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com

( )=
( )
( )

!"# !$#
! # $ !%# $

& ' ( )
* (
& &
!"# !$# ! # + !%#

, - $ $

&
&
!"# !$# & ! # && !%# &

. ' / 0) ) )
/
!"# 1 2 !$# 1 3
! # + 2 !%# + 3

2 %"/ = { 4 &4 ,4 .424 3} 4

& 2

3
,

56 )
!"# &,.23 !$# ,&.23 ! # ,&.32 !%# , & . 32

3 )
!"# 7 )) 8/ !$# " 9) 8/
! # 8 ) 8(" !%# * ) 8("

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:
!"# 9
!$# 9 0
! # 0
!%# ;

< = 9,0 0< ) 30

03. 9
!"# : !$# < ! # 1 !%# +

1 $
( 4 4 4 )= ( 4,4 .4 34 14 4 &4 . )

!"# ) !$# )
! # ) !%# )

+ .0 9 &< >
3. &+0 9
"/4 ';5 6 % ) 9
!"# 14 34 2 !$# :4 :4 3 ! # :4 24 < !%# 14 24 3

?) ? 3 4 &< ? ) &23
) ? 2 & 9
) 9 ?) ? * ) 9 )
? ) 9
!"# &23 7 9 4 1 !$# &23 7 9 4 &<
! # 2 & 7 9 4 &+ !%# 3. / 9 4 &<

& 9 - 9
) - 9
− + +
!"# & − !$# & − ! # & − !%# &

, - 9

!"# !$# 2 ! # . !%# ,

. 0 ) -9
!"# 7 !$# $ ! # ? !%# (

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2 0
int j, n;
j = 1;
while (j <=n)
j = j*2;
) - ) 9 @+
!"# & + !$# ! # & !%# & +

3 / ) / )&
)) 7 / ) / )&

! #/ ( ! #/ (
! # 7 ( !&# 0 (
! #8 ( ( !,# (

!"# 0 , 0 & 0 !$# 0 0 & 0 ,

! # 0 & 0 , 0 !%# 0 0 , 0 &

: ?
8"'(
!"# - ?

!$# 9 ))
! # ? )
0) 9
!%# $ ? ? ?

< )0 )
!"# ) !$# 6) ) )
! # " ' !?# ) !%# " '"' !?# )

1 ; 7 4
!"# = !$#
! # ( !%# 5

&+ % ) )
!"# = !$# ! # %5( !%# (7

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& = 9 0 ) " ) .
!"# & !$# , ! # . !%# 2

&& ' ) ) '

)
%6 ( 56 )

!"# ¬∀ ( ( ) ( )) !$# ∃ ( ( )∧¬ ( ))

! # ¬∀ (¬ ( )∨ ( )) !%# ∀ ( ( ) ¬ ( ))

&, )
!"# " 9 0 )
!$# " ) ) 1+
! # ) 9 &2
!%# 5

&. ( )) 9 9 ) &+A
4 &4, 4B 4&+ ) 9 & ))
) 9 )
1A
!"# !$# ! # !%# 5
& + &+A

&2 ' " .×. - 024 0&4 4.

4 .×. 9 -

!"# 02 !$# 0: ! # & !%#

&3 ! = { 4 "4 4 } .) π 4 π&4 π,4 π .

! π = { " }4π = {
& "4 } 4π = {
, "4 } 4π . = { 4 "4 4 } ' )
) ! ′ = {π 4 π & 4 π , 4 π . } π π#
9 π π# ) ( ! ′4 )
!"# π !$#
π
π&

π& π.
π,

π. π,
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! #
π !%#
π&
π π,

π& π,

π.

π.

&: ! # 9

%= { ∈ &, + & + , = +4 $
= 4 &4 ,
$
}
!"# { 4 − 4+
$
4 4 +4 −
$
} ) C

!$# { 4 − 4+
$
4 4 +4 −
$
} 9 ) 4 ) C

C
! # C ) &,
!%# 5

1
&< + = + 4 + =+2 5 0 )
& <

!"# 2 !$# & ! # 3 !%# .

