Te eee ars : for reinforced concrete RAUL DH ie eee) Te ase) SS all eee are eh ae a sa Concrete Beam Design (Part 1)FEATURE: CONCRETE BEAM DESIGN 4 Fone setae Maen TR tees complex codes and standards. This series of articles will help Pan encom crite) he tools you need to design safe, economical structures in less time. This article specifically discusses the design and detailing of non-prestressed, reinforce Cereal eee ‘The design aids presented here — which can be utilized in preliminary andjor final design stages orto verify output fom software —eoniorm tothe provisions in Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (318-99), and Commentary (318R-99) published by the American Concrete Institute Al referenced sec- tion numbers are in ACI 318-99 Design for Flexure Sizing the cross-section. Typically, the engineer determines the member depth fist 10 ensure that the deflection requirements of Sec- tion 9.5 are satisfied. As an example considera ron-prestessed beam or one-way slab that is not supporting or attached to partitions or ‘other construction likely 10 be damaged by large deflections. The minimum thicknes (h) is given in Table 9.5(a) For one end contin: ‘ous, normal-weight concrete, and Grade 60 reinforcement, the minimum thicknes is 24 {or sold one-way slabs and 18.5 for beams or ribbed one-way slabs, where the span length (© defined in Section 87, sin inches. Prudent choice of steel percentage can also ‘minimize deletion problems. When the ten sion reinforcement rato (p) used in the pos Editor's Note con- aE tive moment region does not exceed one half of the maximum value permitted (p < 05pm the member size i usually not con- tooled by deflection. Consider the following stength equation that must be satisfied at all sections along the length ofthe member: M5 6M, = 04, (d 4/2) = $pbdf(d ~ a2) ) where a = A, f,/085f-b = pd f, JO85f'. As noted above, deflection problems are rarly encountered for beams with = 05?pax When p = 0.5pmx = 0.0107 is substituted into Equation 1) and 4,000 psi concrete and Grade 60 reinforcement are assumed, Equation (1) becomes the following: 0% for simpli bd’ = 20M, ® ‘where band dare in inches and M, isin fekps. ‘The designer can determine any combina- tion of b and d from Equation (2), with the ‘only restiction being that the final depth | selected must satisfy the deflection control ci teria. The effective depth (d) that satisfies deflection requirements can be determined ftom Table 9 5(a), assuming d= h ~ 25 inches forbeams with one layer ofstel ord = h~ 1.25 inches for joists and slabs. Equation (2) can then be solved for the width b, considering | the maximum M, along the span. Similar si ing equations can be derived easily for other material Because slabs are ypicaly designed using a ‘one-foot strip, Equation (2) simplifies to: d=13/M," Designers should follow the guidelines ‘below when sizing members or economy: © Use whole-inch increments for beam dimensions and Yhinch increments for slabs. + Use constant beam size fom span to span and vary reinforcement a required “Use wide lat beams rather than narrow dep beams. When applicable, use the same depth as the joist stem, | © Specly the beam widths tobe equal to oF Figure 1 Strength curves for Grade 60 Reinforcement.Fi FEATURE: CONCRETE BEAM DESIGN greater han the column with | is for unit conversion. Susiting the con- {where bite efve ab width defined in «Repeat the sme member size wherever stant from Equation (5) into Equation (4) | Section 810 possible the building | result in the falling | | Dotaing the reinforcement. Once the Following these guidelines results in eco- required area of ste! is computed from Equa i oma fomvork tis typicalyleadstothe | A, =-——M__ Magn (6), the size and numberof reinforcing ‘most economical structure | ‘d(constant) 0.9% d «4.37 | pars must be selected, The minimum and max- i M,_M | imum numberof reinforcing brs permite in aosssection sa function of cover and pac: | ig requirements given in Section 76.1 and 6) 3.3.2 (minimum spacing for concrete place- | ment), Section 7.7.1 (minimum cover for pro- | tection of reinforcement), and Secion 106 | (aximum spacing for conuol of flenual | cocking Equation (6) cn be wed to detemine |The maximum spacing oftenforcing bari Determiningreauired reinforcement 3.3.7 4g determine the required negative and positive reinforcement along the span, Equation (1) ‘an be rewriten inthe following form: | where Mis in kips. isi inde, and , i M | O.5pf, | | imsquare inches |1- Fee R wd” 085 f" quickly the requied area of tension reinfrce- | limited to the value given by Equation (10-3) ment at any econ of a rectangular beam of | in Section 10.4 The following equation an slab subjected M, Similar caluationsshow |e used to determine the minimum number of that his equation Gan alo be used fr mem- | bars nya equiedin a single lye: bers with 3,000 psi and 5000 pi conc, Forall values of p< (7}Pmav Equation (6) wal give ight conservative sul. The max | ° ‘The relationship beween p and Ry for Grade 60 reinforcement and various