Health conditions of the elderly

KARNATAKA STATE OPEN UNIVERSITY (KSOU)
3rd Year BA with Life Skills

Yearly Mode Examination June 2013
SOCIAL PROBLEMS WITH REFERENCE TO INDIA
Time:-3Hours Max. Marks: -90
SECTION -A
Attempt any Six Questions. 6*5=30
Q1. Describe the health conditions of the aged.
A: Older people have limited regenerative abilities and are more prone to disease,
syndromes, and sickness. At some point in the not too distant future, Baby Boomers will
have a large impact on the health care industry in general. As the population ages seniors,
or the elderly, are much more likely to suffer mobility health and disability problems thus
placing a strain on government finances and health care facilities.
The series of articles below focus on health and mobility problems concerning seniors and
caregivers today and in the future.
Senior Parents Living Alone - Whether you are a senior looking to prolong your own
independence, or you are a caregiver searching for ways to alleviate your worries about
leaving your aged or infirm loved ones home by themselves, a home Emergency Response
System may be just the thing you've been looking for.
Nutrition Information for Seniors - Nutrient deficiencies appear to increase with age. Some
colleagues at the University of Iowa looked at over 400 Iowans 79 and older living
independently in rural areas and found that 80 percent reported consuming inadequate
amounts of four or more nutrients.
Diverticulitis - Diverticulitis is a disorder that comes from diverticulosis, which is

characterized by small, bulging pouches in the digestive tract.
Why does Grandma need to be Able to Jump - What do slipping and falling have to do with
jumping and landing? A lot, really, and the primary similarity lies in the speed with which
they occur.
Vision and Hearing in Aging America - There are a number of things we can expect as we
get older and our bodies begin to change, and two of the most common changes for older
folks have now been linked by doctors who are beginning to believe they have factors in
common.
Exercise and Nutrition for Seniors - We are getting older all the time. It's nothing to get
upset about, it's only natural. However, that doesn't mean we don't have some say when it
comes to our place in the march of time.
Hobbies for the Elderly or Disabled - Has it just occurred to you that your retirement has left
you turning in circles? You finally have your well earned freedom and you don't know what
to do with it anymore? There are many hobbies out there that you can take part in...
Health Tips for the Elderly and Seniors - Feed your body with the correct foods. You
wouldn't expect your car to work efficiently if you fed it the incorrect fuel. So feed your body
with nutritious foods that contain the necessary vitamins and minerals in order for it to return
optimum performance.
Famous People who Have and Had Dementia - A listing of famous people around the world
who suffer and had suffered from Dementia.
Prevent Osteoporosis from Ruining Your Life - Osteoporosis is a bone disease that affects
millions of women around the world. Women who suffer from this condition usually have
bone mineral density (BMD) levels that are way below than the normal BMD levels; making
them more prone to getting fractures. You will also notice that the elderly women, and
sometimes even men, who have osteoporosis are usually slouched and bent.
Preventing Falls in the Aging Population - Fred hurt himself in a fall and decided to visit his
friendly neighborhood chiropractor. Fred's medical history reveals that he was in excellent
health until age 65 when he suffered a myocardial infarction (heart attack). He states that he
has had two ear infections in the last year and has also experienced dizziness and
problems with his balance.
Life Extension Clinics - It may seem like the stuff of legend or science fiction, but life
extension clinics have no less a goal than what has been humankind's dream for millennia:
lengthening the human life span by fighting disease and the agents that cause aging within
the body.
Aging with a Purpose - Ideally, greater wisdom comes with age. The lessons in life serve as
a stronghold in making good decisions and sound judgment. A mature person is more
critical about the things he does and weighs things out as he faces the challenges of life.
Anti Aging and Healthy Life - The chances of having dementia rise as you get older. By age
85, about 35 out of 100 people have it. After watching my mother I hoped I could figure out
how to fit into the sixty five percent who grow old with a strong, active brain.
Aging Wisely: Tips for Caring for Aging Parents - Most of us will face challenges in caring for
our elderly family members but don't know where to begin to prepare for this stage of life.
Read these tips to begin preparing for elder care.
Tips for Growing Old Slowly and Gracefully - Anyone over 50 can probably remember what
"old" people were 30 or 40 years ago. Usually they were people over 50! Most boomers no
longer consider themselves old.
The Changing Brain of Alzheimers - To date no exact cause has been attributed to
Alzheimer's Disease, however research has shown that the brains of Alzheimer's patients
have an abundance of two abnormal structures - beta amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary
tangles.
Bathlifts for Elderly and Disabled - This article provides imformation about bathlifts, how
they work and the health benefits they can provide. A bathlift can offer convenience when
bathing, and help to regain independence, and is a more cost effective option than
completely redesigning the bathroom.
Design Techniques for the Homes of Alzheimers Patients - Design is playing an increasingly
active role in the medical field as studies reveal more findings linking atmosphere to the well
being of patients. Stale, all-white design schemes in hospitals, long term care homes and
other medical facilities are being replaced by schemes of calming colors and elements
designed to accommodate an improved mental state for patients.
Communicating with an Alzheimers Patient - If you have a loved one who has Alzheimer's
disease, he or she may exhibit difficulty communicating effectively as time goes on.
Caring for Parents with Alzheimers Disease - To understand how best to cope with a parent
diagnosed with Alzheimer's, you must first have a clear understanding of what it is and how
it affects the people you love.
Elderly Depression in Seniors - Depression is more common in the elderly than in any other
age group, affecting 20% of those living in the community and 40% of those who are living
in care homes, according to the Mental Health Foundation statistics on mental health.
Unintentional Death from Bed Falls - 1.8 million emergency room visits occur because
someone falls out of bed. Bed falls can result physical injury and mental distress. A plan
needs to be in place to reduce the risk of bed falls.
Steps to Prevent Early Aging - Most of the ailments that we associate with aging are all
preventable to a certain degree without recourse to fantasy. A calculated course of
nutritional supplementation can help people look younger, live longer, and most importantly,
live better.
How to Die of Old Age not Disease - How is it that as technology advances and new
inventions are created to make life easier, more people in the developed world are dying of
cancer, heart disease and stroke every year?
Anti-Scald Safety from Burns - 30% of all burns treated in hospital emergency rooms are
related to scalding. The elderly and babies are especially vulnerable. It is estimated that up
to 24,000 children younger than 14 are burned by scalding ever year. Some of these
victims' injuries result in death.
HGH - Human Growth Hormone - You may feel 30, but your body keeps reminding you
you're not. You fatigue easily. Your bones and joints hurt more often. The only part of your
body that's thinning is your hair.
Driving - How Old is too Old? - The recent conviction of a man in Los Angeles for vehicular
manslaughter highlights the issue of age and driving. While courts ponder what to do with
the elderly man who killed ten people when his car slammed into a crowded Flea Market,
discussion around the accident has surfaced about age and driving restrictions.
Tips to Avoid Memory Decline - Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of memory
loss and mental deterioration which usually starts in the sixth to seventh decades of life.
When the memory goes, with it goes the delicate emotions of love and caring.
Problems with Getting Older - Discussion at a recent gathering of friends revealed that I
was not alone in the forgetfulness stakes. Almost everyone admitted to increasing
frequency of failing to remember names, places and assorted facts.
A Decline In Intellectual Function - Sometimes an individual forgets where he placed his car
keys and wonder if this is a type of dementia. No, it is not; we all forget where we placed our
keys sometimes, but if an individual forgets, he owns a car this may be a sign.
Why do we Forget Things as we Mature? - It is not uncommon for older people to forget
small details like where they put their glasses, or their favorite book. They may forget
meetings and appointments.
Q2. Explain the discrimination faced by the Scheduled Castes.

