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Abstract— In the Philippines, roller compacted concrete (RCC) is a new engineering material having the same basic ingredients as
the conventional concrete but of different mix proportions. With the used of fly ash as partial replacement of cement in the
construction of RCC pavement not only increased its workability and strength but also attributed RCC in utilizing industrial
residuals and reducing the use of non-renewal resources. This study determined the compressive strength of RCC slab when
compacted by a 68-kg soil compactor and compared theoretical direct costs of RCC from conventional concrete pavement. The
construction of RCC slab was based on the Soil Analogy method suggested by the American Concrete Institute (ACI). Modified
Proctor test was used in determining the maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OPC). Three (3) RCC slabs
(0.91 x.70 x.15 m) were constructed and water cured. A total of 18 core samples were extracted from the 3 slabs, six cores for each
slab. The cores were then tested for compressive strength determination following ASTM C39. The obtained compressive strength of
3 days curing time is 18.44 MPa, while for 28 days curing duration is 27.85 MPa (4039.78 psi). The results of testing the
compressive strength of cored samples were 28-62% higher than the designed strength of portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement.
From 3 days to 28 days of curing, the strength increased to 40.65%. In the estimation of direct costs, 33.53% can be save when using
roller compacted concrete in the construction of pavements, instead of conventional portland cement concrete. Therefore, roller
compacted concrete pavement is an economical and sustainable pavement alternative for portland cement concrete pavement
secondary roads.
Index Terms— Roller Compacted Concrete Pavement, Compressive Strength, Vibratory Compaction, Sustainable Pavement.
Proceedings of The IRES 29th International Conference, Singapore, 13th February 2016, ISBN: 978-93-85973-33-8
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Compressive Strength and Economic Viability of Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) Pavement Containing Pulverized Sand and Fly Ash
For secondary roads, a compressive strength of 20.68 RCC Mixture Proportion Calculation
Megapascal (MPa) and a flexural strength ranging from After selecting the cementitious content and the optimum
4.14 to 4.83 MPa are already acceptable [14]. This pre- moisture content, a final mix proportion was calculated.
determined strength corresponds to 10% to 17% by mass Saturated surface-dry (SSD) condition of aggregates was
of dry aggregates [1]. 20.68 MPa was used as a design used in calculating the weight and equivalent volume of
compressive strength for this study [14] and it is the materials [12].
calculated as follows in Eq. 1.
Cementitious materials (%) = ( ) x 100 (1) 2.3 RCC Test Slab Construction and Testing
RCC Slab Making
For the purpose of this study, 3 slab molds were
Where: a = weight of cementitious content
constructed. The inner dimension of each slab was 0.97m
b = weight of oven-dried aggregates
x 0.71m and a thickness of 0.150m. The mixing of RCC
Moisture-Density Curve Development
mix was done using a one bagger concrete mixer. To
Two (2) experimental mixtures were used in determining
accomplish 98-100% compaction, two layers of RCC
the actual breaking compressive strength of the RCC
mix were made. Each layer is 3 inches thick.
cylinders is found in Table 2. Using the combined
Immediately after mixing, fresh RCC mix was placed in
aggregate grading and the chosen cementitious material
the mold up to ¾ of the total thickness of the slab to
content, ASTM D-1557 was performed for the two types
accommodate compaction. Once the 1st layer of RCC
of mixes. For the optimum moisture content, it is
was placed in the mold, internal tamping was performed
computed as follows:
to the fresh RCC to induced interior vibration, thus
Moisture Content (%) = ( ) x 100 (2) minimizing the air voids. The vibratory soil compactor
has a total dead weight of 68 kilograms, an effective
Where: a = weight of cementitious content compaction area of 0.19m² and a compaction force of
b = weight of oven-dried aggregates 13KN with 5,488 vibrations per minute (VPM) showed
c = weight of water in Figure 1. A compaction pattern was followed to
secure proper distribution of compaction effort all
TABLE 2. TWO MIXTURES USED FOR throughout the slab area [15]. The compaction was done
MOISTURE DENSITY CURVE DETERMINATION 5 times in each direction alternately to attain the desired
density. Compaction was completed within 15 min. of
spreading and 45 min. from the initial mixing. After the
1st layer was compacted, the remaining half of the slab
was filled with RCC mix and internal tamping was done
to the uncompacted layer, followed by the same
compaction effort exerted on the 1st layer.
Proceedings of The IRES 29th International Conference, Singapore, 13th February 2016, ISBN: 978-93-85973-33-8
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Compressive Strength and Economic Viability of Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) Pavement Containing Pulverized Sand and Fly Ash
pavement is 34.20 m2/hr. and the average hauling 7.3%, while, MDD of M2 is 2,309 kg/m3 and OMC is
distance from source of materials to batching plant is 10 6.4%. The MDD of M2 is greater than of M1 due to the
Km. The prices of the materials used and the rate of the addition of pulverized sand and fly ash in M2. Thus,
equipment were gathered by the researcher in 2014 from making M2 denser than M1.
different construction company in the locality of Iligan
City, Philippines.
TABLE 3. PERCENT PASSING OF AGGREGATE Fig. 3 Maximum Dry Density Curve of Mix 2 (M2)
GRADATION
3.3 Compressive Strength
RCC Cylinder Samples
Based on Fig. 4, only 16% cementitious content passed
the design strength of 21 MPa on 28 days. As the % of
cementitious material content increases, the breaking
compressive strength also increases while maintaining
the proportion of the other materials. 16% cementitious
content was used in constructing the RCC slab.
Moreover, it is not economical to use higher than 16% of
cementitious materials due to increase in cement content
in the mix.
Proceedings of The IRES 29th International Conference, Singapore, 13th February 2016, ISBN: 978-93-85973-33-8
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Compressive Strength and Economic Viability of Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) Pavement Containing Pulverized Sand and Fly Ash
This time, slab attained a higher strength than the earlier Fdia = effects of diameter
cored samples. The stronger the concrete, the longer the Fmc = effects of moisture condition of the core
time it takes to drill the cylindrical cores out of the slab. Fd = effect of damage sustained during drilling
However, it does not indicate that there is strength
reduction on the actual RCC slab. To correct the According to ACI (2003), “Core testing is the most
disturbance due to drilling, a correction factor introduced direct method to determine the compressive strength of
by American Concrete Institute (ACI) was used to concrete in a structure.” Both in the process of obtaining
convert the actual in-place strength of the concrete [1]. core specimens and interpreting the strength test results
are confounded by several factors that affect the in-place
strength of the concrete. This is the cause why correction
factors are formulated in the conversion of core strengths
comparable to in-place strength.
Fig. 4 Compressive Strength of RCC cylinders cast in Laboratory The last column is the equivalent in-place compressive
using ASTM C 1435 strength in Kilonewton (KN). This equivalent strength
was used to compare the compressive strength of RCC
and portland cement concrete.
Proceedings of The IRES 29th International Conference, Singapore, 13th February 2016, ISBN: 978-93-85973-33-8
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Compressive Strength and Economic Viability of Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) Pavement Containing Pulverized Sand and Fly Ash
Proceedings of The IRES 29th International Conference, Singapore, 13th February 2016, ISBN: 978-93-85973-33-8
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Compressive Strength and Economic Viability of Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) Pavement Containing Pulverized Sand and Fly Ash
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Proceedings of The IRES 29th International Conference, Singapore, 13th February 2016, ISBN: 978-93-85973-33-8
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