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Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

ACLU Staff. “Reconciling Faith and Evolution in the Classroom: A Conversation with Susan

Epperson, 42 Years Later.” American Civil Liberties Union, American Civil Liberties

Union, 9 Dec. 2010, www.aclu.org/other/reconciling-faith-and-evolution-classroom-

conversation-susan-epperson-42-years-later.

The article is an interview with Susan Epperson, the plaintiff in Epperson v. Arkansas.

The interview includes Epperson discussing how the trial impacted life for students and

teachers, and the long term significance of overturning religious laws. Epperson

discussed how her trial helped change the way religion and education interacted in the

United States. We used this information to help format a page on the significance of the

Scopes trial, as the Scopes trial directly caused the legislation being overturned in

Epperson's case.

ACLU. “Susan Epperson and John Scopes (1969).” American Civil Liberties Union, American

Civil Liberties Union, www.aclu.org/other/reconciling-faith-and-evolution-classroom-

conversation-susan-epperson-42-years-later.

The photograph, from the ACLU, shows Susan Epperson, a teacher who sued against a

similar Act to the Butler Act, and an older John T. Scopes talking. The photograph was

used to connect the relevance of the two cases on the Conflict in the Courtroom section.

Bettman, Getty Archives. “The Scopes Trial during Its Period Outside the Courthouse.” Things

You Missed In History Class , How Stuff Works, 24 May 2017,

www.missedinhistory.com/podcasts/scopes-trial.htm. The image depicts an image after

the Scopes Trial, of the members of the original meeting discussing the case. We used the
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image on our website to provide a visual of what the first meeting that led to the trial

looked like.

Bryan, William Jennings, and Lowell Harris. Coate. The Dawn of Humanity.: The Menace

of Darwinism, and the Bible and Its Enemies. Altruist Foundation, 1925.

The book is a written piece by William Jennings Bryan, the prosecutor of the trial. The

book expressed Bryan's fundamentalist principles that would play a role in the trial

itself and representing the fundamentalist ideology. It posed Darwinism as unbelievable

and as a concept created to destroy proper Biblical belief. We used this information in

several of our pages to depict Bryan's fundamentalist view through embedded quotes.

Bryan, William Jennings. The Bible or Evolution? Sword of the Lord Foundation, 1925. The

book is a piece written by William Jennings Bryan, and is extremely biased in favor the

Fundamentalists. It presents the point of view of Fundamentalists and how they view

religion. We used the information to present the Fundamentalist mindset to the audience

of our website and establish their character.

The Daily Republican. “1925 Scopes 'Monkey' Trial Guilty Verdict.” Timothy Hughes Rare and

Early Newspapers , Timothy Hughes Rare and Early Newspapers ,

www.rarenewspapers.com/view/592495?imagelist=1.

The website was able to provide our site with the first-hand newspaper of July 21, 1925,

when the Scopes trial occurred. The newspaper provided evidence on how the Scopes

trial was relevant across the country. This also added on to the idea of the Scopes trial

being a 'media circus' in our project.

Darrow, Clarence. Attorney for the Damned: Clarence Darrow in the Courtroom. Simon and

Schuster, 1957.
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The source is a book written by Clarence Darrow, the defense attorney in the trial.

Darrow discusses how the Scopes Trial changed American society. The primary print

source showed most of its attention on the "Significance" page, as it showed, directly, in

Darrow's eyes what the trial had intended to do. Even though it was very likely Scopes

had taught the concept, it was not a question of if he did, but more of the implications of

doing so.

Darrow, Clarence, et al. The Essential Words and Writings of Clarence Darrow. Modern

Library, 2007. Google Books ,

books.google.com/books?id=Sk8HPjc_khIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_sum

mary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.

The book is an autobiographical book by Clarence Darrow about many of his ideas and

thoughts. The book served as primary level background of how Clarence Darrow

connected to the Modernist principles and gave us background of those who identified

themselves as modernists and why they felt so passionately towards the case. Within our

website, the source was most useful in quoting Clarence Darrow in court and describing

his perspectives, which was useful in our "Road to Trial" page.

Davis, Watson. “These Seven Scientists Volunteered to Travel to Dayton, Tennessee, to Testify

at the Trial of John Thomas Scopes. .” Smithsonian Institution Archive Blog ,

Smithsonian Institution Archive, 9 July 2015, siarchives.si.edu/blog/90th-anniversary-

scopes-trial.