A: Caste systems are a form of social and economic governance that is based on principles
and customary rules:
Caste systems involve the division of people into social groups (castes) where assignments
of rights are determined by birth, are fixed and hereditary.
The assignment of basic rights among various castes is both unequal and hierarchical,
with those at the top enjoying most rights coupled with least duties and those at the bottom
performing most duties coupled with no rights.
The system is maintained through the rigid enforcement of social ostracism (a system of
social and economic penalties) in case of any deviations.
Inequality is at the core of the caste system.
Those who fall outside the caste system are considered “lesser human beings”, “impure”
and thus “polluting” to other caste groups. They are known to be “untouchable” and
subjected to so-called “untouchability practices” in both public and private spheres.
“Untouchables” are often forcibly assigned the most dirty, menial and hazardous jobs, such
as cleaning human waste. The work they do adds to the stigmatisation they face from the
surrounding society.
The exclusion of ‘caste-affected communities’ by other groups in society and the inherent
structural inequality in these social relationships lead to high levels of poverty among
affected population groups and exclusion from, or reduced benefits from development
processes, and generally precludes their involvement in decision making and meaningful
participation in public and civil life.
The division of a society into castes is a global phenomenon not exclusively practised within
any particular religion or belief system.
In South Asia, caste discrimination is traditionally rooted in the Hindu caste system.
Supported by philosophical elements, the caste system constructs the moral, social and
legal foundations of Hindu society. Dalits are ‘outcastes’ or people who fall outside the four-
fold caste system consisting of the Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vysya and Sudra. Dalits are also
referred to as Panchamas or people of the fifth order. However caste systems and the
ensuing caste discrimination have spread into Christian, Buddhist, Muslim and Sikh
communities.
Caste systems are also found in Africa, other parts of Asia, the Middle East, the Pacific and
in Diaspora communities around the world. In Japan association is made with Shinto beliefs
concerning purity and impurity, and in marginalized African groups the justification is based
on myths.
Caste discrimination affects approximately 260 million people worldwide, the vast majority
living in South Asia.
Caste discrimination involves massive violations of civil, political, economic, social and
cultural rights. It is often outlawed in countries affected by it, but a lack of implementation of
legislation and caste-bias within the justice systems largely leave Dalits without protection.
Videos – Cases of Caste Discrimination

Click here to see a Playlist from IDSNs YouTube Channel with a selection of videos dealing
with cases of caste discrimination and the consequences of this.
Understanding ‘Untouchability’
A comprehensive Study of practices and conditions in 1589 Villages
Caste-based discrimination is the most complex human rights issue facing India today. To
date, the tools used to assess its status have been divided by discipline—human rights,
legal and social science. Although significant contributions toward understanding
untouchability have been made in each of these areas, it is difficult to comprehend the
scope and pervasiveness of the problem without combining the tools of all three. We have
spent the last four years compiling quantitative, comprehensive and reliable data exposing
the current state of untouchability (caste-based discrimination) against Dalitsi
(“untouchables”) in Gujarat, India.
This report presents data on untouchability practices in 1,589 villages from 5,462
respondents in Gujarat on the issue of untouchability. In 2000, Martin Macwan of Navsarjan
received the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award, initiating a long-term partnership
between Navsarjan and the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice & Human Rights. In
response to Navsarjan’s identified need for an extensive study on caste discrimination,
members of the RFK Global Advocacy Team from the University of Maryland/Kroc Institute
at the University of Notre Dame, and Dartmouth College/University of Michigan joined the
team. The objective was to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the topic
in order to better drive Navsarjan’s advocacy and intervention work.
In its efforts across Gujarat and India, Navsarjan has experienced first-hand that a deeper
understanding gained by intensive data collection leads to the development of more
effective strategies to address the continued practice of untouchability. Indeed, interactions
with individuals across age, caste, gender and social sectors during the implementation of
this study reveal that the potential for ending untouchability may exist within two large
groups of people that can be seen as sources of hope.
First, a large segment of Indian society, primarily of younger generation Indians, though
largely ignorant about its scope and practice, appears ready and willing to learn about
untouchability and work towards its true abolition.
Second, another group of people across caste, nationality and religious affiliations have
become deeply concerned about the prevalence of untouchability practices viewed from the
perspective of human rights. This group of activists, advocates, donors, lawyers, students,
academics, politicians and ordinary citizens has developed an awareness of untouchability
as an issue of civil and human rights law.
The report presents both a general and multi-disciplinary view of current untouchability
practices across rural areas in Gujarat (bringing together political science, sociology, law,
public policy and community organizing) and provides evidence to refute the belief that
untouchability is limited to remote and economically underdeveloped corners of India. The
broad picture of untouchability can be used to educate Indian society about these practices
and to initiate an informed national and international debate on how to address the problem.
Equally important, this report presents a picture of untouchability that promotes global
visibility on the continued human rights violations suffered by Dalits and provides an
example to other countries on methods for identifying, understanding and eliminating
discriminatory activity.
We believe that a systematic approach to understanding untouchability shatters the myth
that the problem is intractable.
Instead, we hope that the data presented here and the understanding it generates will spark
new energy and commitment to the movement to end the injustice and indignity of
untouchability.
(to view the full report hit the link below)
> Understanding Untouchability Report 290110
Caste Versus Race
Caste-based discrimination is a form of discrimination prohibited by international human
rights law. Although it may not be equated with racism, it is quite clear from several
references made by several UN treaty and charter-bodies that this issue warrants due
recognition as an example of gross human rights violation that needs to be taken into
consideration by all human rights mechanisms available in the UN system.
ICERD definintions and CERD practice on descent-based