concrete strengths shown in Figure I. is evident that the relationship between p and Ri approx: mae linear upto abou % of Png Tis ela | Sintipcn eect blocs | mm drston nathan «poet | | athe minimum and maximum pemited | Goto texconstant) or 4, - TTA | sel tos Far member wih pin the range of “ 1 percent to 1.5 percent, the error is less than | 13 percent, For f= 4,000 pif, = 60,000 psi, and p= | __For positive reinforcement in flanged floor (CP mux the constant for the linear approxi- | beams (T-beam construction), A, can usually | ration sas follows: be computed for a rectangular compression | zone Rarely will there be a need to compate A, fora Tshaped compresion zone. The flexural! har require in asngle ae for eams of a- | Town | Oss | member is designed as a rectangular section ! igus widths. cen), sa/9ramgea) | emoesheartnecteientte | Se eT Eee sah Theo eam ongeson | Toman ae | | neagen ees | 5 ipa As, = / -_— coe aly, eteehsixiieeiias |< m 0.S5f2, wien sie = equals 36 ks | Based on these assumptions the maximum barspacingis 10 inches. |) The maximum number of bar (hax) Per mitted in a section canbe computed from the | formula below: 3 a ‘Table 1 Minimum number ofbars requredna single ayer per Section 10.6. b-e eden) 5 “(Clear space) +, @ oe @ . | Theinformationin Table 2 L isaccurate assuming: ‘Table 2. Maximum number of bars permitted ina single layer. |» Grade 60 reinforcement, ‘Table 2 contains the maximum number of | bars permite ina single aes.FEATURI CONCRETE BEAM DESIGN ‘Table 5. Minimum beam widths. | + Clearcoerto he stirs (equal 10 5 inchs, = Yeinch aggregate, and | * No.3 tiups are use for No.5 and No.6 longitainal bar, ad No.4 stimupe ae sed for No 7 and lane bar. Selecting bars within the limits of Tables 1 and 2 wil provide automatic conformity with the code requirements for cover and spacing, sven the assumptions noted above. Tables for other parameters can be generated easly sing Equations (8) and (9) ‘From Equation (10-5), the maximum bar spacing fr one way labs is 12 inches, asm ing inch cover and f equals 36 ks | ‘Requirements fr the development of lex url enforcement are given in Sections 12.10 ‘to 12.12. For beams and slabs subjected to uni- formly distibuted gravity loads only (For ‘member that are not par of the ater force resisting system), recommended bar details can be found in the ACI Dealing Manual, the Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute (CRS!) Reinforcing Bar Dealing Manual and Chapter 8 of the Portland Cement Association (PCA) | publcaion “Simplified Design of Concrete Buildings of Moderate Sie and Height” Designfor shear In accordance with ACI Faquation (11-2), ‘the nominal shear strength Vis the sum of ‘wo component: nominal shes stength pro- vided by concrete (V.) and nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement (V,). ‘Thus at any section ofthe member: Vas OVn= Vo + OV; (19) ‘A summary of the ACI 318.99 provisions for shear design is contained in Table 3. These provisions are applicable to. normal-weight ‘concrete members subjected to shear and flex ‘te oni with Grade 60 shea reinforcement. Table 3. ACI318-99 provisions for shear design. ‘Theseleion and spacing of imups can be | simplified if the spacing () i expresed asa ‘function of the effective depth (d). Acconding to Seaions 11541 and 115.43, the maxi _mum sirup spacing vate fom dod for onpresuesed members wih veal simups. Using thiee standard stmup spacings (5 = d/2, 4/3, and d), values of @V, can be derived for ‘vatious stp sizes and spacings, independent ‘of the member size. For verical tirmups: ‘ACIEquation(11-15) Dy substituting dfn for s (where n= 2, 3, of 4), the above equation can be rewritten as: OV, = 4A, fn an ‘Thus, for Grade 60, No.3 Usstimups spaced | adja: 4V, = 0.85 x 0.22 x 60 x2 22.4 kips, say 22 kips ‘Table 4 contains values of 9V, for Grade 60 Uasimupe wit 2 les. Is imporant o note that thee values of ¢, are not dependent on the member sie or the concrete strength Once he requized 9, = V, ~ Vas been ‘computed at a panicular secon along the length of the beam, a value of 9, can be cho- sen from Table 4 that is equal too slightly sreater than that which is required. The strup size and spacing corresponding to ths value of 4¥,can be specified at this section of the beam. “According 1 Section 11.5.6, 6, is limited 1098 sy. Ifitis determined that the required 46V, i greater than this limiting value, one or more of the cross-sectional dimensions must be increased in onder to cany the factored shear force | lamer stip sizes at wider spacings are sore cost effective than smaller stiup sizes at loser spacings because the later requires dis proportionately high cos for fabrication and placement, Changing the tcp spacing as few times at possible over the length ofthe mem- ber lo ests in cos savings. In order to develop the stimups adequately, the requirement of Scion 12.13 must be sat ‘fed, To allow forthe bend radi at comes of Ussizups the minimum beam widths gen in “Table 5 should he provided. Design for Torsion In 1995, a new design procedure