act - smallest unit of discourse : like a clause, contains a proposition, like an
uptake [discourse anal.]
action research - techer based ; to improove your own teaching [classroom observation] accelerated learning - how to achieve a relaxed, yet receptive state of mind involving left and right brains accomodation - or speech : how we speak to our interlocutor (convergence, divergence, speech maint.) accuracy - see. usage affective strategies - lowering anxiety, ecouraging yourself, relaxing analytical test - form based, manipulative, atavistic, descrete, objective, quantitative synthetic [testing] approach - appropriateness - see. use approximate system = interlanguage ; the acquired language - never reaches the target L. aptitude - "nyelvérzék" : phonetic coding ability, grammatical sensitivity, inductive ability bottom-up processing - inspirative writing (putting down everything immediately) top-down [prod.skills] breach of the code - performance error : eg.: daddy's chair - daddy chair [error analyses] caretaker speech - language used by teacher when teaching [interlanguage analyses] classroom research - research on SL learning and teaching whose data are derived from observation or measurement of the classroom performance of teachers and students [classroom observation] CLL - Community Language Learning : humanistic involvement; students generate text, counselling-therapy... cloze - reading test : every X word is deleted - random: automatically every xth; rational: purposeful cognitive ability - the academic language ability; perceiving, conceptualizing, organizing information cognitive strategies - practicing (repetitions), converstions, translating & analysing, summarizing coherence - the way of connecting text, so that it can be understood [discourse analyses] cohesion - linguistic signes show that the text belongs together [discourse analyses] collaborative writing - putting down ideas before writing [productive skills (writing)] compensation strategies - guessing intelligently, switching to mother-tounge, gestures... competence - person's knowledge of his language communicative competence - the speaker's ability to produce and understand sentences app. to context communicative testing - integrative, improved subjective scoring; eg.: open rational Cloze [testing] concept question - concentrating on part. gramm. prob. eg.: When did J. use to drink? (see. marker sent.) contextualization - how a text is inserted in the context contrastive analyses - the comparison of two languages (similarities and differences) convergence - way of accomodation ; change to the interlocutor's way of talk eg.: baby-talk criterion-referenced test - do not discriminate between testees, but sets up a rank scale beforehead [testing] covered error or idiosecrecy - performance error : eg.: he asked the dictionary [error analyses] the critical period - age; when you should start learning [strategies & personal features] deductive teaching - rule first examples inductive teaching depth - memorable encounter of a word, so you can remember it... descriptive grammar - developmental error - errors deriving from learning [error analyses] discourse - coherent, interpersonal, suprasentential language use (appropriate in the situation) discourse analyses - qualitative meas. uses linguistic and pedagogical systems [classroom observation] discourse competence - cohesion and coherence, textual skills, knowledge of building up a text divergence - way of accomodation ; we want to show we're different from our interlocutor drama - everybody involved; liberation and empathy exercise [soc.ling.comp. & productive skills] EAP - English for Academic Purposes (eg.: Content Based Language Teaching, Genre Analyses, etc.) EFL - English as a Foreign Language ESL - English as a Second Language ESP - English for Selected Purposes (eg.: selected vocabulary for one particular business) echo correction - mother like repeat of the correct version (of word) [interlanguage analyses] error - systematically recurrent branches of the code; teacher has to correct [error analyses] error analyses - the identification, descrption, and explanation of mistakes exchange - unit of discourse : the smallest unit of negotiated meaning [discourse analyses] exercise - humanistic: personalization, transaction : passing info., interactive : how [productive skills] explicit grammar - providing a lot of rules implicit grammar (see. normative grammar) extensive reading - reading in quantity for information or enjoyment, not focusing on every unkown item field (in/)dependence - how one sees the world (logical or global) [strtegies & personal features] fluency - how unbroke and fluent your speech is (vs. accuracy) [sociolinguistic competence] the four skills - receptive : listening, reading; productive :writing, speaking foreigner talk - language used by the student [interlanguage analyses] form - organiztaion of formal elements (see. usage & accuracy) formal reduction - simplification for the sake of fluency [discourse analyses] fossiliztaion - when reorganization of the L. stops - pronounciation most quickly [int.L. analyses] FTA - Face Threathening Acts : public image that can be ruined by other people's speech [discourse.an.] function - pragmatic contextualization of message (see. use & appropriateness) functional reduction - see. message adjustment [discourse analyses] game - psychological situation practicing repetitive actions and patterns [strategies & personal features] grammatical competence - accuracy, knowledge of the L.code, rules, vocabulary, pron., spelling hypothesis driven - when you have a pre-set idea of what to observe in class [classroom observation] hypothesis generating - before observing class you have no pre-set idea of what to observe driven illocution - part of speech-act : the speaker's intention (to say that smg.) [sociolinguistic comp.] implicit grammar - no rules, but a lot of practice and repetition explicit grammar inductive teaching - lot of examples they build rule deductive teaching information gap - speaking exercise using picture [productive skills] input - whatever the teacher gives (should be more than output) [interlanguage analyses] intake - what students remember from the input [interlanguage analyses] intensive reading - reading a passage in depth for complete comprehension and/or analyses extensive interaction analyses - uses instruments for objectively descrribing classroom behavior [classroom observation] interference (negative transfer) - L1 and L2 disagree [contrastive analyses] interlanguage analyses - the analyses of the acquired language (see. approximate system) interlingual