discrimination
The ‘descent’ limb of the definition of ‘racial discrimination’
Article 1(1) of ICERD defines ‘racial discrimination’ as follows:
Any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, national
or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition,
enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in
the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life (emphasis added)
The term ‘descent’ as a prohibited ground of discrimination springs unheralded and
unexplained into the basic framework of ICERD. It is one of only two terms in this list that
isn’t borrowed directly from the UDHR formulation (the other being ‘ethnic origin’, in lieu of
‘social origin’). It does not appear in any of the key pre-ICERD texts on racial discrimination.
It is also noteworthy that, although included in the definition in article 1(1), the term ‘descent’
was omitted from the list of prohibited grounds of discrimination in article 5 of ICERD.
CERD General Recommendation No. 29 on descent
CERD has confirmed its interpretation of ‘descent’, in the form of its General
Recommendation No. 29 on ‘descent-based discrimination’, adopted on 22 August 2002.
This General Recommendation:
Confirms “the consistent view of the Committee that the term ‘descent’ in Article 1,
paragraph 1 of the Convention does not solely refer to ‘race’ and has a meaning and
application which complements the other prohibited grounds of discrimination”; and
Reaffirms that “discrimination based on ‘descent’ includes discrimination against members
of communities based on forms of social stratification such as caste and analogous systems
of inherited status which nullify or impair their equal enjoyment of human rights”.
From this review of CERD’s practice, it is apparent that the Committee has consciously and
consistently adopted an interpretation of the ‘descent’ limb of article 1 of ICERD that
encompasses situations of caste-based discrimination and analogous forms of inherited
social exclusion.
Read CERD General Recommendation No. 29 on descent
CERD General Recommendation No. 32 on special measures

This CERD General Recommendation on the meaning and scope of special measures in
the ICERD, adopted at its 75th session in August 2009, affirms General Recommendation
29 on Article 1, paragraph 1, of the Convention (Descent), which makes specific reference
to special measures. The Committee also states that special measures should be ‘carried
out on the basis of accurate data, disaggregated by race, colour, descent and ethnic or
national origin and incorporating a gender perspective, on the socio-economic and cultural
status and conditions of the various groups in the population and their participation in the
social and economic development of the country.’
Subsequent CERD practice
Any “subsequent practice in the application of the treaty which establishes the
agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation” may also, in such circumstances,
be taken into account. In the course of reviewing state party reports, CERD has
expressed explicit reliance on the ‘descent’ limb of article 1 in order to address the
situation of Dalits in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the UK, as well as the
analogous situations of the Burakumin in Japan. CERD has also addressed situation of
‘descent-based discrimination’ in a number of other instances, even though in some of
these additional cases the reliance upon the ‘descent’ limb of the article 1 of the
Convention has been implicit. Concluding observations have been made by the
Committee in respect of Yemen, Nigeria, Chad, Mali, Senegal, Madagascar, Mauritania,
Burkina Faso, and Mauritius. Conflicts in Somalia had also been viewed by CERD as
being based on descent, thus bringing them within the purview of ICERD.
As CERD expert member Patrick Thornberry has argued, “whatever the argument on
the relation between the specific reference to ‘race’ in Article 1 and the caste issue,
there is a suggestion here that in the context of the Convention as a whole, and in
particular in the context of special measures, the redress of caste disabilities finds a
place.”
Response by affected countries
In early August 1996, CERD considered India’s consolidated tenth to fourteenth periodic
reports. In this context, India sought to establish that discrimination related to caste did
not fall within the scope of ICERD or within the jurisdiction of the Committee. “The term
‘caste’”, the Indian report declared, “denotes a ‘social’ and ‘class’ distinction and is not
based on race.”The report expressly acknowledges that “Article 1 of the Convention
includes in the definition of racial discrimination the term ‘descent’”, and that “oth castes
and tribes are systems based on ‘descent’”. However, the Indian position concerning the
interpretation of this term was that: … the use of the term ‘descent’ in the Convention
clearly refers to ‘race’. Communities which fall under the definition of Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes are unique to Indian society and its historical process. … it is,
therefore, submitted that the policies of the Indian Government relating to Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes do not come under the purview of Article 1 of the
Convention.
In the course of discussion of the report in the Committee, the Indian delegation said
that India’s report “had focused on matters relating to race as distinct from other
categorizations referred to in the Constitution. … Constitutionally, the concept of race
was distinct from caste. … To confer a racial character on the caste system would
create considerable political problems which could not be the Committee’s intention. In
the spirit of dialogue, however, India was prepared to provide more information on
matters other than race, without prejudice to its understanding of the term ‘race’ in the
Convention.”
A number of CERD members challenged the Indian Government’s interpretation of the
term ‘descent’, and in its concluding observations CERD insisted that “the term ‘descent’
mentioned in article 1 of the Convention does not solely refer to ‘race’”. Moreover, the
Committee affirmed that “the situation of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes
falls within the scope of the Convention”, and went on to specifically recommend that
“special measures be taken by the authorities to prevent acts of discrimination towards
persons belonging to the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, and, in cases where
such acts have been committed, to conduct thorough investigations, to punish those
found to be responsible and to provide just and adequate reparation to the victims.” The
Committee specifically stressed “the importance of the equal enjoyment by members of
these groups of the rights to access health care, education, work and public places and
services, including wells, cafés or restaurants.” CERD also recommended a public
education campaign on human rights, “aimed at eliminating the institutionalized thinking
of the high-caste and low-caste mentality.”
Nepal has also appears to have acquiesced to CERD’s interpretation and practice in
this regard. CERD has now taken up the issue of caste-based discrimination in Nepal
on three successive occasions without demur from the Nepalese Government. Indeed,
Nepal has volunteered substantial amounts of information concerning caste-based
discrimination in its periodic reports.
When Pakistan was examined by CERD in February 2009, the Government took a
principled decision by engaging constructively in a dialogue with the Committee on how
to tackle the challenges faced by the Government in addressing the issue of caste-
based discrimination in contemporary Pakistan.
CESCR General Comment No. 20 on non-discrimination
General Comment No. 20 on Non-Discrimination in Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
was adopted by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) at its
42nd session in May 2009. In this General Comment, the Committee reaffirms CERD GR
No. 29 that “the prohibited ground of birth also includes descent, especially on the basis of
caste and analogous systems of inherited status.” The Committee recommends States
parties to “take steps, for instance, to prevent, prohibit and eliminate discriminatory
practices directed against members of descent-based communities and act against
dissemination of ideas of superiority and inferiority on the basis of descent.”
Caste in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights
In none of the human rights instruments does the term ‘caste’ appear. Nevertheless, an
examination of the travaux preparatoires of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights
shows that caste was explicitly contemplated by the drafters as being encompassed in
some of the more general terminology in the UDHR’s foundational non-discrimination
provision. In 1948, the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly was in debate
over the inclusion of the word ‘birth’ in the list of prohibited grounds of distinction in what
was to become article 2 of the Declaration. Mr Habib, representing India, said that he
‘favoured the use of the word ‘caste’ rather than ‘birth’, as the latter was already implied
in the article.’ Mrs Roosevelt for the United States of America, and a member of the
informal drafting group, demurred to both this intervention. In her opinion, ‘the words
“property or other status” took into consideration the various new suggestions that had
been made.’ Mr Appadorai of the Indian delegation in effect accepted the US and
Chinese caste-inclusive interpretations of some of the more general language in the
draft article. He said ‘his delegation had only proposed the word “caste” because it
objected to the word “birth”. The words “other status” and “social origin” were sufficiently
broad to cover the whole field; the delegation of India would not, therefore, insist on its
proposal.’ It is apparent therefore that caste was acknowledged in the drafting process
as being encompassed in the terms ‘other status’ and/or ‘social origin’, if not also in
‘birth’ (the specific grounds of the Indian objection to this term not being entirely clear
from the travaux). To that extent, a special meaning may be regarded as having been
attributed to those terms.
As well as appearing in the non-discrimination provisions of most subsequent
international human rights instruments, the terms ‘social origin’ and/or ‘other status’
(either or both of them) have been incorporated in the non-discrimination provisions of
the significant number of national constitutions that have borrowed these formulations
from the UDHR. At the same time, it is noteworthy that a number of national
constitutions have put the matter beyond question so far as their domestic legal regimes
are concerned by explicitly referring to caste in their non-discrimination provisions. This
applies to the constitutions of India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and
Burkina Faso.
Q3. Define the terms of Tribe and Scheduled Tribe.
A: The Scheduled Castes (SCs)[1] and Scheduled Tribes (STs) are two groups of historically-disadvantaged
people recognised in the Constitution of India. During the period of British rule in the Indian subcontinent, they
were known as the Depressed Classes.
The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes comprise about 16.6 percent and 8.6 percent, respectively,
ofIndia's population (or about 25.2 percent altogether, according to the 2011 census).[2] The Constitution
(Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950 lists 1,108 castes across 25 states in its First Schedule,[3] and theConstitution
(Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 lists 744 tribes across 22 states in its First Schedule.[4]
Since independence, the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes (the three
categories combined constitute about 60 percent of India's population) were given reservation in India. The
reservation policy became an integral part of the Constitution through the efforts of Bhimrao Ambedkar, who
participated in the Round Table Conferences and fought for the rights of the oppressed and depressed classes.
The Constitution lays down the general principles of affirmative action for SCs and STs.
Q4. Who are the pastoralists?
A: Pastoralism is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising oflivestock. It is animal husbandry: the
care, tending and use of animals such as camels, goats, cattle, yaks, llamas, and sheep. "Pastoralism"
generally has a mobile aspect, moving the herds in search of freshpasture and water (in contrast to pastoral
farming, in which non-nomadic farmers grow crops and improve pastures for their livestock).
Pastoralism is a successful strategy to support a population on less productive land, and adapts well to the
environment. For example, insavannas, pastoralists and their animals gather when rain water is abundant and
the pasture is rich, then scatter during the drying of the savanna. [1]
Pastoralists often use their herds to affect their environment. Grazing herds on savannas can ensure the
biodiversity of the savannas and prevent them from evolving into scrubland. Pastoralists may also use fire to
make ecosystems more suitable for their food animals. For instance, the Turkana people of
northwest Kenya use fire to prevent the invasion of the savanna by woody plant species. Biomass of the
domesticated and wild animals was increased by a higher quality of grass. [citation needed]
Pastoralism is found in many variations throughout the world. Composition of herds, management practices,
social organization and all other aspects of pastoralism vary between areas and between social groups. Many
traditional practices have also had to adapt to the changing circumstance.
Q5. Discuss about the size and growth of population of India.

