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A bstroct - A numerical method for calculating known about the impedances produced by such layers. An
the Impedance of a cylindrical air-core probe over a exact solution for the impedance of a cylindricala i r - c o ~
layered metallic half-space is presented. The above a metallic half-space with a surface layer that vane
method permits the conductivity and permeability a hyperbolic tangent has been found by the authors and will
to vary as arbitrary functions of the depth into the be reported elsewhere [5]. Nair and Rose [6,7] have provided ,
material. The utility and accuracy of the method an 'in principle' exact method for solving the inverse problem
will be illustrated by comparison: (1) to the for surface layers with continuously varyin
available experiment, and (2) to exact results for a Their inversion method, which involves the
conductivity profile that varies as a hyperbolic periodic current sheet rather than a cylindrical coil, has not
tangent. been tested experimentallyyet.
a, = -J , (4b)
IEEE TRANSACTIONSON MAGNETICS, VOL. 29, NO. 2, MARCH 1993 1871
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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Frequency (IrHz)
Depth "(1 Fig. 2a. Real part of the impedance difference for the repneentative
Fig. 1. Representative conductivity profile. conductivitypmfdes.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL.29, NO. 2, MARCH 1993
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1872
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TABLE I1
PROPERnaS OFFOILS
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5.8~10~
25
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Frequency (kHz1
Fig. 2b. Imaginary part of the impedance difference for the representative
Conductivity profiles.
Moulder and Mitra [9] have very recently carried out a 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
study of the properties of layered non-magnetic metal both
with piece-wise continuous conductivity profiles and with
continuously varying conductivity profiles. The samples
with continuously varying conductivityprofiles were however Fig. 3. Approximation to a continuous profile with a number of foils with
not well characterized as to the variation of the conductivity fiied conductivity and thicknesses.
with depth. Other samples were made, which simulated a
continuousconductivity, by stacking together a large number
of very thin metal foils. In this section, we will briefly profile for the sample studied in this paper.
compare our numerical results with these experiments.
The impedance was calculated in two ways. First, we
Moulder and Mitra's experimental setup is the same as in used the method of Cheng et al.; the inputs were the
141. It was shown in 141 that the ratio of the layer thickness experimental layer thicknesses and conductivity. Second, we
to the mean coil radius should be between 0.2-0.5 in order to computed the impedance from a hyperbolic tangent fit to
estimate accurately the thickness of a single discrete layer. actual conductivity profile, as shown in Fig. 3. The real part
Therefore, it was supposed that the total thickness of foils of the impedance change is shown in FigAa, while the
should not exceed 0.5 times mean coil radius. The probe used imaginary part is shown in Fig. 4b. The theory and
in the experiments was denoted as the L-probe; its properties experiment agree to within 20% for the real part over the
are discussed in [4]. The types of thin foils that were used to range between 1 kHz and 200 kHz,and to within 5 % for the
construct the samples are listed in Table 2. Typically 20 thin imaginary part.
foils were used to approximate a continuous profile. Fig. 3
shows the conductivity of the layers and the continuous In summary, it was demonstrated that the shape of the
IEEETRANSACTIONSON MAGNETICS, VOL. 29, NO. 2, MARCH 1993 1873
0.02 I I
conductivityprofile has an effect on the impedanceresponse;
the steeper the profile, the larger the impedance. Preliminary
experimental studies show some agreement with theory.
0.00 Therefore, we hope to be able to infer the relative diffuseness
of a conductivity profile f "frequency dependent impedance
n measurements. This work is currently in progress.
m
g, ACKNOWLEDGMENT
-
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theory
expenment
The authors gratefully acknowledge the careful
measurements contributed by J. C. Moulder and S. Mitra.
REFERENCES
-0.5 '
0 100
I 1
200
State. He received his M.S.at Iowa State and h
Istanbul Technical University.