Edited History Notes

I.C.S.E.
HISTORY REVISION NOTES
THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE /REVOLT OF 1857
Causes of the revolt of 1857

• These are broadly categorized into four parts:
Political causes
• Policy of Annexation followed by Lord Dalhousie :
• Doctrine of Lapse Introduced by Lord Dalhousie.
• Stated that heirs adopted without the approval of the Company would
only inherit the private property of the owner and the territories would
be seized by the Company.
• Examples - Jhansi, Satara, Nagpur, Sambalpur etc seized in this manner.
• This doctrine caused widespread discontentment among Indian rulers.
• Disrespect Shown to Bahadur Shah Zafar
• Bahadur Shah was the last Mughal ruler of India.
• In 1849, Lord Dalhousie announced that Shah's successor will no longer
be permitted to reside at the Red Fort and will have to move to a place
near Qutub Minar. It was also declared the successors would be deprived
of the right to be called Emperor and would be regarded as mere princes.
• This decision hurt the sentiments of Muslims.
• Ill-Treatment to Nana Saheb
• Nana Saheb was the adopted son the last Peshwa - Bajirao II.
• The British refused to grant Nana Saheb the pension they were paying to
Baji Rao II
• Nana Saheb had inherited enormous wealth which he utilized in sending
emissaries to different parts of the country to gather support for a revolt
movement.
• In general, Nana Saheb was annoyed.
• The Annexation of Oudh(Awadh, Lucknow) On the pretext of
misrule/mismanagement
• In 1856, Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh under the pretext of alleged
misrule.
• The Nawab of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah was removed from the throne.
• This threw many thousands of nobles, officials, and soldiers out of their
job.
• This caused resentment among the people of Awadh, which played a
major role in the uprising of 1857.
• Unpopular Administration
• The Indians could not approach the British
• The British could humiliate Indians
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I.C.S.E. HISTORY REVISION NOTES
• Indians found themselves out of place with English Laws and English
Language
• British officers looked upon Indians as inferior and excluded them from
high ranks.
• Floating Rumours
• A rumour was spread that there's a change in power every hundred years.
• British came to power in 1757; Indians, in 1857, felt that the British rule
had come to an end and they ought to be ousted.
• With this belief, the Indians rose in revolt against the British.
Socio-Religious cause
• Interference with social customs:
• Reforms like the abolition of Sati was introduced by Lord William Bentick
in 1829.
• Widow Remarriage Act was passed and western education was opened to
girls. This move was not welcomed by the Indians.
• These social reforms were aimed at improving the conditions of Indian
society.
• However, while introducing such reforms the feelings of people were not
taken into consideration.
• Railways and Telegraph:
• FIRST TRAIN MUMBAI TO THANE (1853)
• The introduction of modern innovations such as railways and telegraphs
were misunderstood by the people.
• There were rumours that the telegraph poles were erected to hang anti -
British people.
• The orthodox Indians noted that in the railway compartments, the high
and low castes were made to sit side by side.
• The policy of racial discrimination:
• British officers were rude towards Indians and believed that they could
kill them at their own will.
• Indians were not given high posts in British offices.
• Such acts of unjust discrimination alienated the British from Indian
masses.
Religious Causes
• Fears regarding conversions to Christianity:
• The activities of the Christian missionaries created a sense of alarm among
Hindus and Muslims.
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• The teaching of Christian doctrines was made compulsory in the

missionary and government schools.
• Bible was introduced in jails, idol worship was criticized and officials
openly preached Christian doctrines. The police force was also used for
conversion.
• A feeling of panic rose among Indians who believed they would all be
converted to Christianity.
• Social and Religious Reforms:
• Sati was abolished.
• Child marriage and polygamy were forbidden.
• Widow Remarriage was legalized.
• British intervened in religious affairs.
• Introduction of New laws:
• British started to collect taxes from religious institutions.
• 1850: Lord Dalhousie passed a law which enabled a convert to Christianity
to inherit his ancestral property.
Economic Causes
• British exploited economic resources of India.
• The British policy to export raw material was harmful for Indian
handicrafts.
• The British confiscated Jagirs.
• The British annexed Awadh.
• Educated Indians were unemployed.
• Poverty increased.
Military Causes
• The Indian Soldiers were considered inferior.
• The wages of Indian Soldiers were very less.
• Lord canning passed General Enlistment act.
The Immediate cause

• 1857: Enfield Rifle was introduced.
• Greased Cartridges were to be used in them.
• A rumour spread that they were greased with fat of the cow and pig.
• It hurts sentiments of Hindu Muslims soldiers.
• They started revolt.
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Main Events of The War

• The rumour about the greased cartridges spread like wildfire.
• 29-3-1857: Revolt started by Mangal Panday in Bengal(Barrackpor).
• He was hanged.
• Meerut
• Resulted revolt started in Meerut, Kanpur, Jhansi etc.
• 6-5-1857: revolt started at Meerut.
• 86 sepoy refused to use cartridges.
• They dismissed.
• They killed officials.
• Delhi
• Soldiers gone to Delhi.
• They declared Bahadur Shah Zafar as Emperor of India and Leader of
revolt.
• Later Bahadur Shah Zafar caught and deported to Rangoon(Mayanmar).
• 1862: he died.
• Kanpur
• Revolt led by Nana Sahib Peshwa
• He was adopted sun of Peshwa Baji Rao II.
• With the help of Azimullah Khan and Tope he fought against British.
• British defeated Nana Sahib.
• He fled.
• Lucknow
• Revolt led by Begum of Awad.
• Banras And Allahabad
• Revolt led by Maulvi Liaquet Ali.
• Bihar
• Revolt led by Kanwar Singh.
• He helped Nana Saheb.
• Central India
• Revolt led by Brave lady Jhansi ki Rani Lakshmi bai.
Results of Great Uprising

• End of the company's Rule.
• Change in the designation of the Governor-General.
• Change in policy toward the Indian States.
• Abolition of Peshwaship.
• They introduced Policy of Divide and rule.
• Rise of Nationalism.
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The Growth of Nationalism
Causes of the rise of the nationalism

• British policy of economic exploitation:
• They drained the wealth of India to England.
• The peasants suffered under heavy land taxes.
• The peasants were forced to produce Jute.
• They ruined cottage industries.
• Effects of the Great rising of 1857:
• They suppress revolt of 1857 brutality
• Many people killed in the revolt.
• The revolt created discontent towards British rule.
• The revolt gave birth sentiment of Nationalism.
• British Imperialism:
• British rule gave people a new sense of political unity.
• British introduced uniform laws.
• People of India think about one nation.
• So the people of India meet and understand each other which birth
sentiments of one nation
• Repressive Colonial policies:
• British adopted repressive policies against Indians.
• It created discontent among the Indians.
• Lord Lytton introduced Vernacular Press Act, 1878.
• Partition of Bengal forced Indians to get rid of the British rule.
• Influence of the means of Transport and communication:
• It birth fast movement of people in the country.
• The leaders use telegraph and railways to circulate sentiments of one
nation.
• Western thought and Education:
• They wanted to propagate the western culture and to win the loyalty of
educated Indians.
• But it have adverse impact, Indians got information about democratic
idea, secularism etc.
• Indian Press and Literature:
• Many newspapers were published and spread feelings of nationalism.
• Tilak’s weeklies Kesari and Anadmath of B.C. Chatterji inspired the
people.
• Rediscovery of India’s Glorious past :
• Many Britishers propagate that Indians cannot govern so it ruled by the
foreigners.
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• Sir William Jones, Max Muller etc. provide political social and cultural
advancement of India in the past.
• Many Indian writers wrote about India’s glorious past that gave birth
nationalism.
• Socio-religious Reform movement:
• Many social reformers like Raja Rammohan, Jyotiba Phule etc did efforts
to get rid social evils and they made Indians politically conscious.
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy:
I. He founded Brahmo Samaj in 1828.
II. Due to his efforts lord Bentinck abolished sati system.
III. He was known as Father of Indian Nationalism.
• Jyotiba Phule:
I. He founded Satyashodak Samaj in 1873.
II. He published “Tales of the untouchables”.
III. He also known as Mahatma Jyotiba Phule because of his works.
The Indian National Congress