for torsion vas inrodiced in ACI 318. The provisions are base on a thin-walled tbe, space ts analo- i, where the contribution of concrete to tr sional strength is disregarded for simplicity. xcept for afew minor changes, the tosion Provisions in ACI 318-99 are virtually the same 2s those in AC 3185 ‘comprehensive set of design ads that an beused to efficiently design and detail concrete beams subjected to the combined efecs of flexure shear, and wrsion canbe found inthe PCA publication “Design of Concrete Beams for Trion” Design examples that illustrate the use of the timesaving design aids presented here for Aenure and shear can be found at wee ponce- ‘mentong/builngs. “Valid for stirups wth 2 legs (Gouble the tabulated values for 4 legs ‘Table 4. Values off, (1, = 60 sly’. a‘in Part One, the timessav- | is assumed, For routine designs, designers do ing methods addressed | not need to perform complex deflection cle here conform tothe prov | lations for nonprestressed, two-way slab sys sions of Building Code tems ifthe slab thickness meets the minimum Requirements for Struc- | requirements of Section 9.53. Graph 1 (all tural Concrete (318-99) and Commentary graphs may be viewed in the online version of (31889), published by the American Con- this aici, at wwww.gostuctural.com) contains cet Institute. All eerenced section numbers. | minimum slab thickness asa function of clear and notations ae from ACI 318-99. span length (ly) in the long ditection, This Because of limited space, we were unable to assumes Grade 60 reinforcement and, for those include the graphs inthe printed version ofthis systems with edge andJor interior beams, amide. Please see the complete anicle with | assumes they are relatively stiff. ‘graphs on our Website (www.gostucuralcom) When two-way slabs ae supported directly under the editorial index fn columns (as in lat plates and fla slabs), shear near the columns is citically impor. tant, especialy at exterior slab-column connections without spandrel beams. For flat plates, sab thickness will almost always be governed by two-way shear rather than serviceability requirements, Graph 2, which is based on the two-way shear require ments of Section 11.12, can |e used to determine a pre- liminary slab thicknes for a | flat plate assuming the fol lowing 5 ssquare edge columns ofsize Method. Calculating defections for two-way slabs is complicated, even when linear elastic behavior 6 (three sided critical section), ‘column suppons a tributary area A, + square bays (¢,=4), + gavty load moment transfered between the slab and edge column i in accordance with Seqion 13.636, and + 4,000-psi normal-weight concrete AA preliminary slab thickness (h) can be ‘obtained by adding 1.25 inches od from the figure, where the total factored load (w,) includes an estimate forthe weight of the sab. For rectangular bays with €, = 24, d fromFEATURE: TWO-WAY SLAB DESIGN bese ‘Graph 2 shoud be inaeased by abou 15 pr cent and for bays with €, = 05€, d may be decreased by 15 percent Fire resistance requirements per the gover- ing building code also. must be considered ‘when specifying minimum slab thickness. Design for flexure ‘This portion ofthe atl provides design aids to help determine the design moments for srviy loads and lateral loads. According to Section 135.13, itis permissable to combine the results of the gravity load analysis with those ofthe lateral load analysis Required ren- forcement can be computed from Equation 1 for the goveming load combination. For fat plate and flat sla constuction, theres more «consider for the transfer of loads at the col- umnotab connection. Moments fom grav ty and lateral loads are tansfered between a slab and column by a combination of flexure and eccentricity of shear. Only a portion ofthe Lunbalanced moment (M,) atthe column is transfered by flenue (ty M,) the remainder is transfered by eccentricity of shear (4M). Please se the section ented “Moment trans- {erin slab-column connections” for additional information. Gravity loads = According to Section 135.141, ether the Direct Design Method (DDM) of Section 13.6 oF the Equivalent Frame Method (EFM) of Section 13.7 may be used to determine the effects of gravity loads on twosnay slab stems in ew of ther meth- ds that satisfy conditions of equilibrium and sgeomettic compatibility For routine cases the DDM can be used 10 determine moments in column and middle stip quickly and easly — as long asthe con: ditions usrated in Figure Tae satisied, The requirements of Seaion 13.6.16 on relative sues of beams in two perpendicular direc tions must also be satisfied. Moment reds ‘ution, as permite by Section 84, may not be applied for slab ystems designed by the DDM. In essence the DDM isa three step analysis procedure. The designer rst calculates the total factored static moment (M) fora panel. Se- ondly he or she distributes M, to negative and Positive moment sections. Thirdly, he or she distributes negative and positive factored ‘moments to column and middle sips and 19 beams if any Foruniform loading, M, for