Q6. Write a note on mortality.
A: Mortality is the state of being mortal, or susceptible to death; the opposite of immortality.
It may also refer to:
 Mortality rate, a measure of the number of deaths in a given population

 Case mortality rate, a measure of the number of deaths among a set of diagnosed hospital illness or
injury cases
 Mortality displacement, denotes a (forward) temporal shift in the rate of mortality
 Mortality drag, a term to describe a negative impact that is experienced when an annuity purchase is
delayed
 Mortality (band), a thrash metal band from Sydney, Australia
 Mortality (computability theory), a property of a Turing machine if it halts when run on any starting
configuration
 Mortality, differential attrition between groups in a scientific study
 Mortality (book), a 2012 collection of essays by Anglo-American writer Christopher Hitchens
Mortal may refer to:
 Human, as distinct from a supernatural being

 Mortal (band), a Christian industrial band
 Mortal Kombat, a fighting game series
Q7. Discuss about the types of unemployment.

Q8. Explain the main features of industry and industrial labour.
SECTION –B
Attempt any Six Questions. 6*10=60
Q1. Discuss the various indicators of Women’s status.

Q2. Explain the structure and social processes that create and perpetuate women’s subordination.
A: criticisminvolves the application of principles or values in order to make judgments
for the purpose of bringing about positive change. Understandably, criticism comes in
a variety of forms. For example, rhetorical criticism carefully examines and judges the
quality of discourse. Our subject here is critical social science, which critiques basic
social structure (Littlejohn, 1992, p. 238; hereafter cited by page number). The
following features inform all varieties of critical social science:
 Critical social scientists believe that it is necessary to understand the lived

experience of real people in context. Critical Theory shares the ideas and the
methodologies of some interpretive theories.
 What makes critical scholarship different from interpretive scholarship is that it
interprets the acts and the symbols of society in order to understand the ways
in which various social groups are oppressed.
 Critical approaches examine social conditions in order to uncover hidden
structures. Naturally, critical theory borrows from structuralism. Critical theory
teaches that knowledge is power. This means that understanding the ways one
is oppressed enables one to take action to change oppressive forces.
 Critical social science makes a conscious attempt to fuse theory and action.
Critical theories are thus normative; they serve to bring about change in the
conditions that affect our lives.
In a word, analysts working in this tradition align themselves with the interests of
those opposed to dominant order of society. They ask questions about the ways in
which competing interests clash and the manner in which conflicts are resolved in
favour of particular groups.
MARXIST CRITIQUE
One of the most important intellectual strands of the last century was Marxist-based
social theory. Based on the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, thismovement is
made up of a number of loosely related theories which oppose the dominant order of
society, i.e., economic, political, ideological, and theoretical.
1. Classical Marxism
In The Communist Manifesto (1848), Marx and Engels argued that the means of
production determines the very nature of society. This is the linear idea of the base-
superstructure relationship: The economy is the base of all social structure, including
institutions and ideas. In capitalistic systems, profit drives production and thus
dominates labor. Working-class groups are oppressed by the group (in power) who
benefit from profit. All institutions that perpetuate domination within a capitalistic
society arise from this economic system. Only when the working class rises against
the dominant groups can the liberation of the worker be achieved.
Such liberation furthers the natural progression of history in which forces in

