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Nusselt number
the ratio of convective to conductive heat transfer across (normal to) the boundary.
Reynolds number
the ratio of Inertial forces to the Viscous forces.
Primarily used to analyse different flow regimes i.e. Laminar, Turbulent, or Transient Flow.
Prandtl number
the ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity.
Graetz number
In fluid dynamics, the Graetz number (Gz) is a dimensionless number that characterizes laminar
flow in a conduit.
where
DH is the diameter in round tubes or hydraulic diameter in arbitrary cross-section ducts
L is the length
Re is the Reynolds number and
Pr is the Prandtl number.`
When used in connection with mass transfer the Prandtl number is replaced by the Schmidt
number, Sc, which expresses the ratio of the momentum diffusivity to the mass diffusivity.
Grashof number
the ratio of the buoyancy to viscous force acting on a fluid, used in fluid dynamics and heat
transfer.
Heat transfer
where:
g is acceleration due to Earth's gravity
β is the coefficient of thermal expansion (equal to approximately 1/T, for ideal gases)
Ts is the surface temperature
T∞ is the bulk temperature
L is the vertical length
D is the diameter`
ν is the kinematic viscosity.
Mass transfer
There is an analogous form of the Grashof number used in cases of natural convection mass
transfer problems. In the case of mass transfer, natural convection is caused by concentration
gradients rather than temperature gradients.
where:
and:
g is acceleration due to Earth's gravity
Ca,s is the concentration of species a at surface
Ca,a is the concentration of species a in ambient medium
L is the characteristic length
ν is the kinematic viscosity
ρ is the fluid density
Ca is the concentration of species a
T is the temperature (constant)
p is the pressure (constant).