanical

strain

BME111  Design  of  Biomaterials  Spring  2015      April  23    Lecture  7  Slide  3    
 Edge dislocation
•  a linear defect caused by an extra half-plane of atoms
•  the defect is defined along the end of the extra half-plane
of atoms

BME111  Design  of  Biomaterials  Spring  2015      April  23    Lecture  7  Slide  4    
 Burger’s Vector, b

•  Used to define the direction and magnitude of a

dislocation

•  For an edge dislocation, the Burger’s vector is perpendicular

to the dislocation line

BME111  Design  of  Biomaterials  Spring  2015      April  23    Lecture  7  Slide  5    
 Screw vs. Edge Dislocations

Edge

Screw

BME111  Design  of  Biomaterials  Spring  2015      April  23    Lecture  7  Slide  6    
 Screw dislocation
•  a linear defect caused by rotation of crystals resulting
from shear forces
Screw Dislocation

b  
Dislocation
line
Burgers vector b (b)
(a)
Adapted  from  Fig.  4.4,  Callister  &  Rethwisch  8e.  

BME111  Design  of  Biomaterials  Spring  2015      April  23    Lecture  7  Slide  7    
 Edge, Screw, and Mixed Dislocation
Mixed

Edge

Screw
•  For a mixed dislocation, the dislocation line is neither perpendicular
(as for edge) or parallel (as for screw) to the Burger’s vector
Adapted  from  Fig.  4.5,  Callister  &  Rethwisch  8e.  

BME111  Design  of  Biomaterials  Spring  2015      April  23    Lecture  7  Slide  8    
 Plasticity results from moving dislocations

•  Plasticity is permanent deformations in the material– mechanical

energy supplies energy to break bonds required for dislocations to
move
•  For crystalline materials, plastic deformation is referred to as slip
•  Factors affecting plasticity (ductile vs brittle)
–  Number of possible slip systems – the more possibilities, the
more ductile – and distance between nearest neighbors (FCC
>BCC > HCP)
–  Metals vs. ceramics

BME111  Design  of  Biomaterials  Spring  2015      April  23    Lecture  7  Slide  9    
 Movement of atoms usually occurs along the
most close-packed direction

(100)   (101)  (101)    

(010)   (011)  (011)  
(001)   (110)  (110)  
   
{100}  family   {110}  family  
   
3  planes  x  2  direcMons  =  6  systems   (6  planes  x2  direcMons  =12  slip  systems)  
 
(111)  
(111)  
(111)  
(111)  
 
{111}  family  
 
4  planes  x  3  direcMons  

BME111  Design  of  Biomaterials  Spring  2015      April  23    Lecture  7  Slide  10    
 Planar Defects
•  Defects along planes or 2D
surfaces in a material
•  Atoms on this plane are not
bonded to the maximum
number of nearest neighbors –
possess surface or interfacial
energy (energy/area)
•  Surface of material – highest
amount of surface energy
(more in the latter part of the
course)
•  Planar defects along the
Adapted  from  Fig.  4.7,  Callister  &  Rethwisch  8e.  
interior of the material also
•  Grain boundary separates two small have higher energy –
grains, or crystals having different interfacial energy, called a
crystallographic orientations grain boundary

BME111  Design  of  Biomaterials  Spring  2015      April  23    Lecture  7  Slide  11    
 Grain boundaries
•  Grain boundaries result from solidification of materials
Solidification- result of casting of molten material
–  2 steps
•  Nuclei form in liquid
•  Nuclei grow to form crystals – grain structure

nuclei crystals growing grain structure

liquid Adapted  from  Fig.  4.14(b),  Callister  &  Rethwisch  8e.  
•  Crystals  grow  unMl  they  meet  each  other  

BME111  Design  of  Biomaterials  Spring  2015      April  23    Lecture  7  Slide  112
2    
 Grain boundaries can strengthen materials

•  By preventing dislocation slip

BME111  Design  of  Biomaterials  Spring  2015      April  23    Lecture  7  Slide  13    
 Volume Defects
•  Voids (empty space)
–  Useful for changing porosity to allow cell ingrowth
–  Introduce porogens during fabrication process, then leach out

•  Precipitates or inclusions
–  May introduce a second material to change material properties

BME111  Design  of  Biomaterials  Spring  2015      April  23    Lecture  7  Slide  14    
 Elastic and plastic deformation

1.  IniMal   2.  Small  load   3.  Larger  load  

bonds    
bonds     stretch    
stretch  
&  planes    
slip  

δ
δelasMc  +  plasMc  
F  
ElasMc  deformaMons  are  reversible  
Dependent  on  interatomic  forces   F  
PlasMc  deformaMons  are  irreversible  

BME111  Design  of  Biomaterials  Spring  2015      April  23    Lecture  7  Slide  15    
 Stress and Strain

•  Stress: force per unit area resulting from applied load

tension, compression, shear, torsion

F
Stress = σ =
A
–  Newtons per m2 or MPa, mega-Pascals (1MPa = 106N/m2) or psi
(pounds force per square inch)

•  Strain: physical deformation response of materials to

stress (unitless)

BME111  Design  of  Biomaterials  Spring  2015      April  23    Lecture  7  Slide  16    
 Elastic vs. plastic deformation
•  Simple  tension  test:  
ElasMc+PlasMc    
engineering  stress,  σ   at  larger  stress  

ElasMc    
iniMally  
permanent  (plasMc)    
aYer  load  is  removed  

εp engineering  strain,  ε    

plasMc  strain   Adapted  from  Fig.  7.10  (a),  

Callister  &  Rethwisch  3e.    

BME111  Design  of  Biomaterials  Spring  2015      April  23    Lecture  7  Slide  17    
 Tension and compression
Applied force is perpendicular to the cross-sectional area of the sample material
tension   compression  
Fnormal
Stress  (sigma)   σ=
Ao
 − o
ε=
Strain  (epsilon)   o

ElasMc   σ = Eε
response  
Hooke’s  Law  

•  E is the Young’s modulus, or elastic modulus of the material

•  For compression, force F is negative and results in a negative
stress, lo is greater than l, so strain is also negative

BME111  Design  of  Biomaterials  Spring  2015      April  23    Lecture  7  Slide  18