&1 " )
'= { ∈ {+4 }D
4 + 9, 24 ) }
9

!"# 2 !$# ! # + !%# 1

,+ ' = +& { ≥+ } ) {+4 4 &}

!"#
!$# 8'
! #
!%# 8' 8'

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!"# { &
∈ {+4 }+ } !$# { &
4 ∈ {+4 }
}+

# { ∈ {+4 }+ } !%# { ∈ {+4 } }

& & +
! 4 4

,& ' ( 4 4 4 )= ( +4 .424 :4 <4 14 ,4 2 ) -)

56 *
! # ′ ′ ′+ ′ ′+ ′ +
! # ′ ′ ′+ ′ ′+
! # ′ ′ ′+ ′ ′+ + ′
!(# ′ ′ ′+ ′ ′+ ′
!"# 9 !$# ( ! # ( !%# ( 9

,, % D $ C E ′ ′
C D E F CE G %(
' ) = %D ( -) 4
π* % = (D ) + ( = %D ) & % D (D ) =

!"# 6 9 !$# 6 9
! # 6 9 !%# " 4 4

,. ( )) 9 ) -
) 9$ >
) -
+
!"# & !$# &
− −&
! # & !%# &

,2 ; ?0 9 4 9 9
) ) * ) , 9
* = ⊕, = ,
-) ! 9 + ?0 9
9
! =* ⊕ + = +* 4 + ) 9
0 ) ?0 9
" * / 9
"5% 6 9 ) "5%
6 ) ?0 9 .0
!, 4 !& 4 ! 4 !+ . ) ) 9
!"# 34 , !$# +4 . ! # 34 . !%# +4 2

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,3 .0 9 ! C
H I J
#

? ' 8
C C C +
+ C + + 5
+ ↑ C ' )

+ ↑ + -

. , &

F
.0 ' F+
?

; )

+ +
" 9 ;
+4 9 *
!"# +4 ,4 . !$# +4 ,4 .4 2
! # +4 4 &4 ,4 . !%# +4 4 &4 ,4 .4 2

,: )) )
;8 ; 8
;% ; % 6) 8
C -
$ $ ?
;84 ;% $ ? ? 9 ) )
? 9 C ) "%%
( $ ? 9 7 ' , ?
9 C 6) )) )
? 9 ? ) *

"%% &4 4 + & G +

7 ' .4 ,4 & . ,D &
( $ 34 24 . 3 2− .

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!"# : !$# < ! # + !%# .

,< ) - -) )
?
∧
<&, K& , D G 2 D0
∧
5 -) ) ) ?
D
!"# 34 !$# 24 : ! # ,4 & !%# 4 2

,1 ) 9
d b e a f c g a b d e c f g, ) 9
) 9
!"# !$# ! # !%#

.+ > 4 -> 4
(, + .) : " 9 )94
* 4 ,4 <4 +
5 − )9
!"# <4 −4 −4 −4 −4 −4 + !$# 4 <4 +4 −4 −4 −4 ,
! # 4 −4 −4 −4 −4 −4 , !%# 4 +4 <4 −4 −4 −4 ,

. ; 4 )4 ) (
9 ) 94 - - . /9
!"# % L? I (
!$# I
! # %8( (
!%# $8( (

.&
int f(int n)
{static int r = 0;
if (n <= 0) return 1;
if (n > 3)
{r = n;
return f(n-2)+2;
}
return f(n-1)+r;
}
(2)
!"# 2 !$# : ! # 1 !%# <

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., " ) 0 9
' '
) 0 9 ; ' F. 4 F +4
!"# , !$# . ! # 2 !%# 3

.. ; 4 ≥ -0
int gcd(n,m)
{
if (n%m ==0) return m;
n = n%m;
return gcd(m,n);
}
= 9 9

!"# Θ ( & ) !$# Ω ( ) ! # Θ( & & ) !%# Θ ( )

.2 - .
int DoSomething (int n) {
if (n <= 2)
return 1;
else
return (DoSomething (floor(sqrt(n))) + n);
}
!"# Θ ( ) &
!$# Θ ( & ) ! # Θ( & ) !%# Θ ( & & )

.3 ) 5 )
9
struct CellNode {
struct CellNOde *leftChild;
int element;
struct CellNode *rightChild;
};
int GetValue (struct CellNode *ptr) {
int value = 0;
if (ptr != NULL) {
if ((ptr->leftChild == NULL) &&
(ptr->rightChild == NULL))
value = 1;
else
value = value + GetValue(ptr->leftChild)

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+ GetValue(ptr->rightChild);
}
return(value);
}
9/ M ) 9
)
!"#
!$#
! #
!%#

