ANALYSIS

This experiment entitled work, energy and power. The experiment is divided
into 2 parts. The first part is determining the force power and the work of a certain
object and second is the determination of work on a curved path. Before the
experiment is conducted, once should know the different theories and concept
of work, energy and power. This experiment aims to prove the theories regarding
the said topic. By the end of the experiment, the objectives must be aimed and
that is to determine the power of an object and define the work energy and
conservation principle, also it aims to compute the work ok a motion along a
curved path. Before starting the experiment details on the topics is need to be
discussed. Note that on the first part work and power will be computer. On the
second part, work and energy will be computed.

The work, power and energy goes under the topic of thermodynamics. It is
branch of physical science that deals with the relationship between the heat and
other forms of energy. Energies like mechanical, electrical chemical, nuclear and
heat energy. Thermodynamics relies on 3 basic concepts and that is work, power
and energy. There are four laws about thermodynamics but in this experiment,
the first law of thermodynamics is to be emphasized. First law of thermodynamics
states that energy cannot be neither created nor destroyed but it is just changed
from one form to another form. This means that the energy in a certain system
can be converted to heat or work or other things, but you always have the same
total that you started with or it will be just the same all throughout the process. The
said law will be use on the first part and the second part of the experiment
because the experiment would be dealing on energy and work, power is related
to energy.

Work results a force acts upon an object to cause a displacement or a

motion. Work is a scalar quantity equal to the product of the displacement s and
the component of the force F in the direction of the displacement. If a system as
a whole exerts a force on its surroundings and a displacement occurs, the work
done is called external work. A physics teacher pushing papers across his desk is
doing external work. A physics teacher standing motionless is not doing any
significant external work.
 If a part of a system exerts a force on another part of the same system and
a displacement occurs, the work done is called internal work. Three variables are
of importance in this definition - force, displacement, and the extent to which the
force causes or hinders the displacement. The equation for work is derived from
calculus.
x2
Work = ∫ Force dx
x1

x2
Work = Force ∫ dx
x1

Work = Force (x2 − x1 ); but (x2 − x1 ) is ∆x ir displacement

Work = Force × Displacement

The common system of units that work would be dealing are listed in the table
below:

System Force (F) Displacement (S) Work (W)

MKS Newton (N) Meter (m) N-m or Joule

CGS Dyne Centimeter (cm) Dyne-cm or erg

ENGLISH Pound (lb) Foot (ft) ft - lb

The most complicated part of the work equation and work calculations is
the meaning of the angle theta in the above equation. The angle is not just any
stated angle in the problem; it is the angle between the F and the d vectors. In
solving work problems, one must always be aware of this definition - theta is the
angle between the force and the displacement which it causes. If the force
follows the same direction as the displacement, the angle is 0 degrees. If the force
is in the opposite direction as the displacement, then the angle is 180 degrees. If
the force is up and the displacement is to the right, then the angle is 90 degrees.
 Power is defined as the rate at which work is done upon an object. Like all
rate quantities, power is a time-based quantity. Power is related to how fast a job
is done. Two identical jobs or tasks can be done at different rates - one slowly or
and one rapidly. The work is the same in each case (since they are identical jobs)
but the power is different. The equation for power shows the importance of time:

Power=Work / Time

The unit for standard metric work is the Joule and the standard metric unit
for time is the second, so the standard metric unit for power is a Joule / second,
defined as a Watt and abbreviated W. Special attention should be taken so as
not to confuse the unit Watt, abbreviated W, with the quantity work, also
abbreviated by the letter W.

Energy is the capability to do work. It is the capacity of an object to

transform the world that surrounds it. Its unit is the joule. It is anything that can be
converted into work. Example is anything that can exert a force through a
distance. It was said that work is done upon an object whenever a force acts
upon it to cause it to be displaced. Work involves force acting upon an object to
cause a displacement. In all instances in which work is done, there is an object
that supplies the force in order to do the work.

In the first part of the experiment, the force of the cart must determine first.
The force exerted by the fan cart and the weight of the pan plus the weight
added is equal because the system is in equilibrium and the fan cart is not moving.
This is one way of determining the force exerted by the fan cart. When equal force
is exerted on both ends of the system, the system will not move. In the experiment,
the force exerted by the fan cart is 0.49 Newton.

the movement of fan cart to the photogates at a certain distance. The

photogate 1 is being placed at the 30 cm mark of the dynamic track, while the
photogate 2 is placed in the 80 cm mark of the dynamic track. The total
displacement will be the distance between photogate 1 and photogate 2. Note
that photogates measure the time of travel of the fan cart at a certain
displacement. Every trial, the photogate 2 will be moving 10 cm each trial so it will
have a total displacement of 50 cm. Since the displacement was already
generated, work can now be computed by multiplying the force of the fan cart
and the total displacement on every trial.
 Only the x-component of force does work so we come up on the equation:

Work = Force cosθ × displacement

Since in this experiment, the track is exactly vertically and do not generate
angle of inclination the value of the will become 0 that will come up to cosine
zero where the value us one.

