TV BROADCAST STANDARDS

GENERAL OPERATING REQUIREMENTS

1. TIME OF OPERATION
 Not less than 2 hours daily in any 5 broadcast days per week
 Not less than a total of 12 hours per week during the first 18 months of operation.
 Operation – includes period during which a station is operated pursuant to temporary authorization.
 Aural transmitter – shall not be operated separately from visual transmitter.
2. STATION IDENTIFICATION
 Announcements at the beginning and end of each time should be aural and visual.
3. REBROADCAST
 Rebroadcast – reception by radio of the program of a television broadcast station, and the simultaneous or subsequent
retransmission of such program by a broadcast station.
4. POSTING OF STATION AND OPERATOR LICENSES
 Original copy of operator’s license shall be posted at the place where he is on duty.
5. OPERATOR REQUIREMENTS
 Radio telephone first class operator’s license – possessed by a radio operator who should be in actual charge of the
transmitting apparatus.
 At least (1) full time first class operator – primary duty is ensure proper functioning of transmitting equipment.
6. MAINTENANCE LOG
 In the program log
 Entry of the time each station i.d announcement is made.
 Entry describing program broadcast
 Entry showing that each sponsored program has been announced as sponsored.
 Entry showing name of network originating the program.
 Entry of time the program begins and ends.
 In the operating log (transmitter log)
 Entry of time station begins to supply power.
 Entry of each interruption of the carrier wave.
 Entry of the ff every 30 mins: 1. Operating constants of last rf stage
2. Transmission line meter reading.
3. Frequency monitor reading.
4. Any other entries.

7. RETENTION OF LOGS

 Log of operation must be kept during experimental period.

 Log of TV Broadcasts shall be retained by licensee for 2 years.
 Each log must be maintained and signed by radio operator during his tour of duty.
 Log shall be kept in an orderly manner.
 No log portions shall be erased or destroyed.
 Rough logs may be transcribed into condensed form.

Amplitude Modulation – envelop of transmitted wave contains component similar to waveform of the signal.

Antenna – a structure associated with transition between a guided wave such as may exist in a transmission line and a free-space wave.

Omnidirectional / Non-directional antenna – antenna having a circular pattern with “circularity” in the order of +1dB to 2dB.

+3dB antenna – provides satisfactory service and considered to be omnidirectional.

Center of area to be covered – best location for maximum coverage efficiency of an omnidirectional antenna.

Directional Antenna – to be used only for special terrain where antenna is located near a body of water or where the service areas are at
certain separated locations.

Antenna height above average terrain – average of different antenna heights

Antenna power gain – square of the ratio of the root-mean-square free space field intensity at 1 km in the horizontal plane.

Antenna terminal – accessible point where entire antenna including distributing system terminates into one feed line at the design
characteristic impedance.
 Aspect ratio – ratio of picture width to picture height as transmitted.

Aural transmitter – radio equipment for transmission of aural transmitter.

Aural center frequency – average frequency of emitter wave. Frequency of emitted wave without modulation.

Azimuthal pattern – plot of free-space radiated field intensity vs. azimuth at a specified vertical angle w/ respect to a horizontal plane.

Blanking level – level of signal during blanking interval, except the interval during the scanning synchronizing pulse and the
chrominance subcarrier synchronizing burst.

Chrominance – colorimetric difference between any color & a reference color

Chrominance subcarrier – carrier modulated by the chrominance information

Color transmission – transmission of color television signals

Effective radiated power – product of antenna input power and antenna power gain.

Field – scanning through the picture area once in the chosen scanning pattern.

Frame – scanning all of the picture area once.

Free space field intensity – field intensity that would exist at a point in the absence of waves reflected

Frequency modulation – system of modulation where the instantaneous radio frequency varies in proportion to the instantaneous
amplitude.

Frequency swing – instantaneous departure of frequency of emitted wave from center frequency.

Horizontal pattern – an azimuthal pattern when a specified vertical angle is zero.

Interfaced scanning – scanning process in which successively scanned lines are spaced on integral number of line widths.

Luminance – luminous flux emitted, reflected, or transmitted per unit solid angle.

Monochrome transmission – transmission of television signals which can be reproduced in gradations of a single color only.

Negative transmission – a decrease in initial light intensity causes an increase in the transmitted power.

Peak power – power over a radio frequency cycle.

Percentage modulation – ratio of actual frequency swing to frequency swing in percentage.

Polarization – direction of electric field as radiated from transmitting antenna

Reference black level – level corresponding to specified maximum excursion of luminance in black direction.

Reference white level of the luminance signal – level corresponding to specified maximum excursion of luminance in white dir.

Scanning – process of analyzing successively the light values of picture elements.

Scanning line – single continuous strip of picture area containing highlights, shadows and half tones.

Standard television signal – signal which conforms to the television transmission standards.

Synchronization – maintenance of one operation in step with another.