.: ) 1 2 4 1
2 ) 9 ( )) ) 9
) ) 9
4 - )
!"# Θ ( & ) !$# Θ ( & & ) ! # Θ( ) !%# Θ ( & )

.< L 5 8
!"# 8 9 4

!$# 8 9 4

! # 4 0

!%# 5

.1 '
) ' ) 8"'(
!"# )
!$# ; ) 4 9 9
4
! # 9 )
!%# ) 9 )

2+ " 9 4 -

)
!"# " & − ) 4 4
!$# " 2 −& )
! # " & )
!%# 5

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2
int IsPrime(n)
{
int i,n;
for(i=2;i<=sqrt(n);i++)
if(n%i == 0)
{printf(“Not Prime\n”); return 0;}
return 1;
}
' $ ( ) ) - 9 )
) 0

!"# $ ( ) = 3( ) $ ( ) = Ω( ) !$# $ ( ) = 3( ) $ ( ) = Ω( )
! # $ ( ) = 3( ) $ ( ) = Ω( ) !%# 5

2& 0 = {!4 4 ! } 4
$ = { 4 "4 4 4 }4 ( 9 4

!→ !!
! → !ε
→"
56 ''! #
!"# !$#
! # !%# -0

2,
9 ''! #
9 '! #

!"# $ !$#
! # !%# $

2. ; ) )
6 L4 & 0 L 6 &

6 4& 0 .6 & .
9 -0
76M -4 & 07 9 - &
76M & 4 - 07 & 9 -0
) 9 4 6 "%% ( $
?

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= +"
& = +
, = − &

. = − ,

" ) 9 9
) 9 76M
?
!"# & !$# , ! # 2 !%# 3

22 " ) 9 ( !( # )
-
)

- "
&+ +
& &2 2
, + ,+
. 2 .2

) &
!"# 2 !$# 2 ! # .+ !%# 22

23 " 9 9 8 ; 8 6 !8;86# ) ) ) 9
- )

; ) )
)
( ) - 9

!"# $ 4
!$# $ 4
! # 4
!%# $

2: " ) 9 9) C4 E N4
9 ) 2 9)
4
9) ) 4
9) * 9 )
) - )

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*
C E N C E N
+ & + ,
& + + &
& & & & +

!"# + !$# ! # &

!%# 5 4 9 ?

2< ) 4 &4
9 > 9 )

/* P1 */ /* P2 */
while (true) { while (true) {
wants1 = true; wants2 = true;
while (wants2==true); while (wants1==true);
/* Critical /* Critical
Section */ Section */
wants1=false; Wants2=false;
} }
/* Remainder section */ /* Remainder section */

= 4 wants1 wants2 4 > false.

!"
!"# ; -
!$# ;
! # ; * )
!%# ; ) ?4 -

21 ; 9
# $% & ! ; 4 4 -# '!
' ; 4 ; #
! ? # ! # " 9
? 9
-) )

Π ; (( Π ; (σ =O O ( ; )) × Π ; ( )) − )
!"#
!$# ) )
! # 9
!%# 5

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3+ ( ' ! 4 -4 ) 5 # -
?9 4 - ) ) 9
) * 9)

{ ) 9 ( ) ∧}
(∀ ) ¬ ) 9 ( -) ∨ ) 5 ≠ ∨ - -F O O }
!"# 5 ) 9 )
!$# 5 ) 9
! # 5 ) 9
!%# 5 ) 9 )

3 ( ' ! ); 4 4 ) 4 9#
* + 4 +& " ) 2 ) 9 4
) 9 9 9
) 24 !" 9 9 ) 9

+ ( );
8 ) 9
-
!( D8 ) 9 ) FH
2J 9@F 9#
+& ( );
8 ) 9
9@ " 9
!( 98 ) 9 ) FH
2J#
!"# + * 9
!$# +& * 9
! # $ + +& )
!%# 5 + +& * 9

3& ) *
!"# " 9 $ 58
!$# " 9? 9 9 &58
! # ") 9 ) ?9 , 58
!%# " ) 9 ) ?9 $ 58

3, ,+ − - ! 4
) # ) / ? > P 9 4
) : 9 4 1 9 ?)
3 9 4
!"# 3, !$# 3. ! # 3: !%# 3<

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3.
!"
! ( %) Q (() Q& ( %) Q& (() Q & (() Q ( %)
!& ( %) Q& ( %) Q& (() Q & (() Q (() Q ( %)
!"# $ ! !& >
!$# ! > !& >
! # ! > !& >
!%# $ ! !& >

32 '"5 )
) 9 ) 9 + ,

!"# ( − ) −
!$# ( − ) −
! # ( − ) −
!%# −( − ) −

33 ; ? ? ) +: ) ) )
) &++ K
R 0 9 ? *
!"# 2++ !$# &++
! # &+ !%# 2+

3: $ ) 30
- -

!"# 3& &3& .& !$# 3. &3& .&

! # 3& +&& !%# 3. +&.