• During second half the 19th century many political organization formed.
• They were local but played important role to make INC in Dec. 1885.
• East India Association founded by Dadabhai Naoroji in London which have
many Branches in India.
• Surendra Nath Banerjee set up the Indian Association in 1876.
• Foundation of Indian National Congress
I. A.O. Hume(ICS) considered father of the Indian National Congress.
II. He want to show drawbacks of British Government.
III. As a result, A conference of representatives of different was
convened by the union at Poona but due to plague it was held at
Bombay In 1885 .
IV. President was W.C. Banarjee.
V. It was attended by 72 delegates.
VI. The union name changed as INC
• Objective of INC:
I. To promote Friendly relations
II. To formulate popular demands and place them the government.
III. To develop nationalism.
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Chapter 3 Programme And Achievements Of The Early

Nationalist(Moderates)
Programme And Achievements of the early Nationalist (Moderates)

The Early Nationalist (Moderates)
• The time from 1885-1905 is known as the time of early nationalist.
• Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Madan Mohan Malwiye etc.
• They were friendly with British.
• They love western culture.
• They had full faith on British.
• Early congressmen were called Moderates because their demand,
struggle were moderate.
Programme And Demands of Early Nationalists

• Constitutional Reforms:
o They demanded the expansion of legislative council.
o Later on they demanded self-government within British rule.
• Economic Reforms:
o They demanded reduction of land revenue.
o They demanded reduction of expenditure on army and spent on
welfare.
• Administrative and Other Reforms:
o They were against CS
o They demanded the repeal of Arms act.
o They demanded various facilities such as medical, health, irrigation
etc.
• Defence of civil rights:
o They opposed restrictions made by the British rule.
o They organized nationwide movement.
Methods of the Early Nationalist

• They believed in patience.
• To educate people they organize public sessions.
• They drafted petitions.
• They sent deputations of Indians leaders to England.
• In 1889, a British Committee of INC was founded. A journal called India
was started.
• Their Beliefs: They believed in peace and constitutional means.
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Achievements of Early Nationalists:

• They achieved a lot.
• They gave birth of national unity.
• They created sense of one nation.
• They made people political aware.
• Their failures:
• They did not have a mass following.
• They adopted moderate means.
Contribution of Important Early Nationalists

• Dadabhai Naoroji(1825-1917):
o He was born in Parsi family in Bombay.
o He known as the Grand Old Man.
o He was the President of INC.
o He founded East Indian Association to promote unity and Public
opinion.
o He started movement against the Vernacular Press Act.
o Four resolutions on self-government, boycott, swadeshi and national
education were passed by the INC under his president ship.
• Surendra Nath Banarjee (1848-1925)
o He was born in Bengal.
o He was great speaker, journalist, and educationalist.
o He founded the Indian Association in 1876 against British rule.
o He was against Minto Morley Reforms.
o He was against Partition of Bengal in 1905.
• Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866-1915):
o He was born in Kolhapur (Maharashtra).
o He supported constitutional means to achieve his aims.
o He was against Lord Curzon.
o Because of his efforts toll tax reduced.
Attitude of the government towards The INC

• At start, Government were favourable.
• Lord Dufferin was pleased over its foundation.
• He thought that government will understand the real feelings of Indians.
• Later on, The British criticised INC and called Indian leaders “Disloyal
Babus”, “seditious Brahmins”, “Violent Villains”.
• So British started Divide and Rule.
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RISE OF ASSERTIVE NATIONALISM

• Lal, Bal, Pal adopted assertive means because British did not fulfil
demands of moderates.
• They wanted achieve Swaraj.
• They are known as assertive nationalists (1905-1919)
Causes of the rise of assertive nationalism

• Failure of the Early nationalist cause their means.
• Tilak presented true picture of British rule in Kesari and Maratha.
• Between 1851-1900 the people of various parts of India suffered drought
and famines but British government did not adopt measures.
• Tilak attacked British policies in his newspapers
• British policies led poverty and unemployment.
• Many Educated Indians were unemployed.
• Lord Curzon passed many acts against Indians such as Official Secrets Act,
The Indian University Act, The Calcutta Corporation Act.
• Ill- Treatment of Indians in Africa such as Unjust taxes, The Registration
Act etc.
• Many leaders were sent jails because their repressive policies.
• Russia and Italy defeated by Japan and Ethiopia respectively that
encouraged Indians.
• Nationalist inspired from western ideas.
• Partition of Bengal added fuel to the fire.
• Lal , Bal , Pal was the most important factor which contributed to the rise
of Assertive nationalism.
Principles or Objectives of Assertive Nationalism

• They wanted Swaraj.
• They beloved in supremacy of Indian Culture.
• They had no faith in British rule.
• They supported the Swadeshi goods.
• They wanted moral progress of Indians.
• They did not believe in constitutional means.
Methods of the Assertive Nationalists

• Swadeshi: Its mean producing the essential goods in own country.
• Boycott: Swadeshi and Boycott are like two sides of same coins.
• National Education: They introduced national schools.
• Passive Resistance: They asked the people to refuse to help government.
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Achievements of The Assertive Nationalists

• They preached the method of self-respect.
• They declared sacrifices were needed for Independence.
• They propagated use of Swadeshi.
• They gave birth nationalist sentiments.
• They infused spirit of Assertive nationalism by their newspapers in
Indians.
• Produce revolutionaries who were ready for any type of sacrifice.
Contribution of Bal Gangadhar Tilak

• He is known as Father of Assertive nationalism.
• Born- 23 July 1856 in Maharashtra
• He started Kesari and the Maratha.
• He organized Swadeshi and Boycott movement.
• He was tried for sedition.
• He Started home rule movement.
• Books – The Gita Rahasya and the Arctic Home of the Vedas.
Contribution of Lala Lajpat Rai

• He was born in a vaish family of village Jagraon in Ludhiana district of the
Punjab in 1865.
• He died in 1928 as a result of lathi blows.
• He was great speaker, a writer.
• He was social reformer and educationalist.
• He set up ‘servants of the people society’.
• He was active worker of Arya Samaj.
Contribution of Bipin Chandra Pal

• He was born on September 71 1858 in Assam.
• He became the editor of New India.
• He joined Brahmo Samaj.
• He was teacher.
• He joined the congress in 1897.
• He joined the Assertive nationalist group.
• He was a speaker.
• He wanted to achieve Sawaraj.
• His programs consisted of Swadeshi, Boycott, National education.
• He was Strong supporter of democracy.
• He dead in 1932.
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PARTITION OF BENGAL
• Lord Curzon Became the Viceroy of India in 1898.
• He was enemy of Indian nationalism.
• He partitioned Bengal into two parts in 1905.
• Causes/Motives
• He said Bengal is big state and hard to administrated it.
• It has large population about of 8 crores.
• Dacca was made its capital.
• The main cause to curb nationalism.
• The Hindus and Muslims were united and he wanted to divide them.
• This motive appears to be real one because new state was Muslim
dominated.
The Swadeshi and The Boycott Movements

• To curb Indian Nationalism Curzon introduced many acts and partitioned
Bengal.
• It led widespread agitation.
• It came to be known as Swadeshi and Boycott Movement.
• The aim movements was to accelerate the pace of freedom movement,
to promote Indian Industries, to provide employment to craftsmen etc.
• It was started in Bengal.
• All sections of Indians regardless age, religion, profession joined it.
• A meeting was held in town hall Calcutta in August 1905 in which large
gathering of people participated.
• The day of partition is called a day of national mourning.
• There was a general Haatal (strike).
• People Fasted.
• The Hindus and Muslims tied rakhi on one another’s wrists as a symbol of
brotherhood.
• These movement started in Bengal but soon I reached in Punjab,
Maharashtra and other parts of India.
• Congress took an aggressive part to progress Swadeshi movement.
• Tagore, B C Pal were leading leaders in Bengal and Lajpat Rai and Tilak in
northern and Western India.
• Many meetings were organized.
• Large Sums were collected to help these movement.
• Even sanyasis joined it.
• Students took part.
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• Many textile mills, soap and match factories, National banks were set up
to help the people.
• To suppress many policies were followed by the government such as
Leaders were beaten and killed, arrested .
• In 1907 Lal Lajpat Rai was arrested.
• In 1908 Tilak was sentenced to 6 years imprisonment.
• Grant-in-aid to educational institutions were stopped.
• Government followed divide and rule.
Impact and Significance of these Movements