Television broadcast band – frequencies from 54 to 890 MHz

 Channel 2 to 4 – 54-72 MHZ

 Channel 5 & 6 – 76-88 MHz
 Channel 7 to 13 – 174-216 MHz
 Channel 14 to 83 – 470 – 890 MHz

Television broadcast station – station in broadcasting service transmitting simultaneously visual and aural signals.

Television channel – band of frequencies 6 MHz wide

Television transmitter – radio transmitter for transmission of both visual and aural signals.
Vertical pattern – plot of free-space radiated field intensity measured in the Fraunhofer region vs vertical angle.

Vestigial sideband transmission – system of transmission where lower sideband is partially attenuated

Visual carrier frequency – frequency of carrier modulated by picture information

Visual transmitter – radio transmitter of visual signal only.

Visual transmitter power – peak power output when transmitting a standard television signal.

NTSC color television system – adopted by the Philippines.

Visual transmitter

 2dB – 0.5 MHz

 2dB – 1.25 MHz
 3dB – 2MHz
 6 dB – 3.0 MHz
 12 dB – 3.5 MHz

Linear – transfer characteristic between black and white references for color transmission

Harmonic Radiation – attenuated to at least 80 dB.

25 kHz – frequency swing of aural transmitter

55 dB below audio frequency – transmitting system output noise level of aural transmitter

MTS (Multichannel Television standard). Subcarrier is 2nd harmonic of pilot signal.

SAP (Television Second Audio signal standards). Subcarrier is 5th harmonic of signal.

Article 810 (Philippine Electrical Code) – dictates the mounting and enclosure of the transmitter.

150 V – limit for direct contact

Grounding sticks – provided to ground any part of the transmitter.

PROTECTION RATIOS IN TRANSMITTER LOCATION

 Co-channel – 28 dB
 Lower adjacent channel – 6 dB
 Upper adjacent channel – 12 dB

Airline distance – determines physical separation between stations.

Gain of an antenna – ratio of powered required at input to the power supplied to the input.

Beam tilt – necessary to bring the main vertical beam tangential to the earth.

“Peak TV Power” – power in TV systems. Instantaneous power developed in peak of the synchronizing pulse of visual transmitter.

Beam width – the angular width of the main beam of the antenna.

VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio)

TELEVISION AUXILIARY BROADCAST SERVICES:

1. Television pick up station 5. Television STL station

2. Television Intercity Relay Station 6. Television satellite link
3. Television translator relay station 7. Television booster station
4. Communications, coordination and control link

Television STL Station – field station used for the transmission of television program material from studio to transmitter.

Television intercity relay station – fixed station for intercity transmission for use by tv broadcast stations.

Television satellite link station – fixed/land-mobile earth station for relaying signals to other broadcast stations.

Active satellite – an earth satellite carrying a station intended to transmit

Fixed earth station – earth station intended to be used at a specific point.

Geostationary satellite – geosynchronous satellite whose circular and direct orbit lies in the plane of earth’s equator.

Mobile earth station – earth station in the mobile service intended to be used in motion or during halts.

Spacecraft – man-made vehicle intended to go beyond atmosphere

Space radio communication – any radio communication involving use of one or more reflecting satellites.

Space station – station located on an object beyond the earth’s atmosphere.

Terrestrial station – station effecting terrestrial radio communication

Uplink – transmission of rf signals to a satellite from an earth station

Downlink – transmission of rf signals from satellite to earth station

Satellite footprint – area of the earth surface where satellite signal can be received.

Transponder – part of satellite that receives, shifts in frequency, amplifies and retransmits an rf uplink signal.

Azimuth – horizontal pointing angle of an antenna measured clockwise in degrees.

Block downconverter – frequency-charging component

C-band – band of microwave frequencies used by downlink signals.

Ku-band – band of frequencies from 11.7 to 12.2 GHz

C/N – carrier signal to noise signal power ratio –C/NO – known as: carrier-to-noise-power-density

Cassegrain antenna – uses a convex and concave reflector to direct signal energy to a feed horn.

Decoder – device used to unscramble scrambled tv signals.

Cross polarization – vertical and horizontal polarization of downlink satellite signals.

EIRP –effective isotropic radiated power – strength/energy level of a beamed signal

Circular polarization – transmitter wave assumes helical form. Used by Intel sat satellites.

Elevation – angle above horizontal plane.

Frequency tolerance – carrier frequency should be maintained within 0.001 %

Television booster station – station operated for sole purpose of retransmitting signals

Television broadcast translator station – retransmitting tv signal of station by means of direct frequency conversion

Primary tv station – tv station radiating signal retransmitted by tv broadcast translator.

VHF TV translator – station operating on VHF tv channel.

UHF TV translator – station operating on UHF tv channel.

Low power TV translator – tv broadcast translator operating with 100 W or less.

Certificate of public convenience and necessity – attached with application for construction.

“D” + channel number assigned – call sign for tv broadcast translator station

All other emissions appearing on frequencies more than 3MHz above or below upper and lower edges shall be attenuated no less than:

 30 dB – at less than 0W output power.

 50 dB – at more than 10 W
 60 dB – at more than 100 W