Standard For Gas Sampling Rev.03 - 2017-05-31T03-21-57

Gas sampling standard
Document Focal Operations Denmark

Point:
CTH037
STANDARD FOR GAS SAMPLING REV.03 | 1
REVISION HISTORY
Revision Date Notes

1.0 14-03-2009 First issue
2.0 01-05-2016 New layout
2.0 01-05.2017 Content reviewed and updated
This document contains proprietary information belonging to Maersk H2S Safety Services and shall not be wholly or
partially reproduced nor disclosed without prior written permission from Maersk H2S Safety Services.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 3
2 OBJECTIVE ................................................................................................... 3
3 SCOPE ......................................................................................................... 3
4 PHILOSOPHY ................................................................................................ 4
5 WORKPLACE ASSESSMENTS: .......................................................................... 4

6 COMPETENCY AND TRAINING ......................................................................... 5
7 PRE JOB MEETING ......................................................................................... 6
8 SELECTING THE CORRECT MEASUREMENT METHOD .......................................... 6

9 GAS DETECTION INTRUMENTATION................................................................. 7
10 GAS SAMPLING AREA..................................................................................... 8
11 DEFINING GAS CONCENTRATION .................................................................... 8
12 GAS DISPERTION CALCULATION ..................................................................... 9

13 BREAKING CONTAINMENT .............................................................................10
14 PRECAUTIONS WHILE WELL-TESTING .............................................................11
15 SAMPLING PROCEDURE WITH MANUAL DETECTION INSTRUMENTATION .............11
16 GAS OR LIQUID CONTAINERS AND BAGS ........................................................12

17 GAS MONITORS ...........................................................................................12
18 MANUAL GAS SAMPLE PROCEDURE .................................................................17
19 MANUAL DLE GAS SAMPLE PROCEDURE ..........................................................19
20 CONTAMINATION OF THE SAMPLE ..................................................................20

21 RESPONSIBILITIES .......................................................................................21
22 REPORTING OF UNINTENDED GAS RELEASE INCIDENTS: ..................................21
23 REFERENCES ...............................................................................................22
23.1 Internal References ..................................................................................22
23.2 External References ..................................................................................22
24 REQUIREMENTS ...........................................................................................22
25 TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS ...........................................................23
25.1 Abbreviations & Acronyms .........................................................................23
1 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this document is to provide knowledge and understanding of the types of equipment
and instrumentation available for use for gas reading and gas sampling. The information is not a
comprehensive resource for specific different types of instruments, nor is it intended to replace the
individual manuals for different instrumentation. End users shall always follow the specific instru-
mentations manual and manufacturer recommendations in relation to the specific operation and
maintenance of the equipment being used.
There are several acknowledged industry standards related to gas sampling that in detail discuss the
potential causes of sample distortion, procedures and sampling techniques
The generally refereed standards for gas sampling in the oil and gas industry are among others:
American Petroleum Institute (API), Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Chapter 14 –

Natural Gas Fluids Measurement, Section 1- Collecting and Handling of Natural Gas Samples for
Custody Transfer (API 14.1), Gas Processors Association (GPA) Obtaining Natural Gas Samples for
Analysis by Gas Chromatography (GPA 2166) and NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods.
This standard does not seek to go above and beyond these standards but merely state best practice
of how to obtain a gas sample. The latest industrial standard should always be referred to if any
discrepancies are encountered.
2 OBJECTIVE
This document aims to deliver guidance on the best practice for gas sampling with electronic or
manual gas detecting systems. For the purpose of this document, any reference to gas detectors
shall be to the manufacturer’s guidelines. This document is subject to yearly revision and shall refer
to the latest international and local regulations where applicable (e.g. the Gas Act 1995, the Utilities
Act 2000 in the UK and the API 14.1 in the USA)
3 SCOPE
This document covers the procedure for taking gas reading and/or samples on locations where MHSS
have contractual duties. The document shall discuss various types of instrumentation, calibration and
maintenance for direct-reading instruments used for assessing chemical contaminants in air.
The document covers operations performed on or within any asset to which MHSS operates as a
contractor or 3rd party operator. Legal requirements and national codes and standards shall be com-
plied with at all times. Where Maersk H2S Safety Services standards are more stringent than national
codes and standards, then the Maersk H2S Safety Services requirements shall take precedence.
Where a Maersk H2S Safety Services standard appears to be less stringent, then the applicable legal
and regulatory requirements shall always be followed and the discrepancy shall be brought to the
attention of the relevant department.
The standard will present, in details, a uniform procedure of how to understand and act during gas
sampling in areas that can contain potential volatile or toxic gases. Included in the standard is infor-
mation on:
 Toxic gas properties