opposition clash in a dialectic that results in a higher social order. This classical theory
is called the critique of political economy. Think of the recent financial crises in
Malaysia, Japan, Russian, and Latin America, thanks to the rapid (uncontrolled)
movement of money.
Marxist-based critical theory thrives today. Not all adherents to Critical Theory are
strictly Marxist however. The basic ideas of dialectical conflict, domination, and
oppression remain important. Much contemporary critical theory views social
processes as over-determined, as opposed to Marx's simple base-superstructure model.
They see social structure as a system in which numerous elements interact with one
another. A number of approaches to Marxist communication theory can be taken. They
all focus on two kinds of problems.
The Politics of Textuality
This approach has to do with the ways the media produce encoded messages, the ways
audiences decode those messages, and the power domination apparent in these
processes. The text scholar might study (say) the ways certain kinds of media content,
such as network news, are produced and how those depictions are understood by
audiences so as to perpetuate or oppose the power of certain dominant economic
institutions, such as government.
The Problematic of Cultural Studies
This line of investigation examines the relation among media, other institutions, and
the ideology of culture. Cultural theorists are interested in how the dominant ideology
of a culture subverts other ideologies via social institutions, such as schools, churches,
and the media. Both traditions focus on the evils of class society and the struggles that
occur among the different social forces. Both emphasize the ways social structures are
produced and reproduced in the natural daily activities of individuals, groups, and
institutions.
The task analysts take on is uncovering the oppressive forces operating in society, i.e.,
by means of dialectical analysis. This method--the art of knowing truth by uncovering
the contradictions in the reasonings of one's adversary--exposes the underlying
struggle between opposing forces. The argument here is that only by becoming aware
of the dialectic of opposing forces, in a struggle for power, can individuals liberate
themselves and change the existing order.
2. Neo-Marxism
In The Frankfurt School of Critical Theory, we see one of the longest and the most
famous traditions of Marxism. Often, commentators refer the tradition as "Critical
Theory," meaning a special kind of social philosophy. To begin with, the Frankfurt
School grew out of the Institute of Social Research, which was founded in 1923 at the
University of Frankfurt by Felix Weil, a political scientist with a passion for Marxism.
Weil had studied at the university, writing a dissertation socializing the economy. His
father (a wealthy merchant) set up a substantial endowment for the institute. One of
the major purposes of the institute was to study (and eventually explain) the dynamics
of social change. Carl Grunberg (political scientist) served as director for the years
1923-29. Grunberg stressed the historical context to research, recommending research
which combined historical study and theoretical analysis. Max Horkheimer
(philosopher and sociologist) served as director for the years 1930-58. Horkheimer
stressed the interdisciplinary nature of the institute's research programme. His
collaborators included Theodor Adorno (philosopher, sociologist, and musicologist),
Erich Fromm (psychologist), Franz Neumann (political scientist), and Friedrich
Pollock (economist). Over the years, many celebrated thinkers, such as Herbert
Marcuse (philosopher), Walter Benjamin (essayist and literary critic) and Leo
Lowenthal (literary critic), were associated with the group.
When National Socialism came to power, the institute fled (in 1933) to Geneva and
then (in 1935) to New York, being attached to the Department of Sociology at
Columbia University. In 1941, the Institute relocated to California. During WW II,
then, members of the Institute settled in various parts of the United States. In 1949,
Horkheimer, Adorno, and Pollock returned to Germany, and in 1951 they re-
established the Institute for Social Research, with Horkheimer as director. Marcuse
and Lowenthal among other members remained in the United States. The institute
disbanded in 1969, but its influence continued in the work of Jurgen Habermas,
representing the second wave of Critical Theory.
achievement
Horkheimer imposed an interdisciplinary programme of research on his colleagues,

one which (he argued) would result in a better understanding of the complexities of
modern social life. From the outset, Horkheimer rejected the prevailing practice
among empirically oriented sociologists of studying social matters in
isolation/employing quantitative techniques, thereby separating facts and values.
Instead, he proposed an holistic approach, a synthesis of philosophy and social science
he called Critical Theory, i.e., a combination of theory and practice, which would
enable researchers to respecify "the great philosophical questions" of the time using
the most scientific methods; reformulate and make more precise the questions in the
course of work as demanded by the object; and develop new methods without losing
sight of the universal. The goal (he added) was to situate these studies in concrete
historical contexts, in a definite period of time, in a definite location, taking into
consideration the economic process, the psychic structures of individual members, and
the totality of the system that affects and produces their thoughts.
During their exile in the United States, Horkheimer and Adorno focused on the
commercial media, presenting their critique in Dialectic of Enlightenment (1944), a
work which might be called the first volume of Cultural Studies. Here, they argue that,
as a consciousness industry, the media willingly manipulate a passive and irrational
public, focusing attention on (a) the great influence the media exert in setting the
agenda of what should be thought about in society, and (b) the way in which the
media encourage people to think about their lives.
the New Left
For three decades, Habermas has been the best known scholar working in this
tradition. During the 1970's, Habermas and Marcuse helped shape the New Left--in
Germany and then in the United States. Habermas' work draws on a wide range of
thought and presents a coherent view of (communication and) society. He believes
that society must be understood as a mix of three major interests: work, interaction,
and power. By work, he means the efforts to create necessary material resources.
Because of its highly instrumental nature, i.e., achieving tangible tasks and
accomplishing concrete objectives, this is basically a "technical interest."
Byinteraction he means the use of language (and symbols) for communication.
Because social cooperation is necessary for survival, Habermas calls this item
"practical interest." It involves practical reasoning and is represented in historical
scholarship and hermeneutics.
Social order naturally leads to power distribution; yet, a natural interest in being freed
from domination also comes from the application of power. Power leads to distorted
communication, but by becoming aware of the ideologies that dominate in society,
groups can themselves be empowered to transform society. We can understand the
rationality of power as self-reflection and the branch of scholarship that deals with it
is critical theory. For Habermas, the kind of work done by the Critical Theorists
discussed so far is emancipatory; it can empower otherwise powerless groups (p. 249).
Human life cannot be conducted from the perspective of only one interest: work,
interaction, or power. No single activity is entirely within any one of these but
includes some combination of them. All three are necessary for a complete
understanding of society (p. 250).
No aspect of life is interest-free. An emancipated society is free from unnecessary

domination of any one interest, and everybody has the same opportunity to take part
in decision-making.
The Public Sphere
Habermas takes as his point of departure the work of the Chicago School (see notes
on the Cultural Studies Tradition), which was interested in THE PUBLIC SPHERE as
a concept, as well as the work of the Frankfurt School, which viewed the mass media
as an oppressive (read this as "consciousness-shaping") institution. In "The Public
Sphere" (1964), Habermas argued that a part of the public sphere comes into being in
every conversation where private individuals assemble to form a public body. This
sphere mediates between society and state: conversation is crucial to the formation of
that entity we call "the public." This means that CONVERSATION is crucial to the
formation of that entity called the public.
Like members of the Chicago School, Habermas believes that the formation of
opinion takes place at the community and peer-group level. Like Robert Ezra Park, he
acknowledges the role played by the early newspapers in bringing about an active and
partisan public which discussed the news. Unlike the members of the Chicago School,
however, he does not believe that A GREAT PUBLIC OF HUMAN
UNDERSTANDING (Dewey's formulation) follows from the information transmitted
by modern means of communication. Habermas believes that the formation of a
rational public depends upon the news and information available, together with the
situations available for discussing the significance and the meaning of news and
information.
As well, Habermas argues that it is the INTERPERSONAL SITUATION in which we

converse that provides the necessary context for informed opinion. In formulating the
concept of an IDEAL SPEECH SITUATION, Habermas stresses the need for
 adequate opportunity for people to speak,

 adequate opportunity to challenge the rules or the topic of discussion,
 adequate opportunity to acquire the skills of discourse (including those of the
media), and
 adequate opportunity to be free of violence and other forms of coercion.
These observations should remind us that THE REPRESENTATIONS OF SOCIAL