panel i com pated fom the following wybGe 8 yn 43-3) SS = cam fesse] ona Cohern Sip | 020M, OTM, 5am ae MN: [ee em Po ome os EE eee a Be om. form | om Bey) oom | 02m) orm, | otek | orem, Ena Span Intern Span ee [Fee oem, os0q, Ons, | 05M, | 5m, son. 02m, 040 orm | ox | 010m te te end plates or flat slabs supported directly on columns. Table 2: Design moment coeff ee ee ed re ee ee ee Table 3: Design moment coefficients used with the Direct Design Method for flat plato or flat stab with end span integral with wallFEATURE: TWO-WAY SLAB DESIGN Interior Sean First interior negative | Positive | Int ng. Tolainoment| 0 | 063M, | 079M, 035M, | 065M, ‘Coumn Sip 0 | 038M, 0.56M. 021M, | 049M, | Mile Sp 25M, 19M, 14M, | 010M, | Now: At negatve momar ar at face of swopon. ial Eno Span r Interior Span i Prt eee end So ers Were wis the factored load per unit area Clear span, i defined in Section 13.625 for both rectangular and nonrectangular supports, and span 6; is transverse to €, Section 136.23, defines ¢; when the transverse span on either side of the cenetine of suppons varies, and Section 13.6.2.4 defines, when the span adja: ‘ent and parallel to an edge is being consi. ered, ‘Moment coefficients contained in Sections 1363 through 13.66 are applied diecly to M to determine the negative and positive ‘moments in the column and middle strips | (and, if applicable, beam moments). For design convenience, moment coefficients for ‘ypical, two-way slab systems are contained in ‘Tables 1 through 5 for the DDM. Final ‘moments in column and middle strips can be computed direaly from the tabulated values, where all negative moments are at the face of| | the suppor. Once the factored negative and positive moments (M,) are determined from the applicable table, reinforcement can be com- puted easily by using the equation that was developed in Pat One for 4,000-psi concrete and Grade 60 reinforcement: My A « H where , isin square inches, Mis in foot-kps and dis in inches. ‘According to Secon 13.3 the minimum reinforcement rao in each direction (based ‘on gross concrete are) is 0.0018 for Grade 60 reinforcement, and maximum bar spacing is the smaller of 2k or 18 inches. Lateralloads = Numerous analytical pro cedures exist for modeling fames subjected to lateral loads. In general, any procedure that sat isis equilibrium and geometric compatibility ‘may be utlized — as long a results fiom the analysis ae in reasonable agreement with test data, For slab-column frames, where only & portion of the slab is elective across its fll width in resisting the effects of lateral loads, acceptable approaches include finite element models, effective beam widdh models, and equivalent fame models. Regardless of the method used, frame member stiffness must take into account effects of cracking and rein: forcement so that dit caused by wind andjor earthquake effets is nt underestimated (Sec- tion 135.12). For flat plate frames, the effeive beam width model will give reasonably accurate results in routine situations. In this method, the actual slab is replace by a flemral element with the same thickness asthe slab and an effective beam width b, that isa fraction of the | actual transverse width ofthe slab. The follow: ing equation can be used to determine b, for an interior slab-column frame (from “Models for Laterally Loaded Slab-Columan Frames by ‘wang and Moehle, ACI Structural Journal, ‘March-April 2000, pp. 345-352) 4 cy + (Equation 2) For an exterior frame. by equals half the Yalue computed fom Equation 2. The refer- cence shows that this solution produces an accurate estimate of elastic stifins for egular frames “To account for cracking in nonprestessed slabs bending sfnes is ypicaly reduced to between one-half and one-quarter of the uncacked sifness, which isa function of h and b- When determining drifts or secondaryi FEATURE: TWO-WAY SLAB DESIGN effets in columns, lower-bound slab stfiness should be assumed. When slab-column frames imeract with structural walls, a range of slab stiffneses should be investigated in order to assess the importance of interaction. Design for shear en two-way slab tems are supported by beams or wal shear forces in the slab are seldom a citical desig facor In conta, when they are supported dire on columns, asin flat plates fat slabs shea round the Columns is cially important. especialy at cexerior slabcolumn connections where the total exterior sab moment must be tansered direct the column. ‘The designer mus investigate both one-way shear and two-way shea For one way orbeam- (ype shear, which may gover in long naztoW slbs the citical secon isata danced rom the face of the support (Section 11.12.11) Design for one way shear consis of checking thatthe following is satisfied at critical sections in both directions | Vys gai fied where is equal to €, or and V, i the coe. sponding factored shear force atthe citcal sec tion. One-way sear rarely governs a design, ‘Two-way or punching shear is usually more ital than one-way shear in lab systems sup- pore directly on columns. The ital