 Requirements for personnel competence and training
 Gas detection equipment
 Procedure for taking gas samples
 Personal protective equipment against toxic gases
4 PHILOSOPHY
Maersk H2S Safety Services strongly believes that Health, Safety, Environment and Quality are of
the utmost importance to the employees of the Company. Maersk H2S Safety Services is committed
to having an effective HSEQ Management System in place with the commitment and active
participation of management and all staff involved at all levels. This is to ensure the safety of all
involved personnel.
The aim is to actively incorporate the APMM values to guide our behaviour and ensure that we make
decisions that are aligned with our Company culture.
Our policy is to:
 Advocate a safe working environment in areas where toxic gases may be present.
 Prevent accidents in our workplace that could have been avoided by forward thinking,
planning and execution of work in high risk areas.
 Uphold a culture that promotes safety in compliance applicable to laws and internal policies
and procedures in respect to people, equipment and the environment.
 Employ best practices that are practically implementable in striving towards a safe working
environment.
 Preserve the good health and wellbeing of all employees.
5 WORKPLACE ASSESSMENTS:
A workplace assessment must be prepared for any operations that involve gas reading or gas
sampling operations.
It must include:
A review of essential working conditions (health and safety related risks present in the working
environment including the potential risk of volatile and poisonous gases, including any psycho-social
issues that can be related to the work offshore.
A description of any health and safety related risks and the extent including:
- A prioritisation of the risks
- A plan for their resolution
- A plan for following up on the work
6 COMPETENCY AND TRAINING

All personnel working in or visiting an area where H 2S or other volatile gases which could present
the risk of exposure shall be provided with the minimum safety training stipulated by the authorities.
The competency and training matrix applies to all personnel within the Restricted Area Zone (RAZ).
No personnel shall be allowed to work or stay within the RAZ until they have been briefed and trained
according to this standard.
1. 2. 4.
Personnel working Personnel performing Personnel performing

OUTSIDE the Watch duties gas-reading with a
designated RAZ and OUTSIDE the multi-gas detector or
NOT involved in the designated RAZ a manual hand-pump
gas sampling
Training Level:
1. PA Announcement x x x
2. On-site Briefing x x
3. SCBA User x x
4. Rescue Techniques x x
5. Authorised Gas x
Tester Level 1
Personnel assigned supervising responsibilities at the site shall have received additional training in
the following elements:
 Supervisor responsibilities in relation to the contingency plan.

 Effects of volatile toxic gases on the human organism.
 The importance of personal safety.
Personnel shall receive training on where and when to remove breathing apparatus after completing
a job as there may still be gases present. They should be informed to remove the breathing apparatus
at a remote location or test the atmosphere adjacent to the job site before doffing the set.
Personnel's medical evaluation and fit test should be taken into account prior to commencing work
in areas were volatile or toxic gases may be present.
Any and all employees that have the duty of performing a gas reading or sampling shall have been
trained according to the specific task and towards their respective roles.
A minimum requirement of training is the accepted industrial standard training for working in gaseous
atmospheres and gas sampling e.g. Authorized Gas Tester level 1-3.
The employer shall retain documentation of all training records for a minimum of five (5) years.
7 PRE JOB MEETING