• The use of India made goods replaced use of foreign goods.
• The increased demands of Swadeshi goods led to increase in production
of goods which encouraged local industries.
• The movement was beneficial for cottage industries which provided work
to craftsman.
• It created great enthusiasm among students as a result they burnt foreign
goods.
• It encouraged National literature and nationalism.
• This movement was nationwide and inspiring national feelings in Indians.
• The Surat Split, 1907
• The Early Nationalist controlled congress with their methods and ideals.
• They were Loyal to British.
• They were not changed their method of working after the partition of
Bengal.
• Some leaders like Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai wanted passive resistance against
British.
• Early nationalist were not ready.
• The congress passed resolution on Swaraj , Swadesh , Boycott Movement
under the pressure of assertive nationalist and it accepted by Early
nationalist in 1906 at Calcutta.
• In 1907, Surat Early nationalist denied resolutions passed in 1907.
• There were clashed between the two groups.
• Police restore peace.
• In this situation congress was divided in two groups.
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FORMATION OF THE MUSLIM LEAGUE

Factors leading to the foundation of Muslim League
• Loss of Sovereignty for the Muslims
• British established their rule after dethroning Mughal Empire (Muslim
rule).
• Muslims were against British
• They considered British their most dangerous enemies.
• British began to crush Muslims.
• Economic Backwardness of the Muslims
• Muslim were not recruited to Civil and Military services.
• Government Job was reserved mostly for Hindus.
• The Muslims remained poor.
• The crippling of arts and crafts in villages also led poverty among the
Muslims.
• Backwardness in the Social and Cultural Fields
• Persian was replaced by English.
• Muslims were proud on their literature and language and did not adopt
western education.
• So they were backward in the social and cultural fields.
• Hindus adopted western education.
• British Policy of Divide and Rule
• The English resorted to different methods to divide Indians.
• British painted several Hindu rulers as cruel to their Muslims subjects.
• British introduced Minto-Morley Reforms 1909.
• British tried to justify the partition of Bengal for Muslims interest.
• New Interpretation to Indian History
• The English historians tried to create hatred among Hindus and Muslims
for each other.
• British Divided Indian history into Hindu and Muslim periods.
• Rise the Revolutionary Nationalism
• Some action of Nationalists gave birth of communalism.
• They identified the Indian nation with the Hindus and the Hindu religion.
• They ignored Muslim role in Indian History.
• Economic Backwardness of the country
• Economic Backwardness was the responsible for communalism.
• There was acute unemployment in youth.
• They demanded reservation in Jobs.
• Both the Hindu and Muslims leaders failed to convince that the English
were responsible for their backwardness.
• As a result communal forces grew.
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• Efforts of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

• Sir Syed Ahmad khan advised Muslims to get western Education.
• He founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental college at Aligarh in 1875.
• He advised Muslims to remain far away from Hindus and National
movement.
• Aligarh became centre of Muslim communalism.
• Events Leading to the foundation of the Muslim League
• Sir syed Ahmad khan set up various institutions.
• He founded the Mohammedan Civil Service Association and demanded
the appointment of Muslims to higher posts through examination.
• 1887:He convened a Muslim conference with aim of keeping Muslims
away from the congress.
• 1893:Organised the Mohammedan Defence Association to prevent
Muslims to join Congress.
• 1905:Partition of Bengal was reward of muslims for their support.
• New Principal of MAO college invited Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk to Shimla
and advised him to demand for separate electoral system.
• 1906/10/1: Lord Minto received various demands under the leadership of
Agha Khan
1. The Muslims should have their own separate electorates.
2. A muslim should be given a seat in High courts and Chief Courts.
3. The proportion for Muslim representative entitled for nomination
to provincial councils should be determined and declared.
4. There should be a Muslim university.
• 1906: The Mohammedan Educational Conference was held to form a
separate body of Muslims at Dacca. After the long discussion under
Waqar ul Mulk Muslim league formed.
• Aims and Objectives of Muslim League
i. Promotion of loyalty to the British Government
ii. Protection of Muslims interest
Impact of the Muslim League on the Indian National Movement

➢ Morley Minto reform introduced to please Indian Muslims.
➢ Congress was against of it.
➢ British against the Turkish interest thereafter Indian Muslims launched
Khilafat Movement and congress supported them.
➢ 1916: Lucknow pact signed between congress and league.
➢ 1934: Mr. Jinnah put forward two nation theories.
➢ 1947: communal riots broke out.
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THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT (DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR)
The First World War and National Movement

• 1914-1918: WWI took place.
• Allied powers: Britain, France, Japan, Russia etc.
• Axis powers: Germany, Austria, Italy, Turkey, Hungary etc.
• India and The WWI
• One of the main cause of WWI was to expand their empires.
• India was the colony of England.
• British wanted to include Indians in WWI.
• Indian were opposed it to join WWI.
• Early nationalist thought after WWI they gave swaraj to Indians.
• But they forgotten that the British involved in war for their colonies.
• Effects of the WWI on the National movement
o 1915-1916: Home rule league started by tilak and Annie Besant.
o 1916: Early and assertive and Muslim league were united in Lucknow
to work together.
o 1918: Montague-Chelmsford Reforms introduced to please Indian
Nationalists.
The Lucknow Pact

• Circumstances leading Lucknow Pact
• International Events:
o England fought against turkey in WWI.
o Muslims felt British as anti-Muslims.
o So Muslims supported congress in the freedom movement.
• National movement:
o Some Muslims leader arrested.
o Partition of Bengal spread nationalism among Muslims.
o 1914: Tilak's release from jail.
• Changes the objectives of Muslims:
o 1913: League wanted system of self-government.
o League and Congress's same interest united them.
o Compromise between the two factions of the Congress:
o Annie Besant and Tilak played important role in it.
o 1916: Tilak re-joined congress.
o He resolve many dispute between congress and league.
o However, The pact was signed between Congress and league at
Lucknow 1916 known as Lucknow pact.
o
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o Provisions of Lucknow Pact:

o The council of the Secretary of State for India shall be abolished.
o One-half members of Executive council shall be Indians.
o One-third members shall be Muslims in legislative council out of 150
members.
o Imperial Legislative council shall have full control on government.
o Four-fifth members shall elected directly in Provincial legislative
council.
o The Provincial legislative council shall have full control on the
government.
o Executive officers shall have no judicial powers.
o Significance and Impact of The Lucknow Pact:
o It united Hindu and Muslims.
o It united Early and Assertive nationalist.
o It united Congress and League.
o Now the British have no choice to reject their demands.
o Government forced to adopt policy of appeasement.
o Because of it Montague-Chelmsford reforms were announced in 1918.
The Home Rule Movement(1915-1916) and Home Rule Leagues

• 1914: Tilak was freed.
• Tilak and Annie Besant started movement to give new life of freedom
movement.
• 12-1915: Tilak started Home rule movement at Poona.
• 9-1916: Annie Besant started home rule movement at Adyar near Madras.
• To attain self government.
• They used constitutional means.
• Tilak's activity confined to the Bombay while Annie's popularised rest of
India.
• Tilak Preach their idea through his newspapers The kesari and Maratha.
• Annie Besant preach their idea through her newspapers New India and
Commonwealth.
• Reaction of the Government:
• Government followed repressive policy toward it.
• Various restrictions imposed on leaders.
• Tilak banned to enter in Delhi and Punjab.
• Annie Besant was interned.
• Various restrictions imposed on press.
• Against it various protest organised.
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• Ghadar Party: it tried to overthrow British rule and 7000 man of Indian
army revolt under it at Singapore.
• Indians were prepared for self-rule.
• British makes promises to stop movement.
• Importance of Home rule movement:
• First: Transformed national movement into a people's movement.
• Second: It worked as lighthouse.
• Third: it made popular to Annie Besant and Tilak.
• Fourth: its voice reached many nations. Indian home rule league
established in New York and London.
• Fifth: Under the pressure of home rule movement government promised
to give responsible government after the war.
August Declaration of 1917 and Montague-Chelmsford Reforms