REALITY we receive depend upon organised, international effort for their production
and dissemination.
Neo-Marxism Today
Neo-Marxism flourished during the 1970's, especially in Great Britain. Theorists still
place great emphasis on the means of communication in society. This means that
communication practices are an outcome of the tension between individual creativity
in framing messages and the social constraints on that creativity. Thus, only when
individuals are free to express themselves with clarity and reason will liberation occur.
One of the chief constraints on individual expression is language. A class society is

dominated by a language that makes it very difficult for working-class people to
understand their situation and to get out of it. It is the job of the critical theorist to
create new forms of language so that the predominant ideology can be exposed and
that competing ideologies can be heard. Anideology can be defined as a set of ideas
that structures a group's notion of reality, a system of representations or a code of
meanings governing how individuals (and groups) see the world (Hall, 1989). For
classical Marxism, an ideology is a false set of ideas that has been perpetuated by the
dominant political force, i.e., an ideology reflects social existence.
(a) Antonio Gramsci
Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937), the Italian political theorist and activist, founded the
Italian Communist Party. He believed that the Bolshevik revolution (1917) could be
transplanted to Italy. He played a key role in the general strike of 1920. As it
happened, Benito Mussolini (1833-1945) became dictator in 1922. In 1926, the
Fascists arrested Gramsci (a member of parliament) and put him in jail--where he
spent the rest of his life. In prison, he had the misfortune of "enforced leisure" to
reflect on the socialist defeat and the crucial role of culture in society, writing Prison
Notebooks, trans. H. Hoare and G. Nowell Smith (New York, 1971).
Many Critical Theory analysts see society as the ground on which competing
ideologies struggle for domination (p. 247). Following Gramsci, they
define hegemonyas a process of domination, whereby one set of ideas subverts or co-
opts another (Gramsci, 1971). They conceptualize it as a process whereby one group
in society exerts leadership over others. They point out that hegemony is what binds
society together without the use of force. This is achieved when the upper classes
supplement their economic power by creating "intellectual and moral leadership." The
upper classes make compromises to achieve this leadership. In other words, culture is
one of the sites where the struggle for hegemony takes place.
The process of hegemony occurs in many ways and in many settings. In essence, the
process of hegemony takes place when events or texts are interpreted in a way that
promotes the interests of one group over those of another. The process can be as subtle
as co-opting the interests of a subordinate group into supporting those of a dominant
one. For example, during the 1980s advertisers often exploited the "women's lib"
theme, making it look as though the corporation supports women's rights. What
happened was that women's rights were being reinterpreted to promote the interests of
the capital economy. The point to remember is that ideology has always played a
central role in this process because it structures the way in which people understand
their experience, and it is therefore powerful vehicle for shaping how they interpret
events.
Early studies of advertising were cast in the problematic of ideology and hegemony.
In conducting textual and ideological analyses of advertising, analysts stressed the
selling not just of commodities but also of ways of looking at the world. Analysts
explained that advertisers set out to create an "identity" for a product, associating the
brand in question with desirable human values. Buying a brand meant not only buying
a product but also a lifestyle, a set of values. From this perspective, one might argue
that a person is nothing more than the commodities he or she wears. According to
Judith Williamson (1978), objects in advertising are signifers of meaning which we
decode in the context of known cultural systems associating products with other
cultural "goods." While an image of a particular product may denote a car, it also
connotes "nature" or "family." In this way, advertisers encourage us to "buy into"
ideologies. We thus construct our identities through the consumption of consumer
goods. As Williamson (1978) argues, Advertising is thus ideological in obscuring
economic inequality at the level of production by creating images of free and equal
consumption.
Similarly, analysts study the impact of the mass media on consciousness. That is,
analysts show that television programs encourage us to think of ourselves as a
market--as opposed to a public, consumers as opposed to citizens. As we know,
networks make shows by guessing what will please audiences and finding ways to
speak to them that perpetuate the cultural hegemony in operation. Networks then sell
those audiences to advertisers who want what they think will be suitable audiences for
their products. As well, analysts study how, in liberal capitalism, hegemonic ideology
domesticates opposition, absorbing it into forms compatible with the core ideologies,
absorbing and domesticating conflicting definitions of reality. Analysts like Erica
Carter (1987) and Daniel Bell (1976) claim that liberal capitalist society is deeply
conflicted, that is, liberal capitalist society urges people to work hard--but proposes
that real satisfaction is to be found in leisure
Q3. Explain the nature of the problem of the aged.
A: A: Older people have limited regenerative abilities and are more prone to disease,
syndromes, and sickness. At some point in the not too distant future, Baby Boomers will
have a large impact on the health care industry in general. As the population ages seniors,
or the elderly, are much more likely to suffer mobility health and disability problems thus
placing a strain on government finances and health care facilities.
The series of articles below focus on health and mobility problems concerning seniors and
caregivers today and in the future.
Senior Parents Living Alone - Whether you are a senior looking to prolong your own
independence, or you are a caregiver searching for ways to alleviate your worries about
leaving your aged or infirm loved ones home by themselves, a home Emergency Response
System may be just the thing you've been looking for.
Nutrition Information for Seniors - Nutrient deficiencies appear to increase with age. Some
colleagues at the University of Iowa looked at over 400 Iowans 79 and older living
independently in rural areas and found that 80 percent reported consuming inadequate
amounts of four or more nutrients.
Diverticulitis - Diverticulitis is a disorder that comes from diverticulosis, which is