Prior to commencement of an operation involving gas sampling, a pre job meeting with special at-
tention to the potential danger of accidental release of volatile gases shall be completed and docu-
mented. All involved parties shall participate in the meeting.
The following topics must be discussed and clarified:
 Actual work to be carried out

 Restricted area definitions and location of barriers
 Tally system
 Organisation and line of responsibility
 First aid assistance
 Action in case of an unintended gas release
 Location and position of breathing equipment
 Escape routes and Safe muster location(s)
 Wind speed and direction
 Setting up a system where newly arrived personnel are informed and briefed on the contin-
gency system
 Can the area be abandoned immediately?
 Precautions in case of installation alarm, general FG alarm or abandon
 Precautions in case of power cut.
The above mentioned are not exhaustive and shall be modified according to specific job conditions.
8 SELECTING THE CORRECT MEASUREMENT METHOD

Selecting the correct measurement method is essential when detecting hazardous gases. Each type
of measuring principle has its own advantages and disadvantages, and each is more suitable for
particular groups of gases (flammable/toxic gases and oxygen). For this reason, it is important to
ask which gases/vapours occur in the gas flow being tested.
Normally, following difference between gas risks are used:
Risk of explosion
– Wherever flammable gases and vapours can occur, there is an increased risk of explosion or igni-
tion. Typical areas for this can be confined spaces, mining, refineries, petrochemical industry. Infra-
red and catalytic bead sensors are used to detect this type of gases and vapours. These sensors
usually detect gas concentrations in the LEL (lower Exposure Level) range. Most types of catalytic
sensors are depending on a minimum amount of oxygen to be present in the test gas in order to
have a chemical reaction occurring in the sensor housing. Lack of oxygen can result in an incorrect
gas reading for LEL
Lack or excess of oxygen
Lack of oxygen is life-threatening and can pose a build-up of explosive gases. An excess of oxygen
can affect the flammability of certain materials and can cause an auto-ignition. Electrochemical sen-
sors are used to measure oxygen.
Toxicity
Poisonous or toxic gases and substances can be present in a variety of industrial processes offshore
and onshore. In tank toxic gases can develop as a result of decomposing organic material e.g. mud
that contains bacterial can create H2S if not agitated thoroughly. Electrochemical and PID sensors
are normally used to detect toxic gases.
9 GAS DETECTION INTRUMENTATION

Gas detection is conducted with either electronic devices or manual hand-pumps and extraction sys-
tems.
Manual gas extraction instruments

Manual gas sample or gas extraction instruments referred to in this document measure gas in ambi-
ent air mixture with gases.
In general, two systems are in use:
Direct reading instruments with tubes that chemically react with one or more gases in the test gas
flow. E.g. Dräger Manual hand pump, Kitigawa hand pump or GasTec hand pump.
Indirect gas reading instruments that release the gases from a liquid sample enabling the gases to
be interpreted with a manual tube system. E.g. Dräger Liquid Extraction Kit.
The manufacturer’s manual shall always be referred to prior to any gas test.
All manual gas detection shall be inspected according to the manufacturers standards prior to use.
As a minimum the following checks shall be performed;
 Inspect the instrument for any damage.
 Inspect that the correct sample tubes are available in the ranges/sequences required.
 Perform a leak test for a minimum of one (1) minute.
 Correct PPE is ready and tested for the gas sample operation (SCBA, personal detector).
Electronic gas detection instruments

