365
Subject Index
2-lobe (or bi-Iobe) design 8
3-lobe (or tri-Iobe) design 8
adiabatic operation 36
air entrapment problem 18,19
altemating copolymer 57
amorphous polymer 58
analytical melting model 203
angle of repose 160
annealing 98
apparent flow activation energy 113
apparent shear rate 122
apparent viscosity 123
arrhenius equation 112
ASTM 56
atactic configuration 75
average molecular weights 59
average residence time 34
Banbury@ 329
Barr ring mixer (BRM) 326
Barr sleeve mixer (BSM) 326
barrel cooling 39
barrier screws 297
biaxial extensional flow 134
Bingham fluid 101
block copolymer 57
branched polymer 57
bulk density 5, 17, 161
Buss Ko-Kneader@ 329
capillary rheometer 118
cavity transfer mixer (CTM) 326
chain folding 77, 81
chain or addition polymerization 53
chain re-entry 81
channel depth 47
channel width 47
cornmon scale-up method 310
compaction factor 240
compatibility 87
complex dynarnic shear modulus 127
complex dynamic viscosity 128
compressibility 161
compression ratio (CR) 5
compression section 5
conduction melting 25
conduction melting model 249
cone-and-plate rheometer 118
configuration 74
conformation 73
consistent feeding rate 17
conveying element or screw bushing 332
cooling rate 97
copolymer 56
Couette viscometer 118
crarnmer feeder 17
CRD mixer 326
critical molecular weight for entanglement
72
critical nucleus size 93
critical shear stress 136
cross-channel drag flow 26
crosslinked polymer 57
crystalline polymer 58
crystallization rate 94
crystallization temperature 91
curvature factors 266
dead spot 4
die swell 76, 124
dilatant fluid 102
dispersion 32
dispersive mixing 32
dissipative melting 23
dissipative melting models 201
distributive mixing 32
domain 88
down-channel drag flow 26
drag flow 26
366 Subject Index
drag flow rate 259
draw ratio 141
draw resonance 140
drive torque 40
Dulmage mixing section 295
dynamic friction coefficient 159
dynamic loss shear modulus 127
dynamic loss viscosity 128
dynamic mechanical test 126
dynamic mixers 324
dynamic shear modulus 127
dynamic viscosity 128
effective residence time 34
elastic memory 148
elution..volurÍ1e70
enthalpy 154
ET (Energy Transfer)-Screw 299
extensional flow 134
extensional rheometer 135
external friction 17,158
extrudate swell 76, 124
extruder size 44
Farrel continuous mixer (FCM) 329
feed binding 22
feed bridging 19
fe~dback control 45
feeding 11
feeding depth 5
feeding section 5
first normal stress difference 130
flight 6
flight clearance 24
flow instability 105, 135
flow rate ratio 133
flow segregation 17
flow temperature 157
friction 46
fringed micelle 82
fully oriented chain 73
functional groups 54
gear pump 321
glass transition 87
glass transition temperature (Tg) 58
glassy polymer 58
graft copolymer 57
grinding 46
gross melt fracture 136
growth of nucleus 93
hand-squeeze test 160
head pressure 4
heat of fusion 155
helical coil 78
helix angle 47
heterogeneous copolymer 57
high load [MI] or lOX-[MI] 132
high performance screw 292
homogeneous copolymer 57
homopolymer 56
infinite shear viscosity 105
in-line mixer 323
instrumentation 45
interlamellar ties 51, 83
intermeshing co-rotating twin-screw
extruder 7, 332
intermeshing counter-rotating twin-screw
extruder 7, 336
internal friction 17, 160
intrinsic viscosity (IV) 66
isotactic configuration 75
isothermal Newtonian fluid model 256
iterative numerical melting model 203
Kenics KM mixer 323
kneading element or block 332
Koch SMX mixer 323
LID ratio 5, 44
lamella 51, 83
lateral stress ratio 199
lead 6
light scattering 64
linear polymer 57
linear viscoelastic (LVE) 100
long chain branches (LCB) 57
loss-in-weight feeder 17