• Under the pressure of Home rule and WWI British forced to introduced
new policy towards India.
• Secretary of State for made a declaration on 20 august 1917 for it.
• Montague came to India and Chelmsford toured whole nation to
assessment of Public opinion in order to introduced reforms which called
Montague-Chelmsford reforms.
• Causes of Circumstances leading to this act
• The reforms of 1909 was not adequate.
• In the beginning Muslims were satisfied but later not.
• Indians helped during war so they introduced it.
• Provisions of Act:
o Indians members was raised to three in Executive council.
o The Central legislature consisted two houses. The upper House(60
members) and
o the lower house(176 members)
o The system of diarchy was introduced in the provinces. Under this
provincial government divided into two parts i.e. Reserved subjects
and Transferred subjects.
o Direct election introduced.
o Separate electorates for the Sikhs and Anglo-Indians.
o The power of the Secretary of State was reduced.
o The Secretary of State and his staff were to be paid out of the revenue
of England.
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MAHATMA GANDHI & NATIONAL MOVEMENT

Mahatma Gandhi
• He was the greatest national leader of India.
• He was great orator, reformer.
• He worked for mankind.
• 2-10-1869: born in Porbandar (Kathiawar).
• His full name was Mohan Das Karmachand Gandhi.
• His father was dewan of Rajkot state.
• His mother name was kasturba.
• After matriculation he went to England.
• 1890: came back to India as Barrister.
• He gone to South Africa as legal advisor of Muslim’s firm.
• He stayed there 25 years.
• He raised voice against apartheid regime.
• He fought against unjust laws there.
• He beaten many times.
• Under his pressure government accepted his demands.
• 1915: returned to India.
• 1919-1947: Gandhian Era.
• He known as father of nation.
• Methods and Ideals of Gandhiji
• Religious Ideals:
o Religion is the chief basis of his ideals.
o He believed that morality (good deeds, good conduct, truth) is
fundamental basis of religion.
o He believed in humanism.
o He wanted equality.
• Social Ideals:
o He was great social reformer.
o He was against caste system.
o He considered untouchability as a curse to Hindu society.
o He launched many movements against it.
o He wanted to give equality for woman.
• An Ideal State:
o He was supporter of democracy.
o He wanted a welfare of nation.
o He wanted India shall be secular.
o He believed in decentralization.
o He believed in Ram Rajya.
• The Ideal of Trusteeship:
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o Gandhi Ji believed all property belonged to God.

o Landlords his trustees.
o There should be economic equality.
o So land should give them who need it.
o He advocated the establishment of cottage industries.
• Doctrine of Non-Violence:
o He believed ahimsa is powerful and active force.
o He inspired people to fought against British with ahimsa.
• Doctrine of Satyagraha:
o According Gandhi Ji satyagrahi must be strong morally and spiritually
so they fight with love and peace against injustice.
o He followed peaceful means i.e. strike, hunger strike etc.
• Hindu-Muslim Unity:
o British sown seed of communalism in India.
o Gandhi Ji believed if Hindu-Muslim united than they become strong to
challenge British.
o So He supported Muslims in Khilafat Movement.
o When he launched Non-Cooperation movement Muslims participated.
o Due to efforts of Gandhi Ji India got independence in 1947.
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The Rowlatt Act

• Indians were not satisfied with Indian Council Act (1919)
• The concessions were not enough.
• Annual session of INC held in Amritsar.
• Here congress again divided.
• 3-1919: Rowlatt act introducRowlettgives power to government to arrest
and to detain any person without any trial for 2 years.
• Reaction of People:
• It was against justice and equality.
• Gandhi Ji launched satyagrah movement.
• Meetings were held.
• 6-4-1919: Hartals held.
The Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy 1919

• 6-4-1919: peaceful strike held in Amritsar.
• Principal leader was Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlu were arrested.
• People marched to residence of Deputy Commissioner to release them.
• Police fired two rounds.
• People looted godowns,killed official, burnt government building etc.
• 11-4-1919: General Dyer took charge of Amritsar.
• 13-4-1919: Protest meetings held at Jallianwala.
• Dyer reached their.
• He ordered to open fire upon people.
• 1000 people died.
• Impact of Jallianwala Incident on National Movement:
o It has great significance in Indian History.
o It has great impact on politics.
o British government lose his prestige.
o Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood.
o More and more people participated in national movement.
o Now Gandhi Ji wanted to curb British rule with the help of Ali brothers.
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The Khilafat Movement

• It gave new direction to Indian national movement.
• Lucknow Pact united Hindu Muslims.
• The Muslims requested to Swami Sharaddanand to address in Jama
masjid.
• Sikh gave key of Golden Temple to Dr. Kicthlu.
• Both community inspired by nationalism.
• Khilafat movement started against British policy toward turkey.
• Allied divided Turkey.
• They abolished khalifa.
• Muhammad Ali and Shuakat ali led movement.
• Gandhi Ji supported them.
• Khilafat committee consisted hakim Ajmal khan, Maulana Azad, Hasrat
Mohani, Ali brothers.
• Khilafat committee adopted non-cooperation.
• Khilafat committee appealed to all Muslims to refuse British services.
• Khilafat movement merged with non-cooperation movement.
The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22)

• Causes:
o People of India faced economic problems. Peasants paid unjust
taxes.
o British did not fulfil his promised to grant the right of self-
determination.
o The Indians realised that British will not give Independence.
o Montague-Chelmsford Reforms were not satisfactory.
o British policy toward turkey made HINDU MUSLIMS united.
• Objectives of the Movement:

o To attain self government
o Annulment of the Rowlatt Act
o Restore the old status of Caliph
o To cripple the government
• Methods and Programme of the Movement:

o Gandhi Ji launched Non-Cooperation movement.
o Titles and Honours returned.
o Degrees returned.
o Left government Jobs.
o Left schools.
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o Lawyers left their practice.

o Boycotted elections.
o Use Swadeshi.
o Refused to pay taxes.
o Talki and Charkha appeared in every house.
• Repression by the Government:

o Moplas revolted against British but they killed many Hindus.
o 1921: The prince of Wales visited to India.
o People boycotted him.
o Mob attacked on Europeans.
o The police killed 53 people.
o The khilafat and Congress organisations declared unlawful.
o Many leaders were arrested.
• Suspension of the Movement:

o About 3000 peasants organised a procession at Chauri Chaura
(Gorakhpur).
o British opened fire on them.
o Angry crowd killed 22 policeman.
o Gandhi Ji was against violence after it he called of movement.
• Importance of the Non-Cooperation Movement:

o Inspiring people to fight against British rule with new confidence.
o INC became mass organisation.
o It led Hindu-Muslim Unity.
o The Notion that the British rule was good was shattered.
o The British rule was shacked and forced to bring changes in its
politics.
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Civil Disobedience Movement

• Causes:
o Failure and Boycott of the Simon Commission
o 1929: Demand for Poorna Swaraj
o Progress of the Civil Disobedience Movement:
1. The Dandi March: On 12 march 1930 from Sabarmati ashram to Dandi

with his 87 inmates Gandhi Ji marched to break salt law.
2. Spread of the Movement: Gandhi Ji was arrested than whole people were
shocked.
People violated other laws.
Khan Abdul Gaffar khan launched movement against British government.
3. Policy of Repression Followed by the Government: The people had to face
brutal lathi charge. More than 90000 people were arrested. Many
nationalist were sentenced for long terms. Houses of people burnt. Many
killed.
4. The First Round Table Conference (1930-31): Held in London. Chief
agenda to discuss Simon Commission Report.
5. Terms of Gandhi Irwin Pact:

o End prosecutions
o Release politicians
o Permit the collection of salt
o Suspend civil disobedience movement
o To participate 2nd round table conference
6. Revival of the Civil Disobedience Movement (1932): Gandhi Ji and many
leaders were arrested. Censorship was imposed. Land, Houses etc.
Confiscated. Government announced communal award (1932). Poona
Pact happened. 3rd round table conference held in London (1932). Gandhi
Ji called off due to atrocities on Harijans in May 1934.
• Impact of Civil Disobedience Movement:
o Faith in the British rule end
o Will to Fight the elections was revived
o Revival of the revolutionary movement
o Deepened the ROOTS OF FREEDOM
Gandhi Ji's Contribution To The Freedom movement

• Gandhi Ji launched satyagrah movement against Rawlat act.
• Gandhi Ji called of strike against Rawlatt act than Gandhi Ji was arrested.
• Gandhi Ji launched Non-Cooperation movement.
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• To attain his aims used the satyagrah movement as weapon.