characterized by small, bulging pouches in the digestive tract.
Why does Grandma need to be Able to Jump - What do slipping and falling have to do with
jumping and landing? A lot, really, and the primary similarity lies in the speed with which
they occur.
Vision and Hearing in Aging America - There are a number of things we can expect as we
get older and our bodies begin to change, and two of the most common changes for older
folks have now been linked by doctors who are beginning to believe they have factors in
common.
Exercise and Nutrition for Seniors - We are getting older all the time. It's nothing to get
upset about, it's only natural. However, that doesn't mean we don't have some say when it
comes to our place in the march of time.
Hobbies for the Elderly or Disabled - Has it just occurred to you that your retirement has left
you turning in circles? You finally have your well earned freedom and you don't know what
to do with it anymore? There are many hobbies out there that you can take part in...
Health Tips for the Elderly and Seniors - Feed your body with the correct foods. You
wouldn't expect your car to work efficiently if you fed it the incorrect fuel. So feed your body
with nutritious foods that contain the necessary vitamins and minerals in order for it to return
optimum performance.
Famous People who Have and Had Dementia - A listing of famous people around the world
who suffer and had suffered from Dementia.
Prevent Osteoporosis from Ruining Your Life - Osteoporosis is a bone disease that affects
millions of women around the world. Women who suffer from this condition usually have
bone mineral density (BMD) levels that are way below than the normal BMD levels; making
them more prone to getting fractures. You will also notice that the elderly women, and
sometimes even men, who have osteoporosis are usually slouched and bent.
Preventing Falls in the Aging Population - Fred hurt himself in a fall and decided to visit his
friendly neighborhood chiropractor. Fred's medical history reveals that he was in excellent
health until age 65 when he suffered a myocardial infarction (heart attack). He states that he
has had two ear infections in the last year and has also experienced dizziness and
problems with his balance.
Life Extension Clinics - It may seem like the stuff of legend or science fiction, but life
extension clinics have no less a goal than what has been humankind's dream for millennia:
lengthening the human life span by fighting disease and the agents that cause aging within
the body.
Aging with a Purpose - Ideally, greater wisdom comes with age. The lessons in life serve as
a stronghold in making good decisions and sound judgment. A mature person is more
critical about the things he does and weighs things out as he faces the challenges of life.
Anti Aging and Healthy Life - The chances of having dementia rise as you get older. By age
85, about 35 out of 100 people have it. After watching my mother I hoped I could figure out
how to fit into the sixty five percent who grow old with a strong, active brain.
Aging Wisely: Tips for Caring for Aging Parents - Most of us will face challenges in caring for
our elderly family members but don't know where to begin to prepare for this stage of life.
Read these tips to begin preparing for elder care.
Tips for Growing Old Slowly and Gracefully - Anyone over 50 can probably remember what
"old" people were 30 or 40 years ago. Usually they were people over 50! Most boomers no
longer consider themselves old.
The Changing Brain of Alzheimers - To date no exact cause has been attributed to
Alzheimer's Disease, however research has shown that the brains of Alzheimer's patients
have an abundance of two abnormal structures - beta amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary
tangles.
Bathlifts for Elderly and Disabled - This article provides imformation about bathlifts, how
they work and the health benefits they can provide. A bathlift can offer convenience when
bathing, and help to regain independence, and is a more cost effective option than
completely redesigning the bathroom.
Design Techniques for the Homes of Alzheimers Patients - Design is playing an increasingly
active role in the medical field as studies reveal more findings linking atmosphere to the well
being of patients. Stale, all-white design schemes in hospitals, long term care homes and
other medical facilities are being replaced by schemes of calming colors and elements
designed to accommodate an improved mental state for patients.
Communicating with an Alzheimers Patient - If you have a loved one who has Alzheimer's
disease, he or she may exhibit difficulty communicating effectively as time goes on.
Caring for Parents with Alzheimers Disease - To understand how best to cope with a parent
diagnosed with Alzheimer's, you must first have a clear understanding of what it is and how
it affects the people you love.
Elderly Depression in Seniors - Depression is more common in the elderly than in any other
age group, affecting 20% of those living in the community and 40% of those who are living
in care homes, according to the Mental Health Foundation statistics on mental health.
Unintentional Death from Bed Falls - 1.8 million emergency room visits occur because
someone falls out of bed. Bed falls can result physical injury and mental distress. A plan
needs to be in place to reduce the risk of bed falls.
Steps to Prevent Early Aging - Most of the ailments that we associate with aging are all
preventable to a certain degree without recourse to fantasy. A calculated course of
nutritional supplementation can help people look younger, live longer, and most importantly,
live better.
How to Die of Old Age not Disease - How is it that as technology advances and new
inventions are created to make life easier, more people in the developed world are dying of
cancer, heart disease and stroke every year?
Anti-Scald Safety from Burns - 30% of all burns treated in hospital emergency rooms are
related to scalding. The elderly and babies are especially vulnerable. It is estimated that up
to 24,000 children younger than 14 are burned by scalding ever year. Some of these
victims' injuries result in death.
HGH - Human Growth Hormone - You may feel 30, but your body keeps reminding you
you're not. You fatigue easily. Your bones and joints hurt more often. The only part of your
body that's thinning is your hair.
Driving - How Old is too Old? - The recent conviction of a man in Los Angeles for vehicular
manslaughter highlights the issue of age and driving. While courts ponder what to do with
the elderly man who killed ten people when his car slammed into a crowded Flea Market,
discussion around the accident has surfaced about age and driving restrictions.
Tips to Avoid Memory Decline - Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of memory
loss and mental deterioration which usually starts in the sixth to seventh decades of life.
When the memory goes, with it goes the delicate emotions of love and caring.
Problems with Getting Older - Discussion at a recent gathering of friends revealed that I
was not alone in the forgetfulness stakes. Almost everyone admitted to increasing
frequency of failing to remember names, places and assorted facts.
A Decline In Intellectual Function - Sometimes an individual forgets where he placed his car
keys and wonder if this is a type of dementia. No, it is not; we all forget where we placed our
keys sometimes, but if an individual forgets, he owns a car this may be a sign.
Why do we Forget Things as we Mature? - It is not uncommon for older people to forget
small details like where they put their glasses, or their favorite book. They may forget
meetings and appointments.
Q4. Discuss about the identity and social mobility among the scheduled caste.
Q5. Explain the meaning of migration.
A: Migration, Migratory behavior, or Migratory may refer:
 Gene migration, a process in evolution and population genetics

 Animal migration, the travelling of long distances in search of a new habitat
 Human migration, physical movement by humans from one area to another
 Bird migration, the regular seasonal journey undertaken by many species of birds
 Reverse migration (birds), a phenomenon in bird migration
 Fish migration, the regular journey of fish
 Insect migration, the seasonal movement of insects
 Lepidoptera migration, the movement of butterflies and moths
 Diel vertical migration, a daily migration undertaken by some ocean organisms
 Plant migration, see Seed dispersal, the movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant
 Forest migration, the movement of large seed plant dominated communities in geographical space
over time
Q6. Discuss about the meaning and various dimensions of urbanization.