Maddock (or Union Carbide) mixing
section 296
Mark-Houwink equation 67
matrix 88
mechanical energy efficiency 37
mechanical melting 157
melt breakage 140
melt film thickness 203
melt flow index 131
melt fracture 105, 136
melt index 131, 132
melt indexer 131
melt pool 14
melt pressure drift 30
melt rheology 98
melt temperature drift 31
melt temperature fluctuation 31
melt viscosity 72
melting 2, 46, 87
melting efficiency 214
melting function 11
melting models 201
melting rate 202
melting section 5
melting temperature 59
metered feeding device 7
metering depth 5
metering efficiency 269
metering function 11
metering models 254
metering section 5
microphase morphology 88
miscibility 87
mixing element or block 332
mixing-pin types 295
molecular entanglements 51
molecular orientation 1, 76
molecular weight (M) 59
molecular weight distribution 61
monodisperse 61
morphology 1, 76
motor power 40, 276
Newtonian fluid 101
non-intermeshing counter-rotating
Subject Index 367
twin-screw extruder 7, 338
non-Newtonian fluid 101
nucleation of crystal 92
number average molecular weight 60
optical birefringence 77
osmotic pressure 63, 63
packing density (PD) 78
phase angle 126
phase separation 87
pineapple mixing section 295
pitch 6
planar extensional flow 134
planar zig-zag 78
plasticating 2
plug flow 34
polydispersity 61
polymer extrusion 3
polymerization reaction 53
polymorphism 78
power-Iawequation 108
pressure flow 26
pressure flow rate 259
pressure fluctuation 15
pseudoplastic fluid 101
pumping function 11
pumping section 5
purely viscous fluid 99
purging 17
pushing flight 15
quenching 91
Rabinowitsch equation 122
random coil 73
random copolymer 57
reduced channel depth 179
reduced pressure gradient 187
reduced screw length 183
reduced solid bed width 247
relaxation time 101
residence time distribution 34
residence time or dwell time 34
retention time 70
368 Subject Index

retention volume 70 super-cooling 93

rheological mechanical spectrometer 125 surface melt fracture 136
rheopectic or anti-thixotropic fluid 102 surging 15,29
rubbing mechanism 46 syndiotactic configuration 75

scale-up methods 309 tacticities 75

screw configuration 332 tearing 47
screw cooling 5,39 tensile stress 89
screw elements 332 tensile viscosity 134
screw root 47 thermal shrinkage 77
screw simulator 212 thermo/mechanical stability 158
screw speed 6 thermomechanical history 1
screw torque strength 42 thermoplastics 56
screw-freezing experiments 12 thermosets 56
semi-cQ:stallihepolymers 59 thixotropic fluid 102
shape factors 263 trailing flight 15
shear modulus G 99 transition section 5
shear rate 89 transverse flow 26
shear rate at the wall 122 true viscosity 123
shear strain 89 Twente sleeve mixer (TSM) 326
shear stress 46, 89 twin-screw extruder 7, 329
shear stress at the wall 121 two-stage screw 6
short chain branches 57
side-feeding 7 uniaxial extensional flow 134
single crystal 81 unit cell 78
single-screw extruders 2 unsaturated bond 53
slip-stick mechanism 139 unstable melting 47
solid bed 13
solid bed breakup 15,25 viscoelastic 100
solid bed profile 247 viscoelastic fluid 100
solid bed splitting 15 viscosity 99
solid conveying angle 15, 173 viscosity average molecular weight 61
solid conveying efficiency 188 viscous shear stress 202
solid conveying function 11 volumetric feeder 17
solid conveying models 170
specific heat 154 wall slip 139
specific output rate 281 Wave-Screw 299
spherulite 83 weight average molecular weight 60
square-pitch 6 Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation
static friction coefficient 159 111
static mixer 323
step or condensation polymerization 54 X-ray diffraction 77
stereoregularity 75
strain 89 Z-average molecular weight 61
stress 89 zero shear viscosity 105
stress efficiency 214