Also using this process, time will be computed by using the photogates. When
time was already measured power can now be computed using the equation:

Power = Work / Time

x2
Power = (∫ F dx)/(time)
x1

Work Power
0.2450 J 0.3137 Watts
0.2940 J 0.3114 Watts
0.3430 J 0.2808 Watts
0.3920 J 0.2309 Watts

Based on the results of the experiment in part 1, the work of the fan cart
increase as the displacement increase. The reason behind this is because work is
directly proportional to the displacement when the force is constant. Every trial
the work in Joules is increasing because the experiment increases the
displacement on every trial. Also the power exerted by the fan cart is almost the
same from the first to the fourth trial the reason behind this is the displacement is
divided by the time and as displacement increase, time of travel also increase so
the equation was neutralized and almost mains the same power all the trials. Work
is not constant because it varies whenever force and displacement change.
 In the second part of the experiment, energy and work is to be determined
on a curved path. The energy that the experiment is dealing to is mechanical
energy. Mechanical energy is the energy that is possessed by an object due to
its motion or due to its position. Mechanical energy can be either kinetic energy
(energy of motion) or potential energy (stored energy of position). Objects have
mechanical energy if they are in motion and/or if they are at some position
relative to a zero potential energy position. The example is this experiment where
the spring balance exerts a pulling force on the hanging weight to generate a
certain angle. The potential energy is the focus on this experiment. An object can
store energy as the result of its position. In this part, when the hanging object is
being pulled and placed on a fixed position it has potential energy or energy at
rest. In this part the work is solved using the equation.

Work = Weight (Lenght of String)(1 − cosθ)

The equation for computing the work has changed because the weight of the
block must now be considered and the length of the string can help to determine
the displacement when given at a certain angle this is because of the equation:

displacement = radius (θ in radians)

After performing the second part the result is listed below.

Force Displacement Work Power

10N 0.09 m 0.060 J 0.0049 J
20N 0.123 m 0.140 J 0.1421 J
30N 0.180 m 0.324 J 0.2940 J
40N 0.205 m 0.404 J 0.3528 J

Based on the results of the experiment, as the displacement increase, force

increase, work increase and Gravitational Potential Energy also increase. This
satisfies our theories that as the work increase the gravitational potential energy
also increase. It is according to the law of conservation of energy that energy can
be stored and as the work increase more energy is needed.
CONCLUSION

The experiment aims to determine the power of the fan cart by using the definition
of work and the energy conservation principle. The other objective is also to
compute work for a motion along a curved path.

I conclude that work is related to power. Power can be determined using work
by considering the time. It is from its definition that power is the rate of doing work
at specific displacement.

The work has linear relation with displacement. If we increase the displacement
twice, work is also increasing twice.

For a horizontal path, power of a certain body moving along this path is constant.
If it leveled, example, going up stairs, it may vary because of the influence of
gravity.

It is best to hold the fan cart first before allowing it to move because by doing this,
we are letting the fan to generate its natural force.

Force which is parallel to displacement is doing the maximum work. On the other
hand, the force cannot affect work if force is perpendicular to displacement.

I conclude that energy appearing in various forms like for example, mechanical
energy, is conserved. It can be transformed from one form to another. It is known
as the law of conservation of energy.

The total work done of an object is merely the change in kinetic energy or change
in potential energy.

As object moves away from earth surface, the work needed to do this against
gravitational force is then stored or converted as potential energy.

I also conclude that at circular path, work-energy theorem can still be applied. It
is a proof that the total work done to raise an object is equivalent to gravitational
potential energy restored. Aside from work-energy theorem, law of conservation
of mechanical energy can prove total work is equal to PEg.

The use of the method in first part of the experiment will give you accurate result.
In oppose to the second, which may give us unreliable data. It is due to second
part has many measuring steps, which leads us to make assumptions and
uncertainties.
APPLICATION

Work is defined as the product of the force and the displacement. In short,
work done is directly proportional to the force applied and its displacement. With
a constant force, greater work is done if the displacement of an object is great
since it will require for it to travel a long distance. On the other hand, less work is
done if the displacement is shorter. Same is true with the force. As work increases
with the displacement held constant, force increases. This relationship was
proven to be true in the first part of the experiment.

Power is defined as the rate of doing the work and it is defined by the
equation P = W / t. In this equation, we can see that power (P) is directly
proportional to work (W). If power is increasing work should also be increasing with
time held constant. In part two of the experiment, the students learned that the
work done in lifting the object in the curve path is just the same as the value of
the gravitational potential energy of the object.

The application of these concepts can be applied in machines. Machines

are usually described by their power or their rate of doing work. Take an air
condition for example, the higher the power it will have, the faster it will cool the
room however it will also be consumed a great amount of electricity to make it
work fast. On the other hand, the lower the power it will have, the slower the rate
it will cool the room however less electricity will be consumed.