• He used policy of non-violence.
• He proposed boycotted of foreign goods and use of swadeshi in order to
curb British rule.
• Gandhi Ji encouraged Hindu Muslims to unite.
• Gandhi Ji worked for upliftment of Harijans.
• For Indian national movement Gandhi Ji gone many times to jail.
THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1935-42)

• 1935-24: saw the widening rift among League and Congress and Gandhi
and Bose.
Cripps Mission of 1942 and Its Failure

• 22-3-1942: arrived to India under Sir Stafford Cripps.
• To suggest constitutional reforms.
• Such as:
• India would be given dominion status.
• Constituent assembly would be set up.
• INTERIM GOVERNMENT would be formed.
• Indian leaders shall take effective part in the Viceroy's Executive council.
• The defence of India would remain under British.
• Failure/Rejection of the Proposals:
• Gandhi Ji rejected it as a post-dated cheque.
• Muslim League rejected it because no in favour of Pakistan.
THE QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

• Reasons:
o 1942: started.
o The Cripps Mission failed.
o There was a growing threat of Japan invasion on India.
o Gandhi Ji firmly believed that peaceful withdrawal of the British can
save India from internal war and foreign war.
• Spread of the Quit India Movement and Reaction of British:
o 8-8-1942: AICC was held a meeting at Bombay.
o Passed the famous The Quit India Movement resolution.
o It launched by Gandhi Ji against British on non-violence lines.
o Gandhi Ji gave slogan 'DO OR DIE'.
o Gandhi Ji and many leaders arrested.
o British declared congress illegal.
o News of arrest about Gandhi Ji spread like fire.
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o More and more people joined it.

o Due to no leader it became violent.
o They burnt government building etc.
o They killed British official.
o Government adopted repressive policy.
o Woman were insulted.
o Children were beaten.
o Lathi-charge happened.
o Villages were looted and burnt.
o 10000 people died.
o 70000 people were arrested.
Importance and Impact of The Quit India Movement

• It showed the Depth of the National feelings:
• It was mass movement.
• Hindus Muslims Sikhs and even Christians took part.
• Indian states opposed British.
• Teacher, Students, Lawyers, peasants took part against government.
• People Acquired Great Capacity for Struggle and Sacrifice.
• Government was surprise to see the struggle and sacrifice of Indians.
• After many atrocities people were doing struggle against British.
• They show courage and sacrifice.
• They wanted to curb British at any cost.
• It Made the English Realise that there days were numbered in India:
• The pace and depth of the Quit India Movement made to realise them
Subhash Chandra Bose and his Contribution:

• He was known as Netaji.
• He organised Indian National Army.
• He was eminent freedom fighter.
• 23-1-1887: born in Bengali family at Cuttak in Orissa.
• Joined Presidency College at Calcutta.
• He attacked his English teacher.
• Expelled from the school.
• After B.A. went to England for higher studies.
• 1920: passed ICS examination getting 4th position.
• Soon resigned his job.
• Joined Indian Freedom movement.
• He was not agreed with Gandhi Ji on their policies.
• 1932: He participated in Civil Disobedience Movement.
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• Rift with Gandhi and Formation of the Forward Bloc:

• He advocated new congress with new leader on new principal.
• Under his ideas and lost faith in non-violence many younger section of
congress chosen him leader.
• Subash Chandra Bose believed in socialism and aggressive method.
• 1938: He became President of congress.
• He was opposed any compromise with British.
• He favoured large scale industrialisation and Gandhi Ji opposed it.
• 1939: In election of congress Gandhi Ji supported Sitaramayya against
him. But he was elected.
• 10-3-1939: he urged that congress should issue an ultimatum against
British government demanding independence within 6 months.
• 13 congress working committee members resigned.
• 29-4-1939: Subhash resigned.
• Chief Objectives of the Forward Bloc:
o 1939: founded by Bose within the Congress.
• Aim:
o To organise all radical elements under one head.
o To oppose the British.
o To struggle for liberation of nation.
o Establishment of socialist society.
• Achievements of the Forward Bloc:
o It achieved it aims.
• Subhash Chandra Bose and Socialism:
o 1930: Ideas of socialism circulated within and outside in congress.
o Pundit Jawahar Lal nehru and Bose played important role in vison
of socialism.
o He suggest many ideas to form socialist society.
o Such as:
 Abolition of zamindari.
 Reduce land revenue.
 He took part to establishment of All India Trade Union
congress to recognising demands of workers.
• Formation of Indian National Army:
• 1-1941: British government interned Bose due to his revolutionary ideas
• 3-1941: Escaped from India.
• 1-1943: went to Japan to organise an armed struggle against British.
• He organised Azad Hind Fauz (INA) in Singapore.
• Ras Bihari bose helped him.
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• 1942: INA formally formed under Mohan Singh(Acting commander in

Chief).
• Many Indians joined.
• Indian soldiers called him Neta Ji.
• He gave slogan 'DILLI CHALO' and 'GIVE ME YOUR BLOOD AND I SHALL
GIVE YOU FREEDOM.
• He also founded provisional government in Singapore recognised by 9
world powers.
• Objectives of the INA:

o To organise armed revolt.
o Revolt by the east Asian Indians.
o To set up provisional government.
o Mobilization of Indians.
• INA occupied many north eastern territories of India.
• The main objective was to capture capital Imphal.
• Japanese withdraw their forces.
• Rainy season started.
• INA failed to capture capital Imphal.
• Subhash killed in aeroplane accident in Tokyo.
• Significance of INA:
• It inspire people for patriotism.
• Sacrifices of INA gave consciousness to Indians.
• British realised they cant rule more over India.
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THE LAST PHASE PARTITION OF INDIA (1942-47)

The Cabinet Mission Proposals
• Causes of Sending the Cabinet Mission:
o 1945: Labour party came to power in England.
o It sent cabinet mission to India.
o After WWI British became weak.
o USA and USSR supported India for Independence.
o 2-1946: Indian naval forced revolted in Bombay.
o Peasants opposed his policies.
o Arrival of the Mission(2-1946):
o The labour party's PM clement Attlee sent cabinet mission.
o Members- Sir Stafford Cripps, Lord Patrick Lawrence, AV Alexander.
o They studied the Indian problems.
o They negotiated leaders of different parties and submitted report
or plan called cabinet mission plan.
• Main Provisions and clauses of The Cabinet Mission Plan:
o There shall be federation of all the states.
o The federal centre shall control defence and foregin affairs and
communication.
o The states shall control other subjects.
o The union shall have its legislature with executive.
o Union legislature can makes laws on Union list.
o Provinces(states) were grouped into three: UP, MP, Madras, Bihar,
Bombay, Orrisa(a): Punjab, NWFP, Sindh(b): Bengal and Assam(c)
o Each group shall have its own constitution.
o The states shall not be under Union.
o A constituent assembly(389 members, 292 from provinces and 4
from chief Commissioner’s
o provinces and 93 from Indian states) shall form to make
constitution of India.
o Interim government shall have 14 members.
o The plan can be accepted or rejected.
• Reaction of the Congress and the League:
o 6-6-1946: accepted by League.
o Congress rejected Scheme of Interim government.
o Sikhs were against division of India.
o SC rejected because no reservation to them.
o Hindu Mahasabha rejected it because it accepted the principle of
Pakistan.
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The Interim government and Conflict between Congress and league:

• British government postponed formation on Interim government.
• 7-1946: congress won 201 seats out of 292.
• Muslim League won 73 seats out of 292.
• League wanted separate constituent assembly.
• League affirmed that Muslim could no longer depend on British and
Congress.
• 29-7-1946: League rejected cabinet plan.
• 14-8-1946: Nehru invited to form interim government.
• 16-8-1946: Direct action adopted to achieve aim of Pakistan.
• 5000 died.
• 15000 injured.
• 1 lakh were rendered homeless.
• Bloody riots started.
• Peace restored by Gandhi Ji.
Mountbatten Plan and Its acceptance by the Congress
• 1947: Lord Mountbatten became viceroy of India.
• He was practical man.
• When he came to India hostility among communities reached its peak.
• In Bengal situation was explosive.
• He had long discussed with leaders of congress and league.
• He came to the conclusion that partition can solve the problems.
• 3-6-1947: announced plan of partition(Mountbatten Plan)
• Chief Provisions:
o Nation would be divided into India and Pakistan.
o States have right to join any Independent nation.
o 15-8-1947: Powers transferred.
The Indian Independence Act of 1947