error - caused by the interference of two languages eg.: Hunglish [error analyses] intralingual error - difficulty in acquiring the target language (also for young natives) [error analyses] jazz-chants - listening exercise [receptive skills (listening)] language awareness - knowledge of grammar; gives insight on L. [grammatical competence] lapse - performance error : slip of the tounge; usually self corrected [error analyses] lexical chunks - grammar tought as vocabulary see. implicit grammar [grammatical competence] locution - part of speech-act : what is said/heard/seen [sociolinguistic competence] markedness - error : eg.: I ate a apple - He's an Europien marker sentence - concentarting on part. gramm. probl. eg. J. used to drink... (see. concept question) the maxim of relevance - sign of cooperation in discourse; showing what is important or not [discourse] memory - where (linguistic) knowledge is stored [strategies & personal features] memory pegs - eg.: one man, two apples, three dogs... [strategies & personal features] memory strategies - creating mental linkages, applying images to sounds, reviewing, employing action message adjustment - topic avoidance, message abandonment, meaning replacement lack of L. metacognitive strategies - centering learning, planning learning, evaluating method - micro-teaching - mistake - can be lapse or error (see there) [error analyses] move - unit of discourse : speech-act, often coterminous with utterance [discourse analyses] needs analyses - specified in sociolinguistic terms, who and how rather than what... noise-test - listening exercise; recognition of sounds and disturbed conversations [receptive skills (list.)] non-directive approach - humanistic strategie : learnerr directs his own learning [strategies & pers.features] norm-referenced test - is aimed at maximizing the differences between the test takers [testing] normative grammar - rule orientated (see. explicit grammar) [grammatical competence] notion - grammatical concepts expressed non-linguistically [sociolinguistic competence] oral test - checks fluency, vocabulary, grammatical correctness, pronounciation, interactive comm. [testing] output - what the students produce (less then input) [interlanguage analyses] pace - how fast a lesson is [classroom observation] passive listening - din in the ear; relaxed, barrier-free to sounds, plenty to listen to selective [recept.skills] pedagogical observation - see what the supervisor does headmaster giving advice [classroom observation] performance - the specific utterance of speech perlocution - part of speech-act : the hearer's understanding (of what you say) [socioling.comp.] piloting - trying out the test : does not mean breach of secrecy; it is a must [testing] pragmatic failure - faliure of speech-act : often becuse of cross-culture differences [socioling.comp.] pre-scientific testing - integrative, subjective ; eg.: a global marking of a translation [testing] productive skills - 1. speaking 2. writing (see handout) productive vocabulary - the active words (2000 considered OK) receptive vocabulary psychometric approach - compares the effects of specific instructional programs or methods on student learning outcomes, as measured by standardized proficiency tests or achievement tests. [classroom observation] psychometric testing - structuralist, discrete point, objective ; eg.: multiple chioce [testing] rating - after class you evaluate on a rate [classroom observation] rapport - student-teacher relationship [classroom observation] real time coding - when you fit a code in class, and observe how many... [classroom observation] receptive skills - 1. listening 2. reading (see handout) receptive vocabulary - the deductive/passive words (2000-7000 OK) productive vocabulary redundancy - "terjengôség" : using a lot of explanation not appropriate [productive skills (speaking)] register - reliability - the extent to which a test is free of random measurement error and produces consistent results. role-play - practice dialogue (set,guided,open and controlled,semi- controlled,free)[soc.ling.comp.&prod.skills] scanning - a reading technique : looking for a specific information [receptive skills (reading)] schema theory - selective listening - concentrated; tone of voice, sounds, words, phrases, grammar passive [receptiveskills] simulation - imitates a real life situ.;needs a lot of background information [soc.ling.comp. & productive skills] skimming - a reading technique : reading through quickly for the gist [receptive skills (reading)] social strategies - asking questions, cooperating with others, empathizing with others Socratic elicitation - when error, then elicitation of the error [interlanguage analyses] speech-act - what you do with the learnt language (locution, illocution, perlocution) [socioling.comp.] speech maintenance - way of accomodation ; the ignorance of the interlocutor standardization - checks the reliability and validity of the test [testing] strategic competence - communication strategies, knowledge of enabeling to overcome difficulties strategies - direct : memory, cognitive, compensation; indirect : metacognitive, affective, social STT - Student Talking Time [classroom observation] suggestopedia - a way of accelerated learning [strategies & personal features] synthetic testing - use based, communicative, holistic, integrative, subjective, qualitative analytical [test] teaching skills and strategies - test - a sample behaviour on the basis of which inferences are made about the underlying competence of the testee. Can be analitic or syntactic [testing] test analyses - check the skewness of the curve to see if it follows normal distribution. [testing] top-down processing - making a sketch before writing bottom-up [productive skills (writing)] transaction - unit of discourse : scenes, series of speech-act sequels [discourse analyses] transfer of training - teacher training : how they tell will add to what they tell; the form dominates transfer - L1 helps L2 learning [contrastive analyses] triangulation - confronting 3 perspectives (observer, teacher, student) [classroom observation] TTT - Teacher Talking Time [clasroom observation] turn - who is speaking (holding the floor while you speak) [discourse analyses] usage - accuracy; the correct grammar use (form) [interlanguage analyses] use - appropriateness; the appropriate use of L. according to the situation (function) [interL. anal.] validity - the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure and nothing else [testing] written test - checks accuracy, coherence and register. Genre requirements need to be met. [testing]