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Factors determine:
Factors that ditermine the - heat conduction by the subcutaneous tissue
metabolic rate - heat conduction of the skin
- blood flow from the core body to the skin
- basal metabolic rate of all cell - sympathetic factor
- muscle activity/shivering (vasoconstriction/vasodilatation)
- hormones activity (thyroxine,) - basic physics of heat transfer
- sympathetic activity - radiation - convection
- activity of the cells themselves - conduction - evaporation
- specific dynamic action of the - sweating & autonomic regulation
food (thermogenic effect) - set point
The mechanism of heat transfer between the body and its environment
The mechanism of heat transfer between the body and its environment
Heat loss at rest in ambient
environmental conditions:
-60% via radiation
-12% via convective air currents
-3% via conduction (e.g. feet to floor)
-25% via evaporation (lungs and skin)
During exercise:
-Up to 80% via evaporation of sweat from the skin (dependent on humidity
The poikilotherm and homiotherm organisms
Organisms
exchange
heat by four
physical
processes:
The poikilotherm and homiotherm organisms
Oral temperature is one of the common sites for measuring Tc in the clinical
setting. Oral temperature fluctuates about 0.4°C below IPA temperature.
The axilla temperature is measured under the armpit, near to the brachial artery.
Axilla temperature measurement is practical, non-invasive and safe, and is
suitable for infants and younger children
Rectal temperature
is measured by inserting a thermistor rectal probe or a thermometer about
8 cm past the external anal sphincter.
This is one of the most common methods for measuring Tc in the
laboratory.
Rectal temperature reading is stable and is not influenced by ambient
conditions.
Homeostatic
Deep body tissue:
Control
Mechanisms
Warm’
(Ruffini)
Receptor
Cold
(Krause) Posterior
Set point Somatic Control
centre
Autonomic N
Effector
Hormonal
Temperature regulating centres Con’t:
The temp. of the body is regulated almost entirely by temp. regulating centers
located in the hypothalamus
1.The anterior hypothalamus-preoptic area :
The preoptic & anterior hypothalamic nuclei contain two types of neurons :
A)Heat – Sensitive neurons(receptors) which are present in large numbers.
They increase their rate of firing as the temp. rises.
B)Cold – sensitive neurons (receptors) which are less in number than the heat
sensitive neurons.Their firing rate increase when the body temp. falls. Both of
these types of cells function as temp. sensor for controlling body temp.
•2. The posterior hypothalamus : The posterior hypothalamus contains a
special area located bilaterally,approximately at the leval of the mammary
bodies. This area receives signals from the anterior hypothalamus -preoptic
area and from peripheral receptors where they are combined to provide
mainly the heat producing and heat conserving reactions. (it is the regulating
C., it is the thermostat.)
Hypothalamus Regulation of Temperature
Mechanisms are activated in two ways:
Direct stimulation of hypothalamus through changes in blood temperature
perfusing area
Indirect Thermal receptors in skin provide input to central command
Deep body tissue: Mainly in the spinal cord, in the abdominal viscera, and
around the great veins
The regulation of
Reflex
body temperature
Hyperthermia
Heat
Heat Production
Loss
Increase Decrease Increase Decrease
Hypothermia
Hyperthermia :
It means an elevation of body temp. higher than the thermoregulatory set
point, usually due to an exogenous cause.
It may be caused by :
1)Increased heat production e.g. by severe muscular exercise or high
environmental temp., which exceeds the normal capacity of heat loss
mechanism.
2)Impaired heat loss e.g. due to high humidity or drugs that impair sweating
such as anticholinergics. Hyperthermia
Heat
Heat Production
Loss
Decrease
Increase
High Surface
Temp. decreasing mechanisms activated by heat : Conduction Temperature
>> BMR
Heat transfer
Conduction
Convection vs Air current
Evaporation vs Humidity
Radiation
The method to measure the humidity
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature
Less than 80 White Extremely intense physical exertion may precipitate heat
exhaustion or heat stroke, therefore, caution must be taken
85-87.9 Yellow(Amber) Strenuous exercise and activity must be curtailed for new
and unacclimatized personnel during the first 3 weeks of
heat exposure. Outdoor classes in the sun must be avoided
when the WBGT index exceeds 85.
88-89.9 Red Strenuous exercise must be curtailed for all personnel with
less than 12 weeks training in hot weather.
