FR4 Suitability of Different Test Voltages For On Site Cable Testing Rev00

SUITABILITY OF DIFFERENT
TEST VOLTAGES FOR

ON-SITE TESTING OF
XLPE CABLE SYSTEMS
Michael Hensel
HIGHVOLT Prüftechnik Dresden GmbH
Content
1  Introduction
 Test parameters and their significance
2
 Differences between AC/DC and MV/HV cables

 Comparison of test methods
 IEC Standard
Suitability of different test voltages for on-site testing of XLPE cable systems 2
Introduction
Cable Life
Mistake
Ageing
Damage
Repair
Operation
Manufacturing Transportation Installation
50/60 Hz
Cable life 
Testing
Testing
Testing
Power-
freq.
50/60
Hz
Introduction
Commissioning and Diagnostic Testing
Commissioning test
Quality control after installation of the cable system
Detecting all faults which would lead to a breakdown during

Aim
service time of the cable system
Diagnostic test
Check of specific values of the cable system
Condition assessment for remaining life time estimation
Aim
of the cable system
Content
1  Introduction
2

 IEC Standard
Test parameters and their significance
Characteristics of Test Methods to be Assessed
Comparison of test methods shall be based on

parameters describing
1) The harmfulness for healthy insulation
2) The usefulness of a test method for an application, i.e. the
capabilities to distinguish between healthy and defective
insulation
3) The applicability (for example expressed by the equipment
size, weight and its power consumption)
Numbers 2 and 3 are only worth discussing if the previous

numbers are answered satisfactorily
Why test with same Type of Stresses as in Service?
A Cable System
 Will be used with constant AC stresses (with occasional
switching and lightning overvoltages)
 Quality depends only on performance under these
stresses – A good cable is one that works well a long
time, not one that passed a certain test
A Test should therefore

 “Produce the same dielectric effect the insulation as
overvoltages ... in service” (IEC 60071-1)
 Thereby be sensitive to those faults dangerous during
operation
Which parameters are interesting?
Purpose of test
 Initiate discharges in defects so that they can be found
 Withstand test: Cause sufficient growth in the defects to
lead to breakdown
Influential test parameters:

 Test voltage value
 Test voltage duration (both for PD inception as for growth)
 Test voltage wave shape (type of stress)
Type and amount of stress is important for

significance of test
What is a Significant Test?
Cable system without faults:

Test result  cable system is healthy
Test result  cable system is not healthy
Cable system with faults:

Test result  cable system is not healthy
Test result  cable system is healthy
Content
1  Introduction
2

 IEC Standard
Differences between AC/DC and MV/HV cables
Field Distribution in Layered Dielectrics
XLPE Cable System

H
V
AC Conditions:
C R
 tan d = 
 ic >> ir
 Capacitive field control
DC conditions (without consideration of space charges):

 C becomes irrelevant
 Resistive field control
 Defects usually have lower resistance and lower field
Differences between MV, HV and EHV cables
Examples for Typical Cable Geometry

 MV Cable: 24 kV, insulation thickness 5.5 mm, mean
operational field strength at voltage peak 3.1 kV/mm
 HV Cable: 138 kV, insulation thickness 17.8 mm, mean
 EHV Cable: 400 kV, insulation thickness 26 mm, mean
Differences between MV, HV and EHV Cables
Technical Consequences
 Field strength increases with cable voltage
 Recommended limit for test field strength (XLPE):
27-30 kV/mm
 Allowed ratio between test voltages and operational voltages
for MV 4 times and for HV 2 times higher than for EHV XLPE
cables
 Test methods using higher overvoltage's can be applied for
MV cables
 Using these methods for HV and EHV cables test voltages
would have to be reduced, in turn reducing sensitivity of test
Content
1  Introduction
2

 IEC Standard
DC
(1) Mainly used for testing of oil-paper cables
(2) Experience and research showed that DC voltage creates space

charges in solid, extruded insulations designed for AC applications
(3) These space charges can lead to a breakdown when AC voltage is

applied to the test object after the DC test
Space charges endanger an otherwise healthy cable system
DC voltage is therefore not used for commissioning and

diagnosic tests on AC cable systems
Very Low Frequency (VLF)
(1) Continous voltage with a frequency between 0.01 to 1 Hz, typically

used for testing 0.1 Hz (Europe)
(2) Due to the low frequency the capacitive field control is not longer dominant
 reduced field strength in the faults  higher voltage necessary in comparison
with AC of power frequency
Limit is here the max. field strength for XLPE of approx. 30 kV/mm
(3) Due to the few voltage cycles PD measuring is not as sensitive as
with power frequency
(4) Experience shows that the detection/diagnostic of water trees with VLF works well
(5) Comparability between different VLF test results is well given but the comparison to
a test with AC power frequency is difficult due to the different field control effects
(capacitive/resistive)
(6) VLF testing in a well defined test procedure for MV applications
For MV cable systems  well established