Electronic gas detection instruments referred to in this document measure gas in ambient air mixture
with gases. Gas detectors are multi gas detectors with pumps.
Upon activating the instrument, the user shall observe the start-up sequence of the apparatus to
ensure all values are set correct for installed sensors and that they are calibrated within the manu-
facturer’s recommended interval.
If any abnormities are encountered during the instrument start-up sequence they shall be corrected
and logged in the gas reading log. If the user is unable to resolve the encountered malfunction or
discrepancy, then the apparatus must be red-tagged for further maintenance.
Note that some CH4 sensors require longer warm-up time than electrochemical sensors.
Prior to any gas sample operation, the multi gas detector used shall be inspected according to the
manufacturer’s standards. As a minimum the following checks shall be performed;
 Inspect the instrument for damages.
 Ensure that calibration of apparatus and sensors are in date (e.g. 6(six) months interval).
 Inspect that the correct probes and adaptors are selected (if applicable)
 Perform a leak test for a minimum of the pump-unit.
 Correct PPE is ready and tested for the gas sample operation (SCBA, personal detector).
10 GAS SAMPLING AREA
Restricted Area Zone
A Restricted Area Zone (RAZ) shall be defined by a barrier and signs indicating the opera-
tion ongoing, contact person/department and the owner of the operation. Only trained
personnel shall have access to the RAZ.
General access to restricted area
In general, all employees that have been trained according to the specific task and towards
their respective roles have access to the restricted area at all times. The area shall be
confined to authorized personnel only.
To ensure a uniform procedure under any operation/work within the RAZ, all personnel
working in the area shall be in possession of relevant additional PPE e.g. SCBA, EEBD or
escape mask and personal detector. In case of any type of unexpected alarm they are
required to follow the general alarm procedure.
All personnel involved in gas sample operations shall as a minimum be able to use safe
systems of work processes (SJA or JSA) to identify hazards and mitigate or reduce risks to
as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP). Further they shall be able to select, use and care
for PPE (to include detectors, filter-masks and respirators).
11 DEFINING GAS CONCENTRATION
When measuring harmful gases or substances in air, the quantity of that substance is
defined in terms of a concentration in relation to the air. Depending on the volatile nature
of the substance different units are used to define the concentration.
High concentration is usually specified as Vol.-% – in other words, one part of a substance
to 100 parts of air. Air, for example, consists of 21% Vol.-% oxygen, which means that
100 parts of air contain 21 parts of oxygen.
Lower concentration levels are measured in ppm = parts per million (mL/m3), or ppb =
parts per billion (μL/m3). A concentration of one ppm means there is one part of a sub-
stance or gas in one million parts of air. E.g. most humans lose their sense of smell with
100 ppm of H2S in air. Converting low concentrations into Vol.-% can be performed follow-
ing this relationship: 1 Vol.-% = 10,000 ppm = 10,000,000 ppb
12 GAS DISPERTION CALCULATION
An operation that involves a potential volatile or toxic gas should have a dispersion model
available for contingency purposes. The dispersion model should as a minimum include a
Radius of Exposure Calculation that indicates possible low and high risk areas within the
installations safety zone with potential exposure levels calculated from estimated average
gas volumes that can be expected.
The dispersion and plume model should include the different seasonal changes present at
the installations specific location. The calculation shall be included in risk assessment for
all contingency plans during all operations within the installations safety zone.
The specific dispersion or plume model selected can be Gaussian, Puff or similar that are
recognised within the oil and gas industry. The dispersion models calculate a single event
release of gases in a centreline from a user specified steady state meteorically condition
and downwind distances.
Rupture Exposure Radius (RER)
a. For toxic effects, the rupture exposure radius refers to the horizontal distance from a
leak source to a specified level of hydrogen sulphide concentration in parts per million
at 10 ppm.
b. For a flammable gas hazard, the rupture exposure radius refers to the horizontal
distance from a leak source to a reduction to 50% of LEL.
Determination of Rupture Exposure Radius (RER)
The radius shall be determined in three concentric circles representing the three rupture
exposure radii - e.g. 10 ppm, 100 ppm hydrogen sulphide and 50 % of the lower explosion
limit (LEL). These must be plotted from the well's proposed surface location to the furthest
extend of the rupture Radius.
13 BREAKING CONTAINMENT
If any operation involves any form of breaching or breaking the containment (e.g. disman-
tling or installing equipment or similar on any oil/gas bearing system) to any suspected
volatile or toxic gas system, then a risk-assessment, HAZOP and/or HAZID shall be com-
pleted in advance and a PWT issued and approved by the offshore Platform Manager, Mas-
ter or OIM.
As both volatile and toxic gases are a hazard to humans and equipment, the utmost caution
and care should be taken during working on systems that are suspected to have been
affected with H2S or other volatile toxic gases.
A fire hazard is to be expected if any systems have been in contact with gases. A plan for
containing a potential fire shall be implemented in the job description and made known to
all involved personnel.
Prior to breaking the containment, the following steps should be completed:
- The area shall be restricted with a barrier to prevent unauthorized access.