The image depicts the witnesses for the defense that were prevented from testifying in the

courtroom. This site contributed directly to our project with its picture of witnesses for

the case under our compromise pages.

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Decillis, Fernando. “The Trial Jurors.” Smithsonian, Smithsonian, Apr. 2016,

www.smithsonianmag.com/history/dayton-tennessee-evolved-scopes-trial-180958497/.

The article discusses the trial and its jurors from Scopes’ trial. This article was able to

connect the present with the Scopes trial and express the extreme relevancy of it today. It

worked primarily to discuss the huge effect the trial had on our lives and how far the

witnesses at the trial had come. We used the information to provide relevance for the

case.

Decillis, Fernando. “Trial Reenactment Image.” Smithsonian, Smithsonian, Apr. 2016,

www.smithsonianmag.com/history/dayton-tennessee-evolved-scopes-trial-180958497/.

The image depicts the annual reenactment of the Scopes Trial. The website served to

portray the reenactment of the Scopes Trial on an annual basis and contributed most to

our "Significance" page because the trial is relevant to our civil rights to this day.

Dembski, William A., and Jay W. Richards. Unapologetic Apologetics: Meeting the Challenges

of Theological Studies. InterVarsity Press, 2001.

This book talked about how students in theological study have not impacted their

surroundings to believe as much as previous years. This book simply stood out as a

discussion of the possible effects of Scopes trial and the compromise that occurred. We

used this information to represent the relevance of the Scopes Trial over time.

“Evolution No Foe to Faith.” Becoming Modern: America in the 1920s, America in Class,

americainclass.org/sources/becomingmodern/divisions/text5/text5.htm.

The image is a newspaper about “Curator Hrdlicka” claiming that religion and science

are not enemies. We used the image to represent theistic evolution, a new mindset that

emerged from the Scopes Trial.

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Fausset, Richard. “Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan at the Scopes ‘Monkey Trial’

in 1925.” New York Times, New York Times, 14 July 2017,

www.nytimes.com/2017/07/14/us/darrow-bryan-dayton-tennessee-scopes-statues.html.

The image depicts Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan side-by-side. We used

the image to represent the trial on our website.

Fosdick, Harry Emerson. “Shall the Fundamentalists Win?” History Matters. 22 June 1922, First

Presbyterian Church, First Presbyterian Church, historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5070/.

The source is a sermon written by Harry Emerson Fosdick, describing why he believes

Fundamentalism is a threat to all Christians. This sermon by Fosdick was discussed in

our "Modernists and Fundamentalists in American Life" page, as he played a major role

in sparking conflict between William Jennings Bryan and contributed to the later brought

up ideas in court and in trial.

Grabiner, Judith V, and Peter D Miller. “Effects of the Scopes Trial.” Science AAAS, 8 July

2014, www.jstor.org/stable/1738991 .

The journal describes the effect of the Scopes Trial on the educational forms of the U.S.

This source showed its importance on the "Reform of Education" page, specifically that

of teacher's speech, as the site itself depicted the short and long term effects of the trial.

“Harry Emerson Fosdick .” Christianity Today , Christianity Today ,

www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/pastorsandpreachers/harry-emerson-

fosdick.html.

The image depicts Minister Harry Emerson Fosdick. The image provided from this

website was used to give background on Fosdick and why he was such a prominent

figure in the trial even though he was not directly on the bench.
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Hofstadter, Richard. Anti-Intellectualism in American Life. Alfred A. Knopf, 1979.

In this book, Hofstadter traced the social movements that altered the role of intellect in

American society. In doing so, he questioned the democratization of our education, which

may have invaded our beliefs, but originated due to evangelical concepts stressed in

society. This was able to give us analysis of why some citizens may oppose the

expanding of science and education based on these factors. The source was most helpful

in our "Religion in 20th Century America" page to establish the setting of the conflict.

The Holy Bible: King James Version. American Bible Society, 1984.

The source is the Bible, notably the King James Version, as used in the Scopes Trial.

This was an imperative source within our research, especially since the conflict and

compromise had a huge religious component. Furthermore, the Biblical Literalism was a

concept widely covered by fundamentalists within the trial and within our project, which

included literally interpreting the Bible. Direct reference is found throughout the pages in

our website as the fundamentalists within the Scopes trial had used this version of the

Bible to express their beliefs.

Hunter, George W., and Leopoldo B. Uichanco. New Civic Biology: Presented In Problems .