section for two-way action is ata distance, d/, from edges oF comers of columns, concentrated loads, reaction areas, and changes in slab thick ess such as edges of column capita or drop panels (Section 1112.1.2). For nonpresuessed slabs of normal-weight concrete without shear reinforcement, the following must be satisfied (Seaion 11.122} vy smallest of gu, o(2+ one (Equation 4) ‘where y isthe maximum factored shear stress atthe ctcal section and all other variables are defined in Section 11.0. Graphs 3a through 3¢ ‘contain allowable shear stress un slabs with 4,000-psi normal-weight concrete at interior, © edge, and comer columns. aur fo vars [ia ar | 150, [eso [aor 2125 we | 175 [iar | Paso vie Fras a [esse] as [oor] si [raat 2pFEATURI TWO-WAY SLAB DESIGN Moment transfer in ‘slab-column connections “Tansfer of moment in slab-column con neaions takes place by a combination of fe tue (Section 1353) and eccentcty of shear (Gecion 11.126). The ponion of total unbal- anced moment (M,) transfered by lee is Yell where i defined in Equation 13-1. 1 is asumed that, is transfered within an ffeciv sab width equal tc plus 1.5 sab or drop pane thicknesses on each side ofthe col ‘um or capital. Reinforcements concentrated inthe effective slab width such hat My = 70 oF using Equation 1 A, = ye Graph 4 can be utlized to determine for ‘atious ctl scion dimensions b and b Under certain conditions, may be increased to vahes greater than those fom Equation 13- 1 (se Secon 135.33). see as sere] ts var tess The portion of the total unbalanced moment (M,) transfered by ecenticty of shear Is My whete yy = I~ 1 (Sections 1353.11 and 1112.6), When DDM is used, the | gavty load moment (M,) to be transfered | between sib and edge cohumn must be 0.3M,_ | | (econ 13.6.6). ‘Assuming that shear suess resulting from moment transfer by eccentricity of shear varies linearly about the centroid ofthe critical sec | tion, the factored shea stresses onthe faces of the cttcal secon are as follows (Section 1.1262} YwMy wu = Iie ‘os taae] tees [roe] som eae] seo sna sates SB 5a e858) estan eeteets fs Sete Bere Sere were A, isthe area of thecal section and Jean faethe section mos of thecal | section. AS noted above the maximum 1, must les than orequa tthe governing, ‘Numerous resourees contin equation for demining A, ad J inlding te Por land Cement Assocation publication, Simp fed Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings ‘of Moderate Size and Hegh Tables 6 hough 10 facilitate calculation ofthese quantis for rectangular and Gel columns. Reinforcement details Secon 13:3 conan general reinforcement reguiements fr two-way slabs including the minimum area of stel and maximum bar spacing, When choosing bar sizes, the largest | bas satsing maximum limiss on spacing | generally provide overall economy. Ciial | dimensions that limit bar size ae thickness of Se, slab available for hooks and distances from citical design sections to edges of sab | _-ACI igure 1338 contains minimum exten | sions for reinforcement in two-way systems without beams. These minimum lengths and extensions may not be sufficient when a two- way slab is part of the lateral-force resisting | (LER) system (Section 13.3.8.4). In such cases, | bar lengths must be determined in accordance | with Sections 12.10 through 12.12. | __Detilsatedge and comer columns that sat > isfy the requirements of Seaion 135.3 for | wansler of unbalanced moment by flesure are shown in Figure 2 for flat plates ‘When two-way slab sy tems are part of the LER Behera abe hehehe ESSE S| Tomcat ie Bit Sse sepa] sr set aet seat se eat “=D STS) ment at interior columns sx[sa[ sean] sie Pals as wel as at edge columns ‘ate er aa bending parallel 10 an cedge depends on the ratio aaa oa] ee Palue|est|an ae cy feet Gat of the factored moments fiom gravity loads to fac tored moments fom later al loads in the slab. For ratios greater than one the ‘combined moment in the slab on each face of the support is negative, and all of the moment ttanser reinforcement should be placed at the | top of the slab. However, for ratios less than S fautFEATURE: TWO-WAY SLAB DESIGN fi. ‘one, the combined moment is positive on one sented here for two-way slabs can be found at face of the suppor and negative on the — wiw:portementorgbuildings = other fae. In this situation, ifs prudent 10 divide moment transfer reinforcement between the top and bottom ofthe sla, with the top and bottom reinforcement continuous over the column to account for moment reversals Worked-out design examples illustrating the use ofthe time-saving design methods pre- oon pees Irom untomy spaced are poset) ct ah a column sto san 1 par @ 2120 14.0 -—__ 70 Minimum Thickness (in) 60 “Two-way beam-supported slab (B= 1)*** 50 “Two-way beam-supported a stab 8 =2y fee Fazoa | Page 20 30 100 150 200 250 30.0 Longer Clear Span /, (t)ree enn ene een te Geers 0.200 0.180 ‘ove (ks) a 140 0.120 0.100 Eee er Ro ee eCard 0220 Bet? 0200 0.180 0.140 0.120 0.100 baldpaar 0720 ; 0200 | ie 0160 = | = | | & os60 — a 3 040 | ee o.120 ————— |For