Review of Related Literature

Prevalence of Mañana Habit

To Many, Mañana Habit is commonly seen in students wherein this habit encourages the

individual to procrastinate or simply the act of procrastination that has a possibility that it will lead

to failure to accomplish tasks or experience cramming. This habit often results to a very

unorganized way of doing things that affects the overall work performance of an individual.

According to Pepoa (2010), the manana habit can be also considered as the “procrastination virus”

since it has a lot of negative effects to us. Wherein this habit has made us become lazier and less

efficient in doing tasks. Procrastination on academic tasks is a common problem among middle

school students and college students, and it is one of the most significant causes of students’ failure

to learn and to achieve academic success (Balkis, Duru & Duru, 2009); (Solomon & Rothblum,

1984). A research conducted by Ellis and Knaus (1977) indicates that there is a high occurrence

of procrastination across social classes, especially among youth and adolescents. In the research,

it is estimated that 95 percent of youth and adolescents experience procrastination at some point.

Factors Contributing to occurrence of Procrastination

In observing a certain phenomenon or event, one must learn to observe and determine

the factors that contribute to the occurrence of the event. That’s why there are various factors that

could possibly contribute to the occurrence of procrastination, wherein it can either be physical,

emotional, psychological or simply its environment could possibly trigger this behavior.

According to LeUnes & Nation (2002), motivation is a psychological and social forces that drives

an individual to take part in certain activity or perform something that can influence a student's
effort as well as his or her determination placed onto the assignment. Procrastination can possibly

be caused by personality-related factors that happens to the students who have the habit of

procrastination. Wherein it is a form of student’s perfectionism. (Ferrari et al., 1995) Although

previous studies have explored the consequences of academic procrastination, there has been

scarcely any analysis of its causes. Some research has attempted to investigate the causes for

academic procrastination in college students by assessing its relations with various personality

traits (Johnson and Bloom 1995; Lay et al. 1998; Lubbers et al. 2010). Other personal

characteristics, such as self-regulation, self-efficacy, and self-esteem, have received the most

attention as variables investigated in relation to or as causes of academic procrastination (Steel

2007).

Causes and Effects of Mañana Habit

Since many Filipinos are slowly becoming inherent of Mañana Habit, it has produced

many and different effects to an individual. Due to this habit it has caused us to achieve less instead

and made us miss a lot of opportunities. Also, it is also one of the greatest reasons why we become

less productive and why we give our outputs late which prevents us from growing as human beings

(Pepoa, 2010). In a research conducted by Rothblum and her colleagues (1986), they found that

college students reported fear of failure and aversiveness of the task are the main reasons for

delaying such academic tasks as writing a term paper. This habit results us in a very unorganized

way of doing things, specifically for office tasks because it affects the overall performance of an

employee. Skipping deadlines, stress and anxiety are just some effects of that habit. The most

prominent effect of procrastination is weak individual performance that interferes with

organizational performance (Dewitte & Schouwenburg, 2002). Schraw, Wadkins and Olafson's
(2007) stated that students with higher level of self-efficacy, tend to procrastinate more than others.

Wherein they were extremely confident in their ability to complete tasks, and if there is no deadline

or some extrinsic or external motivator for them, they found it difficult or even impossible to

motivate them. On the other hand, Wolter's study (2003) disagreed with it, and stated that students

of low self-efficacy were more likely to engage in procrastinating works. The most prominent

effect of procrastination is weak individual performance that interferes with organizational

performance (Dewitte & Schouwenburg, 2002).

A Discovery on the Factors that Prompt the Mañana Habit

to Senior High School Students: A Qualitative Study

Submitted to:

Mr. Melvin Macuha

Submitted by:

Ballad, Andrea Aliza L.

Bautista, Nathaniel B.

De Perio, Julia Rhose S.

Victorino, Vianca Jhanel T.

Gr. 11 – St. John the Baptist