American Book Co., 1932. Archive.org,

archive.org/stream/newcivicbiologyp00hunt#page/442/mode/2up/search/natural+selectio

n.

The high school biology textbook represents present the changing educational

environment, as it would later be modified significantly. This website contributed the

most to our "Road to Trial" page, as we were able to retrieve excerpts from the textbook

that Scopes had read out of to his class and was able to introduce the known conflict.
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Hunter, George W. “Evolution .” A Civic Biology: Presented In Problems , Nabu Press, 2010,

pp. 192–196. Moses Law,

moses.law.umn.edu/darrow/documents/Civics%20Textbook.pdf.

This particular image was the excerpt in which Scopes had read about evolution to his

class. This was crucial in our "Road to Trial" website in being able to depict the literal

cause of such a conflict.

James , Marquis. “Dayton, Tennessee.” The New Yorker , 11 July 1925. The New Yorker Archive

, www.newyorker.com/magazine/1925/07/11/dayton-tennessee.

The article is a firsthand account of the Scopes Trial. We gained a new perspective on the

trial from reading the article that helped us construct our website. We were able to insert

images from the source to depict the widespread media coverage in "Modernist and

Fundamentalist in American Life", as it discussed Jennings Bryan and his influence.

“John Scopes .” Daily News New York , Daily News New York , 21 July 2015,

www.nydailynews.com/news/national/scopes-convicted-teaching-theory-evolution-1925-

article-1.2298732.

The photograph is of John Scopes. It was used on the Road To Trial page, to establish the

main characters in the trial.

“John T Scopes .” New York Times, New York Times, 21 July 2015,

www.nydailynews.com/news/national/scopes-convicted-teaching-theory-evolution-1925-

article-1.2298732. The image is a portrait of a young John T. Scopes. Scopes was an

insignificant figure in his own court case, and this image was used as an establishing

picture for the defendant.

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Johnson, Alvin W., and Frank H. Yost. Separation of Church and State in the United States.

Minnesota Archive Editions ed., University of Minnesota Press, 2009.

The print source was able to provide us with base information for how compromise

between those who valued religion most and education most occurred throughout the

years and it discussed the Scopes trial in specific. This book was also able to establish

that the conflict was not new, but simply recurring. We used this information to establish

for the audience how little the conflict changed over time.

Kinsey, Alfred C. “An Introduction to Biology .” An Introduction to Biology , J.B. Lippincott

Company, 1924, pp. 196–197.

Alfred Kinsey's Introduction to Biology is a textbook written by a strong believer in

evolution, and included many sentences in that regard. The source provided a quote in

favor of evolution that represented pre-trial mindsets on the website.

Kinsey, Alfred C. “An Introduction to Biology (Reprint).” An Introduction to Biology (Reprint),

J.B. Lippincott Company, 1926, p. 196.

The source is a high school biology textbook written by a firm believer in evolution,

Alfred Kinsey. The textbook is a reprint of the original, published after the Scopes Trial.

The book reflects how even strong believers in evolution were forced to change their

textbooks. We used a quote from Kinsey that was changed dramatically as compared to

the original to reflect the changing mindsets of the populace.

Kramer, Stanley, director. Inherit The Wind. Metro Goldwyn Mayer, 1999.

The motion picture gave us in-life view of what the Scopes trial was like. This movie

served as a base from gaining more knowledge on the tension and conflict within the

courtroom.
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Lebo, Lauri. “Susan Epperson and John Scopes .” Religion Dispatches , Religion Dispatches , 15

June 2009, religiondispatches.org/keeping-god-out-of-science-class-in-an-obama-

administration/.

The image is of Susan Epperson and John Scopes during a meeting. The image was

incorporated into the website to provide a link between the two cases on the Legacy page.

Linder, Douglas. “Susan Epperson .” The Evolution, Creationism, and Intelligent Design

Controversy, Exploring Constitutional Conflicts,

law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/evolution.htm.

The photograph is of Susan Epperson, who participated in a similar case to John Scopes.

The image was used to establish who Epperson was, on the Significance page.

Long , Tony. “Clarence Darrow Presents His Case to the Dayton County Courtroom.” WIRED,

WIRED, 21 July 2017, www.wired.com/2011/07/0721scopes-evolution-trial-guilty-

verdict/.

The image is of Clarence Darrow in the courtroom. It was included in the website to give

the audience a visual of who the vital lawyer was.