preliminary design, the engineer may assume that the total load on a column is directly proportional to its bay size (tibutary aea)- Bay size soften dicated by architectural and functional requirements ofa building. For example, if the architectural design requires ‘maximum, unobstructed floor space. larger bays must be used. The type of floor system used can also influence column spacing: eco- omic use of a non-presuessed, flat plate floor system usually requires columns 10 be spaced closer than those supporting a one-way ‘or two-way joist system. It is also imponant thatthe column design iseconomical and satisfies al ofthe applicable strength requirements of ACI 318, Because con: crete cartes axial compresive loads more cos effectively than reinforcing ste, itis typically ‘more costeffectve to use larger column sizes with es reinforcement. Columns must be sized not only for strength, but also for constructibility. For proper concrete placement and consolidation, the engineer must selet column and bar sizes that minimize reinforcement congestion, espe ally at beam-column joints. A smaller ‘numberof larger bars usually improves con- srucibiliy. Table 1 (see Page 46) can be used to determine the numberof longwudinal bars that can be accommodated on the face of ae: tangular, ted column with normal lap splices based on the provisions of Section 7.6 3, Simi lary, Table 2 contains the maximum number of bars that can be accommodated in circular columns or square columns of size h with lon: situdinal reinforcement arranged in a cirde with normal lp splices. Reusing column forms from story to story can result in significant savings. In low-rise buildings. i is more economical to use the same column size and concrete strength forthe centre height ofthe building and to vary the longitudinal reinforcement only as required, In taller buildings, the engineer can change the size ofthe column ove the height ofthe build- Ing but the number of changes shouldbe kept to a minimum. By judiciously varying rein- forcement and concrete strength, the same cl: uma size can be used over a numberof stores because in any size building itis economically unsound to vary column size to suit the load (on each story level In preliminary design, it is necessary to Select column sizes for cos estimating and/or fame analysis, The inital selection can be an Jmponant factor to the overall design time {A preliminary column size should be selected based on a low percentage of longitudinal reinforcement. This allows the engineer to increase the column capacity in the final design stage, as required, by adding reinforcement rather than by increasing the column size This reduces the overall design time because the frame will not need to be reanalyzed, Columns with reinforcement ratios in the range of I percent to 2 pescet ae usally the most cost fective The design chart presented in Figure 1, based on ACI Equation 10-2, can be used for nonslendes, ted columns loaded at an eccen- tricity of no more than about 10 percent ofthe ‘overall thickness — in other words, columns with zero or small computed moments. Figure1 provides quick eimatesforgrossarea (Ay of | a column section required to support a c- tored axial load (P,) within the reinforcement limit of Section 10.9, assuming Grade 60 rein forcement (= 60) Columns: Designfor combined axialload and bendingmoments | Appreciable bending moments ean occurin. columns because of unbalanced gravity lads andjor lateral forces. The ACI Design Hand- book. the CRSI Design Handbook, and the | [PCA computer program PCACOL area few of | the many resources available to design columns forthe combined ees of axial oad and bending moment. | ngineerscan create simplified interaction diagram, such asthe one depicted in Figure 2, | by connecting sraght lines between points corresponding to certain transition stags. The transtion stages are as follows: + Sage 1: Pure compression (no bending) + Stage 2: Suess in reinforcement closest tw tension face =O (f,= 0) + Stage 3: Stes in enforcement closest to tension face = 05) (f, = 05 f) + Sige 4: (Balanced point) Sess in reinforcement closet to tension face= fy =f) + Sige 5” Pate bending (no axial oad) ‘The required lap spice depends on where the load combinations fll within the intrac- tion diagram (see Section 12.17) For all load ‘combinations fling within Zone 1, compres: sion lap splices ae allowed. In Zone 2, ether a ‘Cass or a Class B tension lap must be used ‘depending on the numberof bas spliced ata section, las B tension lp splices are required when one or more load combinations fall within Zone 3. Figure 3 can help determine the cial points on the interaction diagram for a ectan- ‘ult ied column with Grade 60 bars arranged. symmetrically in the secon. In order to sim plify the equations fr P, and ¢M, for points 2 through 4, the stress (0.85f,) is mot subact- dom theses) in thebas located inthe ‘compression block This makes the calculated | values for #8, and $M larger than the exact + values. For columns with reinforcement ratios | Colu ‘up