For EHV cable systems  not standardized
Very Low Frequency (VLF)
OWTS/DAC (Oscillating wave)
(1) Usage of the cable system as test energy storage by charging it with a DC current
(2) The DC charging ramp poses the danger for creating space charges
Might lead to a breakdown of a otherwise healthy insulation
(3) Typical test procedure of 50 „shots“ equals ~ 10 s of continuous AC voltage
(depending on the capacitance of the cable system)
Only faults with a PD inception time of ~ 10 s can be detected
(4) Does not represent stress under service conditions
(5) Test time highly depends on the parameters of the cable and the test system
 very bad repeatability and thus not comparable
(6) Due to DC charging different behavior of insulation compared to power frequency AC
test and contiuous AC test  not comparable with factory test or other on-site tests
Not standardized and not recommended for commissioning testing

Typical usage for diagnostic testing of MV cables where the safety margin in
the electrical field strength is bigger compared to HV and EHV cable systems
OWTS/DAC (Oscillating wave)
Continuous AC 20-300 Hz
(1) Usually resonant circuit with fixed inductance and frequency converter as supply
(2) Test voltage very similar to service voltage. Even at 20 Hz, 1 hour is equivalent with
72.000 oscillations  high probability to initiate discharges in faults  very good
possibilities to detect faults / e.g. PD
(3) Electric field distribution is very close to that under service voltage  represents
very well the stess under service conditions
(4) Very high comparability with tests done at power frequency in the factory
(5) Test can be repeated even on other cables  very good repeatability
(6) Test is very well defined in the standards and the existing experience of ~ 20.000
test conducted worldwide with continous AC between 20 - 300 Hz shows similar
performance like the tests done in the factories
Standardized and well suitable for commissioning and

diagnostic testing of MV/HV/EHV cable systems
Continuous AC 20-300 Hz
24 h rated voltage
(1) Voltage form and frequency identical to service conditions
(2) Only faults which lead to a breakdown withhin 24 h of cable system service voltage
can be found
(3) PD measuring increases the chance to find more defects, but still all the faults with
a PD inception time >24 h remain undetected
Commissioning testing with 24 h of rated voltage is like a “1 day guarantee”
Well suitable for diagnostic testing of MV/HV/EHV cable systems

Not recommended for commissioning testing
Content
1  Introduction
2

 IEC Standard
IEC Standard
IEC 60502 old version
IEC Standard
IEC 60502 new version
IEC 60502-2
IEC Standard
IEC 60502 new version
IEC 60502-2
IEC Standard
IEC 60840 latest version
IEC 60840
IEC Standard
IEC 60840
IEC Standard
IEC 62067
IEC Standard
IEC 62067
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Michael Hensel
HIGHVOLT Prüftechnik Dresden GmbH
MV cable test van 36 kV / 10 A
HV cable test system 260/80 kV – 83 A
Parallel and Series Connections for long HV
Cable Test
L1 + L4 L2 + L5 L3 + L6
6 x WRV 83/260 T
L4 II L5 II L6
Cable type: 400kV XLPE
Cable length: 16km
Cable capacitance: 2360nF
Test voltage: 260kV
Test duration: 1 hour

FR4 Suitability of Different Test Voltages For On Site Cable Testing Rev00

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SUITABILITY OF DIFFERENT

TEST VOLTAGES FOR

 Differences between AC/DC and MV/HV cables

Detecting all faults which would lead to a breakdown during

 Differences between AC/DC and MV/HV cables

Comparison of test methods shall be based on

Numbers 2 and 3 are only worth discussing if the previous

A Test should therefore

Influential test parameters:

Type and amount of stress is important for

Cable system without faults:

Cable system with faults:

 Differences between AC/DC and MV/HV cables

XLPE Cable System

DC conditions (without consideration of space charges):

Examples for Typical Cable Geometry

 Differences between AC/DC and MV/HV cables

(1) Mainly used for testing of oil-paper cables

(2) Experience and research showed that DC voltage creates space

(3) These space charges can lead to a breakdown when AC voltage is

Space charges endanger an otherwise healthy cable system

DC voltage is therefore not used for commissioning and

(1) Continous voltage with a frequency between 0.01 to 1 Hz, typically

For MV cable systems  well established

Not standardized and not recommended for commissioning testing

Standardized and well suitable for commissioning and

(1) Voltage form and frequency identical to service conditions

Commissioning testing with 24 h of rated voltage is like a “1 day guarantee”

Well suitable for diagnostic testing of MV/HV/EHV cable systems

 Differences between AC/DC and MV/HV cables

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