Matzke,Science, Nicholas J. “67 Anti-Evolution Acts in the United States.” The Atlantic , The

Atlantic , 20 Dec. 2015, www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/12/the-evolution-

of-teaching-creationism-in-public-schools/421197/.

The image depicts a phylogenetic tree of anti-evolution acts in the United States since the

early 2000s. The image was incorporated into the Signifiance page, to inform viewers

about the ongoing conflict from the Scopes Trial.

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McCoy, David B. “The Scopes Monkey Trial.” The Dispersal of Darwin, The Dispersal of

Darwin, 15 Oct. 2010, thedispersalofdarwin.wordpress.com/2010/10/15/darwin-and-

evolution-in-cartoons-and-caricatures/.

The cartoon depicts three monkeys in the positions of "Hear Not, See Not, and Speak

Not". The cartoon inspired the title to the website, and was used on the home page.

Muller, H. J. “One Hundred Years Without Darwinism Are Enough.” School Science and

Mathematics, vol. 59, no. 4, 1959, pp. 304–316. Wiley Online Library,

doi:10.1111/j.1949-8594.1959.tb08235.x.

The journal, written by H.J. Muller, describes the changing textbooks of the era and why

curriculum had to reflect the new culture of the time period. We used this source to

provide an example of the legacy of the Scopes trial, and how the trial led to the return of

evolutionary theory in the United States.

Osborn, Henry Fairfield. “The Earth Speaks to Bryan.” American Journal of Public Health, vol.

15, no. 10, 1925, pp. 906–906. US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of

Health Search Database, doi:10.2105/ajph.15.10.906-a.

The journal was written by a critic of William Jennings Bryan and gave perspective to

those with different mindsets. We used the information to help provide us with a different

outlook that was relevant in the trial on the website.

Pace, E B. “Another Pied Piper, The Path of Education.” Seven Questions in Dispute, Fleming H.

Revell Company, 19244, p. 130.

The cartoon is an image drawn by a Fundamentalist artist during the 1920s, depicting the

Modernists and their teachings. We used the image to help juxtapose the Fundamentalists
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and Modernists perspectives and show the diverted path of education in our "Religion in

20th Century America" page.

Pace, E B. “The Descent of Modernists.” Seven Questions in Dispute, Fleming H. Revell

Company, 1924, p. 9.

This cartoon was an image drawn by a Fundamentalist during the 1920s. We used it on

our website to show how the Fundamentalists saw their opposition, the Modernists, as

descending further away from Christianity.

Pioneer Institute. “Know-Nothing Barriers to School Choice.” Pioneer Institute, 2018,

pioneerinstitute.org/know-nothing/.

The website was great in providing comics to depict the cause and effect of the Scopes

Monkey trial. Moreover, the comic we implemented into our website showed the cross as

a shadow in a science class a teacher lectures. Thus, there is an implication that schools at

the time weighed Christian teachings into schoolwork. The prevalence of the conflict

discussed throughout the website is shown to be present in school as well.

“A Portrait of William Jennings Bryan.” Historical Solutions , Historical Solutions , 9 June 2015,

historicalsolutions.com/and-this-date/.

The image depicts William Jennings Bryan. We used the image on our page about

Fundamentalism, to show Bryan as an important Fundamentalist figure.

Ratliff, Evan. “The Crusade Against Evolution.” Wired, Conde Nast, 1 Oct. 2004,

www.wired.com/2004/10/evolution-2/.

This article was written in the modern world about evolution being taught in schools. We

incorporated the information into the Significance portion of the website to represent the

modern conflict of religion in schools.

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“Reverend T. Martin during the Scopes Monkey Trial in 1925.” Chicago Tribune, Chicago

Tribune, 2017, www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-scopes23bible-20130814-photo.html.

In the image, Reverend T. Martin hangs a sign reading "Read Your Bible" in reference to

the Modernist belief in a reliance on modern science and the Bible. The image was used

in tandem with our thesis statement to present the strong opinions of regular citizens on

the Scopes trial's revolutionary ideas of religion.

Rhea County Courthouse . State of Tennessee v. John T. Scopes. Fifth and Sixth's Day

Proceedings , 10 July 1925. University of Minnesota Law Library ,

moses.law.umn.edu/darrow/documents/Scopes%206th%20&%207th%20days.pdf.

These transcripts of the trials helped provide information about trial's occurrences. These

were referenced on our website to provide direct testimony to the audience about the trial

in our page about defending religious liberty in the courtroom.