3< ++ ++ ) 9 ,
+
)
!"# ++ ++ +++ !$# ++ ++ +
! # ++ + + !%# ++ ++ ++

31 1 ' ? " 5
) ) 9) ? ' & K
) 9 " ) 9 4 - -4-
* - > 4
. . 4
&' & + &5 &' &
!"# & !$# &
5 5

&' & + 5 &' & + 5

! # & !%# &
5 &5

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:+ 7

! # (7 ! # ")) 9
! # $/ !&# ) 9
! # !,# % ? 9
!(# !.# 5 ? 9
!2# 9 9

!"# 0 & 0 0 , ( 0 2
!$# 0 0 . 0 & ( 0 ,
! # 0 0 . 0 & ( 0 2
!%# 0 & 0 . 0 ( 0 ,

(( - # #
%

(( - # & #
% . . /0
) = 4 & , ) )

; 6) ; > ! #
76M 4 !,+++# S
,+++T &
'66 76M &4 ! ,# & 7S ,T
"%% &4 & G &
76M ! ,#4 & 7S ,T &
;5 , , ,G
% U
$5N '66 $ > &
="' ( )

" 9 ,+++ +
, &+++ 9 &+++ &+ + ++
) 9 +++ "
: " 9 9
- ) ) 9
!"# + !$# ! # &+ !%# &

:& " 9 " -

) 4 9 &+ +
!"# ++ !$# + ! # +& !%# +

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:, " 9 9 > ,& ;

) - H
;5 ,J
4
) ?
!"# ++2 !$# +&+ ! # +&. !%# +.+

(( - # & #
% 1. 0
8 ( "

*,

*+ * *&

:. ) 9 9 -)

!"# "D "D "D "D !$# ( + ")

D
! # "D ( + ")
D
!%# "D "D "D

:2 * 8("

!"# !$# & ! # , !%# .

% $ #
% 0 2# 3

##( #& % $ #
% 24 0

( )) /"/ / / / ) 4 4 4 4 4 4 ) 9
& . < 3 ,& ,&
:3 = /"/ / / /
!"# +4 +4 +4 +4 +4
!$# 4 +4 + 4 + +4 ++ 4 +++
! # 4 +4 + 4 ++ 4 +++ 4 ++++
!%# +4 ++4 + +4 +++4 ++ 4

:: :3
!"# , !$# & <:2 ! # & &2 !%# 1,:2

##( #& % $ #
% 3 4 50
8/ {!4 4 ,} 0 ) 4 { 4 "}
) 4( 9 )

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! → , !→"
, →" →
, → "! → !
, → ,, !→"

:< 9
!"# !$# ! # !%#

:1 8 :<4 9
!"# !$# & ! # , !%# .

##( #& % $ #
% 3 43 0
3
9 9 & 9 "
)) ,& 3. 9 9
" 2+ × 2+ 0 9 9 9
9 ++= " 9 )9 )
9 "

<+ = 9
!"# .< !$# 2+ ! # 23 !%# 21

< ) 9 ?
9
!"# . !$# . &
! # + : !%# + <

##( #& % $ #
% 3 4 3/0
" ) , ) " )
) 9 9 ) ? *
) ! # . . ./. .1. .2./.
<& ; ) ) ) ) 9 4 9)

!"# : !$# < ! # 1 !%# +

<, ' 9 !' # ) ) ) 9 ) )) -

) ) ) 8 4 9
) ' ) ) ) ) 9
!"# + !$# ! # & !%# ,

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##( #& % $ #
% 31 4 3 0
( )) ) ) " )
) 4 4 ( 4 #)
( + 4 #) (4#+ )
<. = 9 ) ) ! +4 +#
) !+4+#
&+
!"# !$# &&+
+
+
! # & !%# 5

<2 ( )) !.4.#
!24.# 4 9 )
! +4 +# !+4+#
!"# &1 !$# & 1

< &+ <

! # × !%# − ×
. 2 + . 2

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