1) Problem 1

𝑥
a. Formula for average: 𝑥̅ = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑛𝑖
Averages: length: 1.009, width: 5.369, height: 2.018
(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ )2
Formula for variances: 𝑠 2 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑛−1
Variances: length: 3.8E-5, width: 3.1E-4, height: 2.5E-3
b. Formula for standard deviation: 𝑠 = √𝑠 2
Stdevs: length: .0062, width: .018, height: .050
𝑠
c. 95% CI: uncertainty formula: 𝛿𝑥 = 2.776 ∗
√5
CI: length: 1.009 ± .0077
Width:5.369 ± .022
Height: 2.018 ± .062
d. Average volume: 10.93
Stdev: .28
95% CI: 10.932 ± .34
2) Problem 2
a. 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 (𝐹) = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 (𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 + 𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒)(𝑥) − 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒(𝑦)
= 5.1647 ± .0005 − 2.3712 ± .0005

Uncertainty: 𝑑𝐹 = √𝑐1 2 (𝑑𝑥)2 + 𝑐2 2 (𝑑𝑦)2

:= √12 ∗. 00052 + (−1)2 ∗. 00052 = .0007

Thus, weight of sample (F)

=2.7935 ± .0007
3) Problem 3
a. Average signal value: 243
b. Variance: 54500
c. CI: 243 +/- 245
d. The q value for -50 is .226, which is under the threshold of .560.
4) Problem 4
a. 𝑦 = 120 − 1.0𝑥

x vs y
100
90
80
70
60
50
y = -1.0346x + 121.04
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
b.
 c. The standard deviation of a is 7.5. The standard deviation of b is .14
d. R is -.96. it is negative because of the negative correlation between x and y (the
slope is negative)
e. The point 50,81 has a q value of .5886, which fails at both 90% and 96%. The
lower q value is .16, which is okay.
f. The revised equation is 𝑦 = −1.0𝑥 + 120. the stdev of a is 3.8, and the stdev of b
is .071. the R value is -.99.
g. Removing the data point results in a better regression, as evidenced by the
decrease in standard deviation of the parameters, as well as the increased |r|.
5) Problem 5
𝑚𝑅𝑇
The formula we will use 𝑀 = 𝑃𝑉 .
When we correct the units, 𝑃1 = .0954 ± .0007 and 𝑃2 = .0948 ± .0007 atm
The volume is 1.05678 ± .00005 L.
𝐿∗𝑎𝑡𝑚
The R we use is .08205 .
𝑚𝑜𝑙∗𝐾

2 𝛿𝑀 2 2 𝛿𝑀 2 𝛿𝑀 2 𝛿𝑀 2
The uncertainty formula is 𝜎𝑀 =( ) 𝜎𝑚 + ( ) 𝜎𝑇2 + ( ) 𝜎𝑃2 + ( ) 𝜎𝑉2 .
𝛿𝑚 𝛿𝑇 𝛿𝑃 𝛿𝑉
𝛿𝑀 𝑅𝑇 𝛿𝑀 𝑚𝑅 𝛿𝑀 −𝑚𝑅𝑇 𝛿𝑀 −𝑚𝑅𝑇
The partial derivatives are 𝛿𝑚 = ,
𝑃𝑉 𝛿𝑇
= 𝑃𝑉 , 𝛿𝑃 = 𝑃2 𝑉 , 𝛿𝑉 = 𝑃𝑉 2
The uncertainty for Trial 1 is 32.0+/-0.2.
The uncertainty for Trial 2 is also 32.1+/-01.2

6) Problem 6
𝑘
ln( 2)𝑅
𝑘1
a) Through algebraic manipulation, we get 𝐸𝑎𝑐𝑡 = − 1 1 . Calculating, we get 𝐸𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
−
𝑇2 𝑇1
27 𝑘𝐽
𝛿𝐸𝑎𝑐𝑡 2 2 𝛿𝐸𝑎𝑐𝑡 2 2 𝛿𝐸𝑎𝑐𝑡 2 2 𝛿𝐸𝑎𝑐𝑡 2 2
b) The uncertainty is 𝜎𝐸2𝑎𝑐𝑡 = ( 𝛿𝑘1
) 𝜎𝑘1 + ( 𝛿𝑘2
) 𝜎𝑘2 + ( 𝛿𝑇1
) 𝜎𝑇1 + ( 𝛿𝑇2
) 𝜎𝑇2
𝛿𝐸𝑎𝑐𝑡 8.314𝑇 𝑇 𝛿𝐸 8.314𝑇 𝑇
The partial derivatives are = (𝑇 1 2) = −54872400, 𝑎𝑐𝑡 = − (𝑇 1 2) =
𝛿𝑘1 k1 1 −𝑇2 𝛿𝑘2 k2 1 −𝑇2
𝑘 𝑘
𝛿𝐸𝑎𝑐𝑡 8.314 log[ 2 ]𝑇22 𝛿𝐸𝑎𝑐𝑡 8.314 log[ 2]𝑇12
𝑘1 𝑘1
3.6581600, 𝛿𝑇 1
= (𝑇1 −𝑇2 )2
= 485.423, 𝛿𝑇2
=− (𝑇1 −𝑇2 )2
= −407.894
The uncertainty, therefore, is 10 kJ.

7) Problem 7

𝑃
𝑃2 (1 − 𝑃3 )
1
𝑃3 − 𝑃2 +1
𝛾=
𝑃
𝑃2 (1 − 𝑃3 )
1
𝑃3 − 𝑃2
So
𝑑𝛾 (𝑃2 − 𝑃3 )𝑃3
=
𝑑𝑃1 𝑃2 (𝑃1 − 𝑃3 )2
 𝑑𝛾 𝑃1 𝑃3
=− 2
𝑑𝑃2 𝑃2 (𝑃1 − 𝑃3 )
𝑑𝛾 𝑃1 (𝑃1 − 𝑃2 )
=
𝑑𝑃3 𝑃2 (𝑃1 − 𝑃3 )2
The uncertainty is 1.389+/-.07.