“Scopes Guilty, Fined $100, Scores Law; Benediction Ends Trial, Appeal Starts; Darrow

Answers Nine Bryan Questions.” The New York Times, The NewYork Times,

www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0721.html.

Newspapers were not only detailed in the new case that would test faith and education,

but also fed the curiosity of citizens. The website consists of a political cartoon used

within our website to depict a modernist perspective in some media displays the trial as

one fighting the facts of human origin

“Scopes Trial Newspaper .” The New York Times, The New York Times, 3 Sept. 2015,

www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/summer-of-science-2015/latest/blue-marble-

earth-photos-comparison.
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The initial image was a newspaper with daring headlines. We used particularly these

headlines on the 'thesis' page to establish the enormous conflict of the time.

“Scopes Trial Sign.” Mens Et Manus, Mens Et Manus, Oct. 2006,

www.mensetmanus.net/dayton-scopes-trial/.

The site helped our project in that it established a setting for the Scopes trial and the

social environment it was set in. Many digital images were able to give us first-hand

views of what the court looked like, and were used on the website to provide our

audience with this visual.

SPIEGEL Hamburg. “Fotostrecke - Bild 7 - Evolution Vor Gericht: Der Scopes-Prozess

VonDayton.” PIEGEL ONLINE, SPIEGEL ONLINE, 21 July 2015,

www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/evolution-vor-gericht-der-scopes-prozess-von-dayton-

fotostrecke-128340-7.html.

The website served as an archive and provided us with a modernist political cartoon

depicting the jury bench on the Scopes trial as monkeys. This allowed us to stress the

chaos of the trial, but it also hinted at the presence of evolution that the artist agreed was

there, but, in trial, was still being refuted.

Staff, LII. “First Amendment .” LII / Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law, 5 Feb. 2010,

www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/first_amendment.

This is the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, laying out the rights of

man, including the freedom of speech and religion. The amendment was juxtaposed on

the website with the confining terms of the Butler Act that prevented the freedom of

speech and religion from being expressed in schools.

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Sunday Magazine. “A Talk With William Jennings Bryan, Evangelist.” Sunday Magazine, Sept.

1911, sundaymagazine.org/2011/09/a-talk-with-william-jennings-bryan-evangelists

Newspapers were common mediums for Bryan to discuss his views on the debate. Within

this article, his strong beliefs and, moreover, rejection of evolution was based on the idea

of soul, that of which he believes can only be granted by the words of the Bible. This

quote is able to illustrate Bryan’s, but also the fundamentalist view on the scientific

doctrine.

“ The Defense for John Scopes Prepares Experts Statements, in 1925.” The Chicago Tribune

Gallery, The Chicago Tribune , 24 Jan. 2014, galleries.apps.chicagotribune.com/chi-

140123-clarence-darrow-scopes-monkey-trial-evolution-pictures/.

The image depicts the defense counsel for John Scopes going over their case.The image

helped provide evidence for the ACLU's aid in the case and was used on the Road to

Trial page.

Tennessee, Congress, House of Representatives, and John W Butler. “The Butler Act.” The

Butler Act, Tennessee State Legislature. National Center for Science Education,

ncse.com/files/pub/legal/Scopes/Butler_Act.pdf.

The publication, from the Tennessee House of Representatives, is the Butler Act that led

to the Scopes Trial. The act prohibits the teachings of non-Biblical versions of the

creation of man, as referenced from Genesis. It was used in the Road to Trial portion of

the website, establishing what caused the famous trial.

Vernon Dalhart and Company . The John T. Scopes Trial, 10 June 1925.
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The song describes the journey of John T. Scopes and his trial, as well as the religion

centered Dayton County. The song was used on the website to complement the thesis and

present audio from the time period about the trial.

Wessner , Otto, director. Felix: Doubles for Darwin. Pat Sullivan Cartoons , 1924. Archive ,

archive.org/details/Felix_DoublesforDarwin_NoAudio.

The video is a cartoon character named Felix the Cat, as he investigates the authenticity

of Darwin's theories. The video was used on the website to provide context for the media

supporting and fighting evolutionary theory.

“William Jennings Bryan .” History.com, A&E Television Networks, Oct. 7AD,

www.history.com/this-day-in-history/monkey-trial-begins.

The image depicts William Jennings Bryan in the courtroom. We used it on our website

to depict Bryan presenting his defense to the courtroom, and to give our audience a

visual. This helped to give background on Jennings Bryan himself in our page about

religious prominence in the United States during the 20th century.