• 16-7-1947: passed by the British parliament on the basis of Mountbatten
Plan.
• Chief Provisions:
o Two independent nations shall be set up namely India and Pakistan.
o 15-8-1947: British government has no power over both nation after
15 august.
o The office of viceroy has end.
o Separate constituent assembly shall form.
o Constituent assembly shall exercise the power of the central
legislature.
o The office of the secretary of state for India was to be abolished
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o The title 'EMPEROR OF INDIA' and 'KING OF ENGLAND' abolished.
Contribution of Nehru to Freedom movement

• He was prominent leader of movement.
• Born at Allahabad.
• He was great political leader.
• He went England for higher studies.
• He came to India as Barrister in 1912.
• He took active part in politics.
• 1929: became president of congress.
• 1937: took an active part in elections.
• Due to his efforts congress was able to form Ministries in 7 states.
• He fought for motherland.
• 1946: He became vice president of the interim government's executive.
• India got independence.
• He became first PM.
• He was true patriot.
• He was famous author.
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THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1914-1918)

Causes of The First World War
• Division Of Europe into Two Hostile Groups
• Bismarck (Germany) formed Dual alliance with Austria in 1879. Italy
joined it later(Triple Alliance)
• After the death of Bismarck France established friendly relation with
Russian and U.K.(Triple Entente)
• Armament Race
• Germany started making arms and ammunition on large scale.
• After it every country started making arms for own safety.
• Militant/Aggressive Nationalism
• This was era of hatred for other.
• Each nation thought about her own interest.
• France wanted to get back her provinces.
• England and Germany were colonial rivalry.
• Immediate Cause
o Murder of Austrian Archduke Ferdinand provided the spark which
set the whole Europe ablaze.
o The murderer was Serbian.
o Austrian put blame on Serbian Government.
o As a result First World War started.
o Serbia, Russia , France , England , Japan , Italy , America (The Allies).
o Germany , Austria , Turkey , Bulgaria (The central Powers).
Results of WWI
• The WWI came to end with treaty of Versailles, 1919.
• Main provision of Treaty was:

o Germany forced to cede their territories to Denmark , Poland etc.
o The Saar Valley (coal mines) was ceded to France for 15 years.
o Germany lost their colonies and was ceded among victors.
o The area of the Rhine Valley was also demilitarized.
o Germany was compelled to pay a heavy sum as war compensation
to the allies.
• The Consequences of territorial rearrangement the first world war on

Austria- Hungry(Treaty of St. Germain)
o Austria-Hungry were setup separately.
o Austria had to cede territories.
o Austria was also forced to pay war compensation.
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• The Consequences of the WWI on Turkey (Treaty of Sevres)

o The control of Syria was given to France while Palestine and
Mesopotamia were handed over to Britain.
o England gained control over Egypt.
o Some parts were shared by Greece and Italy.
League of Nations
• Formation of The league of Nation
• It was result of Treaty Of Versailles.
• It was set up on 10/01/1920 at Geneva (Switzerland).
• It had six main Organs:
1. The Assembly
2. The Secretariat
3. The League of Council
4. Permanent Court of International Justice
5. ILO
6. The Mandates Commission
• Objectives
o To achieve international peace.
o To promote co-operation.
o To reduce arms.
o To preserve political independent.
o To promote Human Welfare.
• Failure
o It failed to maintain peace.
o WWII started.
o Hitler refused to accept treaty.
o Again Europe was divided into two groups.
Rise of Dictatorship Fascism & Nazism

• After the WWI democratic government established for short time.
• New autocratic governments took on different forms called dictatorship.
Rise of Fascism in Italy

• Fascism rose under Mussolini
• Causes
o Discontentment after the Treaty of Versailles:
o Italy hoped that he got some territories after WWI but it was not
happen.
o Italy got only Southern Tyrol and the coastal Regions of Dalmatia.
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• Economic Crisis:
o The national debt increased after WWI.
o The industries were ruined.
o People became poor.
o There was shortage of food grains.
o Weak Government:
o People wanted to replace weak government cause policies.
o This feeling of the people helped Fascism to flourish in Italy.
• Activities of the Socialists:
o Socialist spread revolutionary ideas.
o The workmen organized strikes.
o People wanted bold leadership.
o The communist plans to capture power.
o This feeling of the people helped Fascism to flourish in Italy.
• Political Instability:
o 1919, Democracy was introduced first time.
o No single party could win majority.
o Six coalition governments were framed form 1919 to 1922.
o Fascist took advantage of it.
o LON failed to check the rise of dictatorship.
• Efforts of the Nationalists:
o The Landlords, The rich, The Young men and the middle class
people comprised in nationalist.
o They wanted to setup powerful government.
o They formed many groups.
o Mussolini organized them into the Fascist Party.
o After the attack of Fascist party at different place, PM resigned in
1922.
o Mussolini formed new government and he was called ‘Duce’
Ideology of Fascism
• It was supporter of one party and one leader.
• All powers should be rested in one leader.
• Control on Private property.
• Fascism was supporter of an imperialist policy.
• Rise of Nazism in Germany
• The new republic faced many problems.
• It gave rise to dictatorship under Adolf Hitler.
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• Causes
o Humiliating Treaty of Versailles
o This treaty was very harsh.
o This treaty created feeling of dissatisfaction among Germans
o People wanted to establish her old prestige.
• Economic Crisis:
o After WWI many soldiers became unemployed.
o Trade was ruined.
o The republic failed to solve it.
• Spread of communism:
o Hitler feared that Germany would become slave of Russia.
o He makes people against communism.
o People joined Nazi party.
o Germany had no Faith in Democracy:
o They were against democracy.
• It helped rise of Hitler.
• Personality of Hitler
• He was great orator.
• He was a resourceful person.
• His speech was very effective.
• People have blind faith on him.
• The Volunteer Corps:
o After WWI many soldiers were unemployed.
o Hitler organized them.
o Hitler crushed opposition party with them.
• Anti – Semitic Propaganda:
o They against Jews.
o They describe Jews as traitors.
o They told whole hardship because of Jews on Germans.
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Ideology of Nazism
• To end the parliamentary institutions
• To have control on education.
• To root out communism.
• Nazi party considered Germany superior.
• To turn out Jews from Germany.
• To denounce the degrading treaty of Versailles.
• To increase the German military power.
Comparative study of Fascist and Nazism

• Similarities
o Both were the supporter of one leader.
o Both wanted that no one can criticise their leader.
o Both were supporter of imperialist policy.
• Difference
o Fascism developed under Mussolini while Nazism under Hitler.
o Nazis were have concept of race but fascists were not keen on such
concept of race.
o Nazis were against Jews but fascist was not.
o Similarities between the Causes of rise of Nazism & Fascism
o Treaty of Versailles
o Unemployment
o Communism
o Hatred against democracy
o Failure of the LON.
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THE SECOND WORLD WAR (1939-45)

• The WWI end in 1918.
• League of Nation failed to maintain peace.
• Hitler started expansion of his empire consequently WWII started in 1939.
Causes of World War II

• Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles:
• It was very harsh.
• Germany was forced to sign it.
• Germany was burdened with huge war indemnity.
• Her military power reduced.
• Rise of Nazism in Germany:
o The democratic government could not succeed in Germany.
o It gave rise to Nazism and Nazi party under Hitler.
o He rejected treaty of Versailles.
o He wanted to restore old prestige of Germany.
• Rise of Fascism in Italy:
o Italy was not satisfied after WWI.
o Fascism and Fascist party rise under Mussolini.
o He wanted to restore the glory of old Roman Empire.
o Like Hitler, He adopted aggressive policy.
o Japanese Policy of Expansion and Invention of China:
o Japan and China was the part of allies in WWI.
o Japan developed their navy by 1930 emerged as powerful nation.
o 1931: Japan attacked on China and acquired many territories.
o 1937: again Japan acquired many cities of China.
o 1941: Japan joined axis powers.
o America's Aloofness from European Politics:
o America did not join the league of nation.
o Britain was failed to prevent France.
o America helped rulers of Italy and Germany.
• Policy of Appeasement:
o It is followed by the British and France.
o The conquests of Rhineland and Austria incited Hitler to conquest
Czechoslovakia.
o To avoid an open conflict England and France held a conference at
Munich.
o Failure of the league of Nation:
o It was weak.
o Failed to maintain peace.
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• Lack of cooperation among members.