to 3 percent, the difference between the © computed values and exact values of §P, is at ‘most 10 percent, withthe difference much less than that for @M,. : Design for biaxial bending ‘When designing for biatal bending a wal section for a square column can be obvained fom an interaction diagram using the factored aa load(P,) and the total factored moment (My = Mar# Mg) Were My and My ae the factored moments about the principal axes. ‘Thereciprocl load method, which s described in Sections RI03,5 and RI0.36, is one ofthe | simplified methods that can be used to check columns subjected wo bending about both principal axes simultaneously: The reciprocal load telationshipi as follows: ‘= nominal aval load strength at given ‘cent along both axes,FEATURE: COLUMNS & WALLS ae ened diagram = nominal axial load strength at er0 excentrcy, P= nominal axial load stength at gven eccentricity along x-axis and yy = nominal axial load strength at given eentricty along y-axis. Although this design process is typically conservative, the engineer usually only needs | to adjust the percentage of reinforcement in| ‘order to obtain an adequate or more econom- ical solution Columns: Design for slenderness effects Sections 1010 through 10.13 contain prow sions for slendemes effects. According 1o Se tion 10.10, columns must be designed based ‘on a secondorder analysis of, when applica ble, the magnified moment method of Sec- tions 10.11 through 10.13 In theater case the provisions provide wo methods to determine ‘whether stores ina structure are nonsway of | sway (Section 10.113). Figure 4 summarizes | the code prescribed citeria for consideration of slenderesefecs. Nonsway-frame columns — For a non- sway tecangular column of size hthat is bent in double curvature with equal, factored end -moments (conservatively assuming that k= 1), = fete aL ae rata ‘Simplified intoraction diagram for rectangular, tied columns with symmetrical ea the maximum unsupported column. length (.) that slenderess can be neglected is 3 0 lows (Section 10.122}: M, Rey s 34-12|——| r M; =34-12(-1) 46 > 40, use 40 per ACI 318-99 s 40 ort,s 12h 03h * ‘Sway-frame columns — Beam stineses at the top and bortom of a column in a sway ffame can significantly impact the degree of slendemess. For compression members not braced aginst sidesway, eects of slendemess may be neglected when: een 7 or eample fora sway column wit aol ‘umn-o-beam sfness ati of = 1.021 both ends (See Figure R10.121),k = 1.3 and the effects of slenderess may be neglected when 4, 5h. the beam sifnessis reduced one- fifth ofthe column sifnes at cach end then = 22, and slendemes effects need not be considered when 6, < 3h. ‘When slendemess effects must be consd- ‘ered, moments at column ends ae to be mag- nified according to Secions 10.12 and 10.13, fornonsway and sway frames, espetvely, ora second-order analysis must be performed. For ‘columns subjeced to biaxial bending, the | moment about each axis shall be magntied separately. Columns are designed for com- bined effects of axial load and magnified bend- ing moments wilzing the methods described above Columns: Reinforcement details Deals for column reinforcement can be found in the ACI Dewiing Manual; the RSI Reinforcing Bar Detailing Manual; and Chap- | ter5 of the PCA publication, Simplified Design ‘of Concrete Buildings of Moderate Size and Height Walls: The basics For buildings of low to moderate height, frame action alone is usualy sufficient to pro- vide adequate resistance to lateral loads. Since "frame buildings depend primarily onthe igiity ofthe slab-column or beam-column joins, they tend to be cosy in the I1- to 14-story range in egions of high to moderate seismic ty and in the 15- to 20-story range elsewhere. High-ise frames often require stuctural walls foran efficient design that satisfies strength and drift requirements. Because concrete floor systems act a rigid horizontal diaphragms, lateral loads are dis tributed to laten-force-sesising elements in Proportion to their igiites. If possible, walls shouldbe located such that torsional effets are minimized from lateral loads. Frequently, walls ae located around eleva {ors and stairs so their lengths are dicated by the size of these openings. From a con- sicucbity standpoint, a minimum thickness of sic inches is required for a wall with a single layer of reinforcement, and 10 inches is equiced fora wall with to layers ‘When walls are present in low-to-moderate. height buildings, frame-wall interaction can be neglected, typically because the walls are stil enough to attract the majority of the lateral loads This greatly reduces overall analysis and desig time and generally results in a nonsway fame. In contrast, fame-wall interaction must be considered for high-rise structures. In the upper stories of high-rse buildings, the fame ‘must resist more than 100 percent of the story shear caused by lateral loads, so neglecting frame-wall interaction would not be conserva tive a these levels. Also, designs that consider frame-wall interaction provide a more eco- nomical solution. FEATURE: COLUMNS & WALLS Walls: Design for axialload, with or without flexure ‘According to Section 14.2.2, walls must be designed in accordance with Sections 14.2 and 143, and either 144, 145, oF 148, Section 144 contains the requirements for walls designed as compression members using the strength design provisions of Chapter 10, Which are described above for columns. Any wall may be designed by this method, and no ‘minimum wall thicknesses ae prescribed. The empirical design method of Secion 14.5 and the alternate design method of Section 148 may only beused when various cond tions are satisfied, Walls in high-rise buildings are ondinari- ly designed in accor. dance with Section . 