Zaleski, Mark. “Clarence Darrow Statue .” Knox News , USA Today, 14 July 2017,

www.knoxnews.com/story/news/local/tennessee/2017/07/14/statue-scopes-monkey-trial-

evolution-backer-clarence-darrow-unveiled-east-tennessee-town/479826001/. The image

is of a statute of Clarence Darrow in the Rhea County area. We used the image to show

the legacy of the Scopes trial far beyond the era.

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Secondary Sources

“ACLU History: The Scopes 'Monkey Trial'.” American Civil Liberties Union, American Civil

Liberties Union, 1 Sept. 2010, www.aclu.org/other/aclu-history-scopes-monkey-trial.

The website describes the American Civil Liberties Union's role in the Scopes Trial, and

how the organization played a role in the case. This website gave us the ACLU

perspective of the Scopes Monkey trial, taking us back in history to why the trial was

brought up in the first place. The website also gave us images of the ACLU lawyers

working on the Scopes defense cases.

Bendroth, Margaret. “Christian Fundamentalism in America.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of

Religion, Oxford, 8 June 2017,

religion.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-

9780199340378-e-419.

The journal describes what Fundamentalism is, and how it developed during the

twentieth century. This source was implemented within our site to give readers

background on the concept of fundamentalism in and of itself.

“The Century: America's Time - 1920-1929: Boom To Bust.” American Broadcasting Company

, 1999.

The documentary depicted the 1920s in the United States. The video was used to

establish the religious foundations that had compromised the US up until the Scopes Trial

on the website.

Chandler, Daniel Ross. “The Modernist-Fundamentalist Controversy and Its Impact on Liberal

Religion.” UU Humanist Association , 1999. UU Humanist Association Database ,

 17

huumanists.org/publications/journal/modernist-fundamentalist-controversy-and-its-

impact-liberal-religion.

The journal served primarily to help us connect Modernism with the principle of

Darwin's Theory of Evolution and how this connection was crucial within the Scopes trial

itself. We built this information into the website as part of the legacy of the trial long

after its conclusion.

Cohen, Charles Lloyd., and Paul S. Boyer. Religion and the Culture of Print in Modern America.

University of Wisconsin Press, 2008.

The website discusses the impact of religion on the culture of America shown throughout

American media. Pace’s comics is what we used in our website as it was major in

depicting the Scopes trial setting and the environment. Pace’s comics depicted the

fundamentalist view of the modernist-fundamentalist conflict in the 1920s, stating that

true science would not question religious belief of Americans. We used this information

on the website to represent the important role of the media in shaping public opinion

during the trial.

Collins, Francis S., and Jonathan Davis. The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for

Belief. Howes - Clipper, 2008.

This print was particularly useful in providing us with ways the trial conflict had

compromise on both ends. Theistic evolution, the concept addressed within the book,

helped us picture this. We implemented theistic evolution into the website to help prove

its relevance and significance in the United States.

 18

“Darwin's Challenge to Religion and the Religious Response.” The Ethical Culture Society of

Bergen County NJ, Oct. 2007, ethicalfocus.org/darwins-challenge-to-religion-and-the-

religious-response/.

The website depicted the conflict between religious and scientific ideals. With this

source, we were able to get a bigger picture of Bryan’s challenge to Darwinism and

stubbornness and attachment to Biblical Literalism, or literally interpreting the Bible.

This becomes key to the examination of the testimony where Bryan admits the Bible

cannot be interpreted literally, a major part of our website. We presented this information

about how William Jennings Bryan often used newspapers to debate his stand in the

conflict, continually defending his Biblical beliefs and shaping America life.

“Epperson v. Arkansas.” LII / Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law,

www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/393/97.

The website had a huge purpose in informing us about the Epperson v. Arkansas trial that

happened and is extremely connected to the Scopes trial in significance. Hence, the

information implemented is found in our "Significance" page.

Gould, Stephen Jay. Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes: Further Reflections in Natural History.

Norton, 1994.

The book is a set of essays from This View Of Life, a National History Magazine.

Through one of the essays, we were able to ascertain Scopes' own perspective on how his

trial shaped the century and religion in the United States. We presented this perspective

through a quote on the website.

Grabiner, J. V., and P. D. Miller. “Effects of the Scopes Trial.” Science, vol. 185, no. 4154, June

1974, pp. 832–837. JSTOR [JSTOR], doi:10.1126/science.185.4154.832.