• When Italy, Japan, Germany annexed many territories, LON ignored.
• Rome- Berlin- Tokyo Axis:
• Hitler annexed man territories.
• European countries formed organisation cause fear.
• 1934: First of all Italy, France and Czechoslovakia formed a bloc(group).
• 1935: France, England and Italy signed a pact to check the rising power of
Germany.
• After it Germany also signed pact with Italy and Japan.(ROME-BERLIN-
TOKYO axis)
• Europe divided into two rival camps which leads war.
• Immediate cause:
• In order to give land route to Poland upto sea and the port of Danzing was
also handed over to Poland.
• 1-9-1939: Germany wanted to take it then attacked Poland.
• 3-9-1939: England declared war against Germany. (WWII)
Events of the WWII

• 3-9-1939: WWII started.
• Axis powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, Romania etc.
• Allies Powers: France, England, USA etc.
• 1939-1945: WWII took place.
• 1945: Axis powers had accepted their defeat.
• 7-12-1941: Japan attacked on Pearl harbour.
• 8-12-1941: USA joined war.
• 1943: Italian forces defeated in Africa and Tunisia.
• 1944: Rome was conquered.
• 1945: Mussolini killed.
• 1944: France freed from German forces.
• 1-4-1945: Hitler committed suicide.
• 7-5-1945: German forces surrendered.
• 8-1945: atom bombs were dropped on Japan.
• WWII came to end.
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Results of WWII
• Immediate Consequences of the War:
o The results of WWII were most destructive than those of the WWI.
o Not only defeated countries faced problems but also victorious
became weaker.
• Impact of War on Defeated Countries (axis powers):

o Germany became very weak.
o Germans people had been killed.
o German army reduced.
o Nazi party were executed.
o Japan and Italy became weak.
o America established constitutional monarchy in Japan.
o Fascism came to end.
• Effects on allies:
o England and France became weaker.
o They faced economic problems.
o France faced political instability.
o Division of the World into two groups:
o British lost leadership.
o America and Russia got leadership.
o World divided into two bloc i.e. democratic and communist.
o Russia wanted to spread communism in many countries.
o America also tried to influence by giving aid to many countries.
o Cold War and the Berlin Blockade:
o After war some situations created which formed war like
atmosphere is called cold war.
o Germany and Berlin were divided in many zones.
o Eastern Germany was under Russia.
o Soviet authorities established a blockade on all land and water
resources between West Berlin and West Germany which leads
crises of cold war.
• United Nations Organisation:

o Formed in 1945.
o To maintain peace.
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THE U.N.O.
• 24-12-1945: set up.
• Headquarters: New York
• Members: 193
Purpose and Objectives of the U.N.O.

• To maintain peace and security
• To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect and
equality of its members.
• To achieve international cooperation among members of UNO and
promoting respect and equality.
• To be a centre for harmonising the actions of nations.
Principles of The UNO

• It is based on equality of its members.
• Its member should perform duty according to the charter.
• Its members should settle disputes by peaceful means.
• Its members will not make use threat and violence.
• It will not intervene in the internal matters of any nation.
• It will also see that its members work to maintain peace.
Composition and Functions of the U.N.O

• It has six main organs.
1. THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY
• Composition:
o 193 members
o Its regular session held in once a year.
o It elects a new president and vice presidents(21) and chairperson in
each session.
o Each nation can send 5 representative with one vote.
o In order to ensure equal representation the presidency of assembly
rotates among 5 groups of states i.e. African Asian East European
West European and American states.
• Functions:
o To discuss matters of international peace and security.
o To promote international cooperation among members.
o To promote friendly relations among nations.
o To elect members of UNO and its other organs.
o To appoint the Secretary General.
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2. THE SECURITY COUNCIL

• Composition:
o Executive body of the U.N.O.
o 15 members(each one vote)
o 5 permanent
o 10 non-permanent
o Non-permanent members are elected for 2 years.
o The permanent members thus have right to Veto.
o The presidency of council is held turn for 1 month for each council
members
o Member nation of the council have permanent representative in
New York.
• Functions:
o To maintain international peace and security.
o To investigate any dispute.
o To formulate plans relate to armaments.
o To take military action against an aggressor.
o To elect Judges of the International court of Justice.
3. THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

• Composition:
o 54 members
o Elected for 4 years by the General Assembly.
o 1/3rd members retire after 3 years.
o Held two session in a year.
• Functions:
o To solve the Economic, Social and Cultural problems.
o Works for the Economic and Social development.
o To promote social progress.
o Works for upliftment of Women.
o Forms various institutions to achieve aims.
o 1946: The Commission in the status of Women.
o To welfare of Children.
4. THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL

• Composition:
o Consist permanent members of security council.
• Functions:
o Countries were still not free looked after by it.
40
5. THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

• Composition:
o 15 Judges elected by the general assembly.
o Term of Judges – 9 years
o Chief Justice elected for 3 years and have casting vote.
o Seat – The Hague(Netherland)
• Functions:
o To settle disputes among nation in peaceful means
6. The Secretariat
• Composition:
o Secretary General is its head who elected for 5 years.
o It is divided into 8 parts.
o António Guterres is the current UN Secretary-General
• Functions:
• It keeps the record of all the organs of the U.N.O.
MAJOR AGENCIES OF THE U.N.O.

• WWII leads huge loss in every sphere of life.
• Thus U.N.O. forms various institutions to development of many nations.
UNICEF
• Stands for – United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.
• 1946: created by General Assembly to help children’s of Europe and
China.
• 1950: Its programme extend to works for all developing countries.
• Headquarters: New York(USA)
• It has a board of 30 members.
• It provide aid to needy countries.
• It depends on contributions made by different nations.
• Its main objective is to look after the children.
• Functions:
o It makes planning of benefit for children with consultation of many
nations.
o It provides funds for welfare of Childs.
o It provides technical supplies and other aids, medicine etc.
o It provides low cost community based services in child field.
o It makes efforts to prevent diseases by which children grow
healthy.
• 1979: International Year of The Child
41
• India receive much aid from UNICEF.

• 1990: WORLD SUMMIT held to protect child from exploitation.
• 2-12-1992: India adopted the convention of WORLD SUMMIT.
• Cooperation between UNICEF and India is carried out by a MASTER PLAN
OF OPERATION (MO) which makes every 5 years.
World Health Organisation

• Its objective to provide highest level of healthcare to all people.
• 7-4-1948: set up.
• Members – 26
• 7-4: World health Day
• Governing body of WHO called world health assembly.
• All member of UNO members of it.
• Executive board members – 31
• Headquarter – Geneva (Switzerland)
• Functions:
• It helps to countries to build system of health by building up infrastructure
and other things.
• It promotes research.
• It helps to provide safe drinking water.
• 1981 – 1990: International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade
• WHO brings out health journals for awareness like 'Bulletin of the WHO'.
• It aims to prevent diseases.
UNESCO
• Stands for – United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organisation
• 1946: set up.
• Headquarter – Paris
• Meeting of General Assembly – Once in 2 years
• Executive board members – 51
• Executive meets 2 times in a year.
• Functions:
o To promote peace and security by education, Science etc.
o In the Field of Education
o It opens school.
o Helps to train teachers.
o Open libraries.
o Remove illiteracy.
o In the Field of Science
42
o It helps to establish scientific institutions.

o Promote human rights.
o In the Field of Culture
o It encourages national and culture values.
o In the Field of Communication
o It tries to improve quality of press.
o It makes efforts to free press.
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

❖ Definition of Human Rights – basic rights and fundamental freedoms
which are quite essential for the all the human beings.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights

• The UN charter emphasize on social progress and better standard of life.
• It aims to promote human rights.
• It contain 30 articles.
• 10-12-1948: adopted
• 10-12: HUMAN RIGHTS DAY
• The UN CHARTER(un declaration) determine certain basic rights
• Important Civil Rights
o All human beings are free with equality
o Right to life and personal liberty
o Freedom from slavery
o Equality before the law
o Right to freedom of religion
• Important Political Rights
o Freely chosen representative
o Right to equal access of Public services
o UAF
• Economic Rights
o Right to equal pay for equal work
o Right to form unions
o Right to own property
• Social Rights
o Right to Marry
o Right to protection
o Right to education
• Cultural Rights
o Right to participate freely in the cultural life of community
43
An Example of Violation of Human Rights and Elimination of Racial

Discrimination
• 1963: General Assembly affirmed racial discrimination is offence to
human dignity.
• Racial Discrimination is violation of UN CHARTER.
• 1973: Recommended various sanctions against racist regime in South
Africa in Geneva.
Importance of Human Rights

• Right to freedom of speech gives to discuss freely for Public.
• Right to have Judicial remedy gives to approach court for Justice.
• Right to vote freely gives political rights.
• Right to have equal pay for equal work prevent exploitation.
Organisation Fighting Against The Violation of Human Rights

• Economic and Social council of UN is an International organisation to
protect human rights.
• It set up a commission
• Headquarter – Geneva (Switzerland)
• Commission has done work such as:
• To prevent arbitrary detention
• To protect all persons from inhumanity
• To eliminate racial discrimination
• To protect right of children
• To protect rights of disabled persons
• National Human Rights Commission is a National organisation to protect
human rights.
• It has done indispensable work to protect political, Civil, children rights.
• Non-Government Organisation is works for human rights independently.
• India's NGO have fought for human rights.
• 1959: UN General Assembly adopted declaration on right to Childs.
• 1979: UN General Assembly adopted declaration to eliminate of all forms
of discrimination against women.
• 8 march: International Women's Day
• It has a board of 30 members.
• It provide aid to needy countries.
• It depends on contributions made by different nations.
• Its main objective is to look after the children.
• Functions:
44
o It makes planning of benefit for children with consultation of many

nations.
o It provides funds for welfare of Childs.
o It provides technical supplies and other aids, medicine etc.
o It provides low cost community based services in child field.
o It makes efforts to prevent diseases by which children grow
healthy.
o 1979: International Year of The Child
45
NAM MOVEMENT
❖ Meaning of The Non-Aligned Movement: New independent states
followed a policy to keep themselves far away from power blocs in order
to protect their independence is called NAM.
Factors Responsible for the Foundation of the NAM

• 1961: NAM began but there are various causes behind it.
• The Asian Relation Conference(3-1947)
• International held Asian Relation Conference at Delhi.
• To shows Asian countries will not be puppet of any powers.
• Military Alliances and Division of World Into Two Power Bloc
• After WWII friendship between USSR and Western allies ended.
• It makes two blocs i.e. American Bloc and Soviet Bloc.
• Soviet bloc wanted to expand communism in Eastern Europe.
• America formed NATO to prevent Soviet Bloc.
• Soviet bloc laid down Warsaw pact.
• Race of Armament
• Both blocs started to make weapons.
• It was a great danger to the world peace.
• Newly independent states wanted peace.
• Search for a Respectable Place by the New Independent nations
• When countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America got independence world
divided into two powerful blocs.
• In such situation they make policies in their interest.
• They wanted to develop their economic development.
• Struggle against Imperialism and Neo-Colonialism
• They wanted from colonialism
• Formation of collective force
• New states wanted unity for world peace.
46
Formation and Chief Architects of NAM

• The Bandung Conference(1955)
• All above causes laid foundation of NAM movement in 1961 after
Bandung Conference.
• 1955: Panchsheel was the basis of Bandung Conference called by
President Sukarno of Indonesia.
• 23 Asian and 6 African nations took part in it.
• Chief Architects of NAM
o Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru (India)
o Chou-En-Lai(China)
o Sukarno(India)
o Nasser(Egypt)
o Marshall Tito(Yugoslavia)
• 7-1956: The idea propounded at Bandung were given a practical shape at
Belgrade (Yugoslavia).
• 1961: conference held Belgrade in September gave birth to NAM.
Role of Jawaharlal Nehru in the NAM

• Nehru and the Asian Relations Conference in Delhi(3-1947)
• Due to efforts of Nehru it held before Independence.
• He encouraged unity.
• He told no need to become puppet of any nation.
• Promoting the newly Independent states not to entangle with Power
Blocs
• Nehru want that newly Independent states follow concept of NAM.
• He told remain neutral and take help with both blocs.
• He Urged the newly Independent states to maintain their unity
• It was the idea of Nehru to remain united with their own identity.
• Panchsheel and P. Nehru
• 1954: Nehru proposed Panchsheel concept.
o Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and
sovereignty.
o Mutual non-aggression.
o Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs.
o Equality and cooperation for mutual benefit.
o Peaceful co-existence.
• According to his concept by following it nations can secure their
sovereignty.
• The Bandung Conference and P. Nehru
• Jawaharlal Nehru played important role in it
47
Major Objectives or Principles of NAM

• New states should avoid alignment
• New states should have not participate in wars
• NAM states should have work to remove colonisation
• NAM states should keep themselves far away from power blocs.
• NAM states should have co-existence and peace among them.
• NAM states want to establish economic relations.
• NAM states should respect Human Rights.
Role of the NAM in World Affairs

• 1961: began NAM
• It was political movement against colonialism.
• After 14 meetings its aims increases.
• NAM raise voice against economic oppression is called a new economic
order.
• It raise voice against apartheid of S.A. and Palestinian problem and etc.
Relevance or Future of NAM

• Some says no need of NAM because of UN.
• But some says it has great future.
• They give the following arguments.
o UN is dominated by powerful nations.
o NAM is only which truly represents the 3rd world countries.
o UN is not powerful institution which cannot stop powerful nation.
❖ Third World definition: The nonaligned nations — which are often

developing nations — of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. They are in a
“third” group of nations because they were allied neither with the United
sStates nor with the former Soviet Union.
48

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HISTORY REVISION NOTES

THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE /REVOLT OF 1857

Causes of the revolt of 1857

• The teaching of Christian doctrines was made compulsory in the

The Immediate cause

Main Events of The War

Results of Great Uprising

The Growth of Nationalism

Causes of the rise of the nationalism

The Indian National Congress

Chapter 3 Programme And Achievements Of The Early

Programme And Achievements of the early Nationalist (Moderates)

Programme And Demands of Early Nationalists

Methods of the Early Nationalist

Achievements of Early Nationalists:

Contribution of Important Early Nationalists

Attitude of the government towards The INC

RISE OF ASSERTIVE NATIONALISM

Causes of the rise of assertive nationalism

Principles or Objectives of Assertive Nationalism

Methods of the Assertive Nationalists

Achievements of The Assertive Nationalists

Contribution of Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Contribution of Lala Lajpat Rai

Contribution of Bipin Chandra Pal

The Swadeshi and The Boycott Movements

Impact and Significance of these Movements

FORMATION OF THE MUSLIM LEAGUE

• Efforts of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

Impact of the Muslim League on the Indian National Movement

THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT (DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR)

The First World War and National Movement

The Lucknow Pact

o Provisions of Lucknow Pact:

The Home Rule Movement(1915-1916) and Home Rule Leagues

August Declaration of 1917 and Montague-Chelmsford Reforms

MAHATMA GANDHI & NATIONAL MOVEMENT

o Gandhi Ji believed all property belonged to God.

The Rowlatt Act

The Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy 1919

The Khilafat Movement

The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22)

• Objectives of the Movement:

• Methods and Programme of the Movement:

o Lawyers left their practice.

• Repression by the Government:

• Suspension of the Movement:

• Importance of the Non-Cooperation Movement:

Civil Disobedience Movement

1. The Dandi March: On 12 march 1930 from Sabarmati ashram to Dandi

5. Terms of Gandhi Irwin Pact:

Gandhi Ji's Contribution To The Freedom movement

• To attain his aims used the satyagrah movement as weapon.

THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1935-42)

Cripps Mission of 1942 and Its Failure

THE QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

o More and more people joined it.

Importance and Impact of The Quit India Movement

Subhash Chandra Bose and his Contribution:

• Rift with Gandhi and Formation of the Forward Bloc:

• 1942: INA formally formed under Mohan Singh(Acting commander in

• Objectives of the INA:

THE LAST PHASE PARTITION OF INDIA (1942-47)