•Cold strain
–Exposure to cold produces physiological & psychological challenges
–Body fat differences effect physiological function in cold
•Acclimatization to the Cold
Humans adapt more successfully to chronic heat than
cold exposure.
Exercise in the Cold
• Evaluating Environmental
Cold Stress
– Wind chill index
• Respiratory tract in Cold
– Cold air does not
damage respiratory
passages.
– Air warms to between
80° F to 90° F as it
reaches bronchi.
– Humidification of
inspired cold air
produces water & heat
loss from respiratory
tract.
Abnormalities Of Body Temp. Regulation
Fever ( pyrexia) : It means an elevation of core body temp. above the level which is
normally maintained by the individual. It results when the set point of the
hypothalamic temp. control system is elevated to a new point above 37 0C.
Consequently, all the mechanisms for raising the body temp. are activated including
shivering and cutaneous vasoconstriction. Within few hours the body Temperature
approaches the new set point temperature which rarely exceeds 41.1 0C.
Pathogenesis Of Fever :
• Substances which elevate the set point are called “pyrogens” and they include bacterial
toxins,components of various micro organisms and products of tissue degeneration.
• These substances act on cells of the immune system including monocytes, macrophages
and kupffer cells to produce cytokines that act as endogenous pyrogens (EP S)eg. Interleukin
1 (IL-1), tumour necrosis factor or (TNF), IL-6 and several interferons
•Therefore cytokines activate the preoptic area of the hypothalamus most probably through
local release of prostaglandins. They may inter act directly with neutral tissues. Drugs that
reduce the level of fever are called “antipyretics”e.g. aspirin. They act by blocking the
synthesis of prostaglandins.
• Fever, within limits, is presumably beneficial because it may inhibit the growth of many
micro organisms and increase antibody production.
•However very high temp. are harmful.When the rectal temp. is over
410C for prolonged periods, some permanent brain damage results.
A summary of the differences between hyperthermia, hypothermia, and fever.
Hyperthermia: Characterized on the left. Normal body temperature (thermoregulatory set-point)
is shown in green, while the hyperthermic temperature is shown in red. As can be seen,
hyperthermia can be conceptualized as an increase above the thermoregulatory set-point.
Hypothermia: Characterized in the center: Normal body temperature is shown in green, while
the hypothermic temperature is shown in blue. As can be seen, hypothermia can be
conceptualized as a decrease below the thermoregulatory set-point.
Fever: Characterized on the right: Normal body temperature is shown in
green. It reads "New Normal" because the thermoregulatory set-point
has risen. This has caused what was the normal body temperature
(in blue) to be considered hypothermic.
Thanks for your attention
Any Question?
Reference
Lauralee Sherwood: Human Physiology;. Department of Physiology and
Pharmacology School of Medicine West Virginia University. rooks/Cole
10 Davis Drive Belm
Arthur C. Guyton, M.D., John E. Hall, Ph.D:Text Book of Medical Physiology;.
Department of Physiology and Biophysics University of Mississippi Medical
Center Jackson, Mississippi, 11th ed. Philadelphia, Saunders.
Vander et al's : Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function,
9th ed , the McGraw-Hill Publishing
W.F.: Ganong MD: Review of Medical Physiology, 12th ed , Lange
Medical Publications
Mc Naught C. Illustrated Physiology 5th Ed Churchill Livingstone,1990
FMS3,W1:Homeostasis-Thermoregulation, Dr. med.dr AgusW.Budi
Santoso. AIF.PFK, UPH-Medical School. 2010
Other sources,
Homeostatic mechanism regulates body temperature
Control center
The brain detects the
deviation from the set
point and signals effector
organs.
Receptors Effectors
Thermoreceptors send Skin blood vessels dilate
signals to the control center. and sweat glands secrete.
Stimulus Response
Body temperature Body heat is lost to surroundings,
rises above normal. temperature drops toward normal.
too high
Normal body
Temperature
37oC (98.6oF)
too low
Stimulus Response
Body temperature Body heat is conserved,
drops below normal. temperature rises toward normal.
Control center
The brain detects the
deviation from the set point
If body temperature
and signals effector organs.
continues to drop, control
center signals muscles to
contract involuntarily.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The thermostatic
function of the
hypothalamus in
human
thermoregulation.
Homeostatic Regulation of Body Temperature through Negative
Feedback
Stress is reduced
shutting down
mechanism
Increased activity
of sweat glands
Perspiration
evaporates cooling
the skin Increased blood
flow to the skin
Effect
Effectors