THERMODYNAMICS

Introduction
 The word is come from Greek

Thermo – Heat
Dynamics - power
 Thermodynamics systems

 System
 Boundary,
 Surroundings
 System,Boundary, Surroundings

System -A thermodynamics system is defined a

definite space or area on which the study
of Energy Transfer and Energy conversions
is made

Boundary –The system and surrounding are

separated by boundary. It may be fixed
or movable or imaginary.It will not
occupy any volume or mass in space
Surroundings -
Anything outside the system which
affects the behaviour of the system is
known as surroundings

Control volume – A specified large number thermal

device has mass flow in and out of
a system called as control volume

Control surface – Both mass and Energy can cross

the boundary of a control volume
which is called control surface
Open,Closed,Isolated Systems
 Classification of thermodynamics systems

open, closed, Isolated systems

Open system - One in which Both Energy and

mass cross the boundaries of the
system.
Closed system - One in which mass does not
cross boundaries of the
system, though energy may
do so.
Isolated system - one in which neither mass nor
energy crosses the boundaries
 Thermodynamics property
Property - It is defined as any measurable or observable
characteristics of the substance when the system
remains in equilibrium state.(ie) pressure, temp,
density, volume, Energy, specific volume

Intensive property - One whose value does not depend on the

mass of the system, like
temperature,pressure,density,
specific volume, etc.

(or) These properties are Independent on

the mass of the system, these properties
remain same

Extensive property - One whose value depends on the mass of

the system, like volume, total Energy, etc
 Control volume, control surface,
universe,Temp
Control volume - A specified large number thermal device has
mass flow in and out of a system called as
Control volume.

Control surface - Both mass and energy can cross the

boundary of a control volume which is
called control surface

Universe – A system and surrounding together comprise a

universe

Temperature - It is defined as a measure of velocity of fluid

particles. It is A property which is used to
determine the degree of hotness or coldness or
the level of heat intensity of a body
TEMPERATURE
 Adiabatic system
Adiabatic system - An adiabatic system is one
which is thermally insulated
from its surroundings.It can
ever,exchange work with its
surroundings.If it does not, it
becomes an isolated system

Phase – A phase is a quantity of matter which

is
homogeneous throughout in chemical
composition and physical structure.
PHASE CHANGES
 Homogeneous,Heterogeneous
systems
Homogeneous system - A system which consists of a single
phase is termed as homogeneous
system (i.e.) mixture of air and water
vapour, water plus nitric acid.

Heterogeneous system - A system which consists of two or

more phases is called a
heterogeneous system (ie)
water plus steam, ice pluse
water,water plus oil.
 Thermodynamics Equilibrium
Thermal Equilibrium - The temperature of the system does not
change with time and has same value at all
points of the system.

Mechanical Equilibrium - There are no unbalanced forces within

the system or between the surroundings.
The pressure in the system is same at all
points and does not change with respect
to time.

Chemical Equilibrium - No chemical reaction takes place in the

system and the chemical composition
which is same throughout the system does
not vary with time.

• The following three types of equilibrium states must be achieved is

called thermodynamics equilibrium.
 Zeroth law of
Thermodynamics
• When a body 'A' is in thermal equilibrium
with a body 'B' and also separately with a
body 'C' , then B and C will be in thermal
wquilibrium with each other.

This is known as the Zeroth law of

thermodynamics. It is the basis of
temperature measurement.
 First Law of Thermodynamics
The first The first law of thermodynamics is the
application of the conservation of energy
principle to heat and thermodynamic process
SPECIFIC HEAT
INTERNAL ENERGY
Heat Engine Cycle
Pressure-volume work
Sign conventions in thermodynamics
ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
Bomb Calorimeter