- PA announcement of the ongoing operation shall be performed prior and during the
operation with intervals.
- All personnel shall be trained in self rescue from the area.
- A designated watchman shall be assigned to the operation with sufficient fire-

fighting and breathing equipment available to be able to contain a locally developed
fire as a result of a pyrolysis ignition of entrapped H2S and other gases.
- If breaking any process lines in connection with well-heads, choke manifolds etc.,
these shall have been flushed prior to dismantling.
- All equipment used shall be classified for use in ATEX zone 0, due to the probability
of gases being present within the area.
- Personnel performing the actual breaking/opening/venting of closed systems shall

wear SCBA until gas levels have been determined safe below the WEA guideline at
any time.
- Resuscitator and/ or equivalent other rescue equipment shall be present in the vi-
cinity of the worker and rescuers to facilitate an efficient rescue and minimize a
possible exposure to personnel.
- Upon breaching the containment, an authorized gas tester shall measure for possi-
ble contaminant gases. (Refer to gas testing section for this).
The list should be considered as minimum requirements but is not exhaustive and shall be
tailored to the specific tasks. See section “Dismantling or loosening of bolts in flange and
clamp joints” for further details.
14 PRECAUTIONS WHILE WELL-TESTING
When testing wells containing volatile or toxic gases, no gas, shall be released to the at-
mosphere unless it is flared on location according to procedure. Further precautions during
testing can be the following best practice statements but is not limited to this:
 Always open up a well slowly, using the upper master valve.

 A surface shut down system shall be installed in any well-test hook-up.
 Steel hammers should be replaced with brass hammers when the test is ongoing.
 Never allow open flame or naked light inside the safety perimeters. All hot work
shall be suspended.
 Always pressure test the installation prior to well opening.

 When rigging up a well-testing set-up, make sure the equipment used can safely
withstand and handle the maximum wellhead pressure for the portion which may
be exposed to such pressure.
 Wind direction should be considered when blowing gas into the atmosphere. Total
lack of wind currents may also create hazardous conditions.
 Chain and stake all flow lines and install safety wires on connections.
 All units must be properly grounded to prevent risks of ignition by static electricity.
15 SAMPLING PROCEDURE WITH MANUAL DETECTION INSTRUMENTATION