 19

The journal describes the immediate changes that occurred after the Scopes Trial in

textbooks. The textbooks changed to reflect the lack of belief by the citizens in Darwin's

theories. The journal was used to provide context on the website about how academia

reflected the Scopes trial's conflict.

History.com Staff. “William Jennings Bryan.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009,

www.history.com/topics/william-jennings-bryan. The website served primarily as a

background base for our topic and its information was most prevalent in "Modernist and

Fundamentalists in American Life". We used the information about William Jennings

Bryan and the specifics of his life with the backgrounds of the website.

Kersten, Andrew Edmund. “War or Regret.” Clarence Darrow: American Iconoclast, Hill and

Wang, 2011. Google Books,

books.google.com/books?id=jJOgLx6XvqQC&lpg=PT168&ots=hFeACL6G1n&dq=The

istic%20Evolution%20darrow&pg=PT135#v=onepage&q=theistic%20evolution&f=false

. The book discussed many parts of Clarence Darrow's life and we used the chapter that

discussed theistic evolution. The information was used on the website to provide a

definition of theistic evolution, a mindset that Darrow adopted during the trial..

Larson, Edward J. Summer for the Gods: the Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate

over Science and Religion. Paw Prints/Baker & Taylor, 2010.

The book provided detailed descriptions of the events leading up to, through, and post the

trial. It was used on the website for basic information about Fundamentalism.

Lesiak, Christine. American Experience: Monkey Trial. Public Broadcasting Service, 2002.

Youtube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahH6IwTmw-Q&t=3781s.
 20

The video is a documentary created by PBS about the Scopes Trial. The video was

cropped and used in our website to provide a dramatic reading of the testimony in the

Scopes trial, illustrating the conflict.

Moore, Randy. “The Lingering Impact of the Scopes Trial on High School Biology Textbooks.”

BioScience, vol. 51, no. 9, 2001, p. 790. Oxford Academic , doi:10.1641/0006-

3568(2001)051[0790:tliots]2.0.co;2.

The journal reports on how high school biology textbooks changed after the Scopes Trial

overturned current ideas about religion and evolution in schools. We used Moore's words

to inform our audience how the Scopes Trial radically changed the direction of education

in the United States.

Moran, Jeffrey P. American Genesis: the Evolution Controversies from Scopes to Creation

Science. Oxford University Press, 2015.

The book helped establish the circumstances in America during the era. The information

was used to create a foundation for John Scopes and his character. The source contributed

the most to our "Road to Trial" page in showing that Scopes supported the evolutionary

theory but, at first, was not in strong opposition to the Butler Act.

Sarat, Austin, and Thomas R. Kearns. Law in the Domains of Culture. University of Michigan

Press, 1997.

The website gave us insight on the impact of media on the trial itself. Media itself was

how most people heard of the conflict and were able to show interest in the outcome.

However, the website was also able to show the ‘media circus’, how obsessive the people

of the media were.

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“‘Shall the Fundamentalists Win?": Defending Liberal Protestantism in the 1920s.” HISTORY

MATTERS - The U.S. Survey Course on the Web, George Mason University,

historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5070/.

The article was able to provide us with the view of Harry Fosdick, strong fundamentalist,

that went head-to-head with William Jennings Bryan. Though he was a minister, he still

leaned towards the presence of evolution. This source was the most essential in Harry

Fosdick's coverage in our page about modernist and fundamentalists in American life.

Sweeney, Douglas A. “Who Were the ‘Fundamentalists’?” Christian History | Learn the History

of Christianity & the Church, Christianity Today,

www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-92/who-were-fundamentalists.html.

The article describes the guiding principles Fundamentalists followed in order to respect

the Bible and its role in life. The article gave a firsthand view of what the

Fundamentalists like William Bryan and the creators of the Butler Act thought. The

source was used to define the Fundamentalists and their viewpoint going into the Scopes

Trial.

Wolf, John, and James S Mellett. “The Role of ‘Nebraska Man’ in the Creation-Evolution

Debate.” NCSE, National Center for Science Education, 4 Dec. 2008,

ncse.com/cej/5/2/role-nebraska-man-creation-evolution-debate.

The source is an article about the Nebraska man, an evolution related case during the

1920s. The information was used in the "Fundamentalism in the 1920s " page to help

establish the opposite viewpoints of the fundamentalists.