A: Urbanization (or urbanisation) is the physical growth of urban areas as a result of rural migration and even
suburban concentration into cities, particularly the very large ones. TheUnited Nations projected that half of the
world's population would live in urban areas at the end of 2008. [1] By 2050 it is predicted that 64.1% and 85.9%
of the developing and developed world respectively will be urbanized. [2]
Urbanization is closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization.
Urbanization can describe a specific condition at a set time, i.e. the proportion of total population or area in
cities or towns, or the term can describe the increase of this proportion over time. So the term urbanization can
represent the level of urban relative to overall population, or it can represent the rate at which the urban
proportion is increasing.
Urbanization is not merely a modern phenomenon, but a rapid and historic transformation of human social
roots on a global scale, whereby predominantly rural culture is being rapidly replaced by predominantly urban
culture. The last major change in settlement patterns was the accumulation of hunter-gatherers into villages
many thousand years ago. Village culture is characterized by common bloodlines, intimate relationships, and
communal behavior whereas urban culture is characterized by distant bloodlines, unfamiliar relations, and
competitive behavior. This unprecedented movement of people is forecast to continue and intensify in the next
few decades, mushrooming cities to sizes incomprehensible only a century ago. Indeed, today, in Asia the
urban agglomerations of Dhaka, Karachi, Mumbai, Delhi, Manila,Seoul and Beijing are each already home to
over 20 million people, while the Pearl River Delta, Shanghai-Suzhou and Tokyoare forecast to approach or
exceed 40 million people each within the coming decade. Outside Asia, Mexico City, Sao Paulo, New York
City, Lagos and Cairo are fast approaching or home to over 20 million people already. As more and more
people leave villages and farms to live in cities, urban growth results. The rapid growth of cities like Chicago in
the late 19th century, Tokyo in the mid twentieth, and Mumbai in the 21st century can be attributed largely to
rural-urban migration. This kind of growth is especially commonplace in developing countries. This phenomenal
growth can also be attributed to the lure of not just economic opportunities, but also to loss or degradation of
farmland and pastureland due to development, pollution, land grabs, or conflict, the attraction and anonymity of
hedonistic pleasures of urban areas, proximity and ease of mass transport, as well as the opportunity to
assert individualism.
Q7. Explain the problems in creating employment.

A: Job creation and employment policy are typically seen either to be the responsibility of economic policy
makers or best left to the private sector? However, mayors and local governments have a number of
areas of comparative advantage in the field of job creation. This topic explores and asks participants to
share ideas and experiences on how cities can stimulate job creation, particularly for young people.
Please share your ideas, either within the framework of the ideas “polled” below or through other thoughts
and suggestions.
The eDebate will hopefully weigh in on the policy debate, one side of which views employment creation
as a human right and an economic and social goal on its own right, and the other side of which viewing
employment as a goal to be pursued indirectly, a result of economic growth and private sector
development. Different definitions of what constitutes full employment and the role of employment
creation in poverty reduction will also be discussed. The specific issue of youth employment will
furthermore be addressed including a discussion of targeted approaches and the role of youth
employment within broader employment policy. I would be interested in discussion of youth employment
in concrete country contexts, including the role which youth unemployment and underemployment has
played in fueling recent unrest in North Africa and the Middle East. In 2011, 74.8 million youth aged 15–24
were unemployed, an increase of more than 4 million since 2007. The global youth unemployment rate, at
12.7 per cent, remains a full percentage point higher than the pre-crisis level. Globally, young people are
nearly three times as likely as adults to be unemployed. In addition, an estimated 6.4 million young people
have given up hope of finding a job and have dropped out of the labour market altogether. Even those
young people who are employed are increasingly likely to find themselves in part-time employment and
often on temporary contracts. In developing countries, youth are disproportionately among the working
poor. As the number and share of unemployed youth is projected to remain essentially unchanged in
2012, and as the share of young people withdrawing from the labour market altogether continues to rise,
on the present course there is little hope for a substantial improvement in near-term employment
prospects for young people.
Q8. Discuss about the labour welfare measures in India.

A: Labour welfare is an important dimension of industrial relation, labour welfare includes overall welfare
facilities designed to take care of well bieng of employee's and in order to increase their living standard. It
do not generally constitutes monetery benefits nor these are provided by employers alone, it can also be
provided by government, non government agencies and trade unions. Industrialization, mechanisation
and globalisation has increased importance of labour welfare in industries.
The importance of labour in industrialization and economic development has been recognised globally. In
global scenario need and importance of labour welfare has been increasingly appreciated.
History of Labour Welfare

In India the labour welfare started sometime during the 1 st world war (1914-1918). Till then wellbeing of
workers in factories was hardly thought by anybody. Since, 1 st world war labour welfare has been
expanding on voluntary basis. Industrial Labour Organization has played a very significant role for labour
welfare. Many labour legislations have been formed by Indian central government and state governments
for welfare of labours in Industries.
Government has laid down minimum standards for employment and working conditions in organizations.
Besides the government, the employers, trade unions and various social organizations also function as
agencies for implementation of labour welfare measures.
A Industrial labour organization (ILO) is an advisory body so it cannot force any country to introduce any
welfare measures. The need of labour welfare was powerfully felt by the Royal Commision of Labour far
back in 1931, Indian constitution emphasized this need under its directive principles of state policy.

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KARNATAKA STATE OPEN UNIVERSITY (KSOU)

3rd Year BA with Life Skills

Q1. Describe the health conditions of the aged.

Diverticulitis - Diverticulitis is a disorder that comes from diverticulosis, which is

Q2. Explain the discrimination faced by the Scheduled Castes.

Videos – Cases of Caste Discrimination

ICERD definintions and CERD practice on descent-based

CERD General Recommendation No. 32 on special measures

Q5. Discuss about the size and growth of population of India.

It may also refer to:

 Mortality rate, a measure of the number of deaths in a given population

 Mortality displacement, denotes a (forward) temporal shift in the rate of mortality

 Mortality (band), a thrash metal band from Sydney, Australia

 Mortality, differential attrition between groups in a scientific study

 Mortality (book), a 2012 collection of essays by Anglo-American writer Christopher Hitchens

Mortal may refer to:

 Human, as distinct from a supernatural being

 Mortal Kombat, a fighting game series

Q7. Discuss about the types of unemployment.

Q1. Discuss the various indicators of Women’s status.

 Critical social scientists believe that it is necessary to understand the lived

Such liberation furthers the natural progression of history in which forces in

The Politics of Textuality

The Problematic of Cultural Studies

Horkheimer imposed an interdisciplinary programme of research on his colleagues,

the New Left

No aspect of life is interest-free. An emancipated society is free from unnecessary

The Public Sphere

As well, Habermas argues that it is the INTERPERSONAL SITUATION in which we

 adequate opportunity for people to speak,

These observations should remind us that THE REPRESENTATIONS OF SOCIAL

One of the chief constraints on individual expression is language. A class society is

(a) Antonio Gramsci

Q3. Explain the nature of the problem of the aged.

Diverticulitis - Diverticulitis is a disorder that comes from diverticulosis, which is

 Gene migration, a process in evolution and population genetics

 Human migration, physical movement by humans from one area to another

 Reverse migration (birds), a phenomenon in bird migration

 Fish migration, the regular journey of fish

 Insect migration, the seasonal movement of insects

 Lepidoptera migration, the movement of butterflies and moths

 Diel vertical migration, a daily migration undertaken by some ocean organisms

Q6. Discuss about the meaning and various dimensions of urbanization.

Q7. Explain the problems in creating employment.

Q8. Discuss about the labour welfare measures in India.

History of Labour Welfare

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