144, Invencion dia- grams canbe ‘obtained utilizing the ole resources discussed above for columns. For buildings of low to moderate Dight, walls with uni- form cross-sections and uniformly distrib uted vertical and hori zontal reinforcement ‘are usually dhe most | costeffective. For tec: ‘angular walls containing uniformly dis ‘ued vertical enforcement and subjected to an asl load P, smaller than that producing bal anced failure the information in Fgnre 5 can be used to determine the nominal moment capacity ofthe wall. This method should apply ina majority of ases since the axial loads ae usualy small Walls: Design for s! ‘Special provisions fr walls are contained in Section 11.10. The magnitude of the factored shear force (V,) determines the amount of ver tical and horizontal reinforcement for shear + For V,=66V, 2 — provide minimum reinforcement in accordance with Section 1.109 of Chapter 14, For §Vc/2 6V,— provide horizontal ‘reinforcement in accordance with Bquation 1-53 where Vis defined in Scion 1.10.5. ables 3 and 4 contain minimum reinforcement pet (Chapter 14 and Seton 1.109, respectively When V, > @ designing the required hor izontal reinforcement in walls can be simpli fied by determining values of the design shear strength provided by the horizontal enfore- ‘ment (6¥)- According to Equation 1-33: wy, . badd S OM, <8 OSA gy g| 1 Pe 20+ 085%, ee ere eeFEATURE: COLUMNS & WALLS + Column face dimension rounded to the nearest inch. ‘Maximum size aggregate not ager than ° minimum cer spacing beween bars (Section 3.3.2), ‘The following equations can be used to determine the minimum column face «dimension for other cover and tie sizes: See | Tae TB PTS 7A + For No. 5 through No. 8 lwo-6 No 8 2 a 2 = 36 2 alzlssislele Minimum face dimension = coer + tie diameter) + ndy + 1.5(0-1) + [(32d)as0- 0586453] + For No.9 through No.1 ‘Minimum face dimension = 2(caer + tie diameter) + ny +1 Sf) + 1.384, Cee coed where ‘r= number of bars per face = arsin 029294, 15-+dy y= diameter of longitudinal bas *Maximum size aggregate not larger than °% minimum dear spacing between bar (Section 3.3.2) Minimum numberof longitudinal bars is four when enclosed by circular tes and six ‘hen enclosed by spirals (Section 10.12) Reinforcement ratios p ae within limits of Section 109.1 “The following equation can be wsed 10 determine the maximum numberof bars for other cover and te or spiral sizes 5 = 15 inches + dy for No.5 through No. 8 Sd + dy = 2.5 for No. 9 through No. It y= diameter of longitudinal bars ** Applicable to circular ed columns only.FEATURE: COLUMNS & WALLS [ ae ‘Svoossog | Mi “Saoesed oo || Rentrcement_| "Un'R) | Rewfrcement . Nesais ow Nas@ie * Nesgir [a no tO a Netgie | 0m | nosgis 2 Ne3@is | 0a) Nas@ie a ‘ese node © No 3@i | 038 | he 4@1F @ Nosaie | 0a | Na SQ Tea, A= 08012 rate (ce 3a) ‘0.0144h for Grade 60, No.5 bare and .0.0240h for Grade 60,No.S bare and Noe tw ers of raorcement ae required or walls cher han 10 mean = Wall Vertical and Horizontal Thickness h | Min.A,* | Suggested (in) (in2f)_| Reinforcement 6 0.18 No. 4 @ 13 8 0.24 No.5 @ 15" 10 0.30 No.5 @ 12” ian 0.36 No. 4@ 13” 14 0.42 No4@ it" 16 0.48 No. 5 @ 18" 18 0.54 No.5 @ 13" Noo toes of aframene re eq wal ihe tan 10 moe 13. Table 4: Minimum wall reinforcement ()V, /225, Table 4 canbe used to determine the minimum amount of vertical enforcement. ‘Maximum spacing of horizontal and vertical basis given in Sections 110.93 and 1.10.35, respectively Conclusion ‘This series of articles were developed to help engineers produce eco- rnomical, non-presuessed concrete buildings efficiently as posible. All ‘thie articles ar available on Structural Engineers Web sive (www gostruc- tural.com). In addition, the PCA Web ste (www portcement.org/buld ings) contains developed design examples illustrating the use of the ar spans fesies timesaving design methods presented hee w | Sl) Nos | No.4 | No.5 Max | oe | 90 | 163 253 hie ae? 17] 140 [217 a 3 67 | 122 | 190 3 2 60 | 109 | 169 13 70 | $4 162 723 iT 49) 138 a 12 45_| 82 | 127 | 180 ceiaaRieoes ae 8 a 75 [M7 [166 | | = rae gy = 910/740) (at 1.103) a 70 | 108 | 154 "Note: muy buted values by 000 fr concrete compesie 15 36 65 10.1 144 strengths other than 4,000 psi. 16 34 | 61 | 95 | 135 — 7 ae 58 | 89 | 127 18 30 54] 84 | 120 eso ae or was wth of referent ec eee eteraenntions et pee een