The procedure for performing a sample with a manual gas detection instrument (e.g. DLE
or pump system) is considered best practice and shall be considered a minimum procedure
for all MHSS personnel or personnel working under the supervision of any MHSS personnel.
If a more stringent procedure is available, then this takes precedence over MHSS proce-
dure. If this scenario is encountered, then it shall be noted in the gas test log.
All employees that are involved directly in the gas sample operation shall have been trained
according to the specific task and towards their respective roles. The area shall be confined
to authorized personnel only.
Job Preparation
Preparing for a gas sampling on a wellhead, X-mas tree, seperator or any other similar
sample point, the following equipment shall be rigged up and checked:
 Minimum two WEBA for use by the essential personnel are required to be present
at the well site and ready for use with a minimum of working pressure +/- 10%.
 A local or temporary cascade system including manifolds and hoses shall be
installed and tested ready for use with a minimum of the cylinders working pressure
+/- 10%.
 Minimum two SCBA for use by the rescue personnel are required to be avaiable for
the rescue team and ready for use with a minimum of the cylinders working
pressure +/- 10%.
 Detection equipment tested and ready for use.
 Sample containers, probes, tubes, log papers etc. ready for use.
 All personnel have the required PPE for working within the restricted area (e.g.
confined space, test site) and be trained according to their individual duties.
 Prior to starting the job, a pre-job safety meeting shall be held in order to explain
emergency response and location of lifesaving equipment.
 The pre-job meeting shall also cover the personnel’s individual duties in case of a
contingency involving the release of gases.
On any operation involving pressure at surface only the minimum number of people
necessary to perform the task shall be exposed to the equipment under pressure.
16 GAS OR LIQUID CONTAINERS AND BAGS
For air sampling at which the enrichment of substances is neither possible, nor necessary,
gas storage containers (e.g., plastic bottle) or gas sample bags should be used.
Any ordinary sealable container or rubber bag can be used as a displacement sampler
under the circumstances that the container or rubber bag has been cleaned and is free
from contaminants. Original air is replaced by the sample air by aspirating it through the
container with a double acting rubber bulb aspirator or a battery or electrically operated
vacuum pump. The volume of air/gas mixture passed through the container should be 10-
15 times the container volume to achieve an efficient sample.
17 GAS MONITORS
Portable gas detection instruments are subject to multiple requirements depending of their
application areas. It is generally possible to distinguish between the following application
areas:
Personal and portable monitoring
Covers electronic devices that are designed to warn the user of a gas risk in the immediate
vicinity.
For this reason, they are carried on the work clothing. The basic requirements that these
units therefore must fulfil are wearing comfort, durability, and reliability. Continuously
measuring single-gas and multi-gas instruments are suitable for this kind of work.
Area monitoring
If the purpose is to monitor an area in which one or more workers are active a unit can be
placed within the work site enabling the unit to monitor the working area as effectively as
possible. The basic requirements in this case are durability, stability, and an alarm, that is
easy to perceive (both visually and acoustic). Continuously measuring multi-gas instru-
ments are used in these areas.
When several work areas are simultaneously being monitored and these individual areas
are not visible from one central point, a wireless alarm connected with an area monitoring
device can provide the adequate warning capabilities.
ATEX
ATEX stands for ATmospheres EXplosibles. All electronic gas detectors that are to be op-
erated within a gaseous atmosphere must be approved to the latest ATEX standard. The
standard describes the minimum requirements for the protection of employees’ health and
safety in areas at risk of explosion.
The ATEX for atmospheres containing gases at risk of explosion are divided into the fol-
lowing zones according to the likelihood of an explosive atmosphere forming there:
 Zone 0 Area in which explosive atmospheres comprising mixtures of air and flam-
mable gases, vapours, and aerosols are present constantly, frequently, or over
long periods of time.
 Zone 1 Area in which, under normal operation, an explosive atmosphere can occa-
sionally form as a mixture of air and flammable gases, vapours, or aerosols.
 Zone 2 Area in which, under normal operation, an explosive atmosphere consist-
ing of a mixture of air and flammable gases, vapours, or aerosols normally does
not form – or only briefly.
For atmospheres containing dust the prefix 2 is added:

 Zone 20 Area in which explosive atmospheres in the form of clouds of combustible
dust in the air are present constantly, frequently, or over long periods of time.
 Zone 21 Area in which, under normal operation, an explosive atmosphere can oc-
casionally form as clouds of combustible dust in the air.
 Zone 22 Area in which, under normal operation, an explosive atmosphere in the
form of a cloud of combustible dust in the air normally does not form – or only
briefly.
Working principle for electronic detectors
Electrochemical-type gas sensors are aerometric fuel cells

fitted with two electrodes. The basic components of two
electrode gas sensors are a working (sensing) electrode and
a counter electrode with an ion conductor in between them.
When toxic gas such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) diffuses

through a permeable membrane, the volume of H2S in-
creases in the air inside the chamber and an oxidation or
reduction reaction occurs at one of the electrodes, and as a
result, a change of current occurs as the gas comes in con-
tact with the working electrode through chemical reaction with water molecules in the air.
The difference in the current between the two electrodes is a direct answer of the amount
of H2S in air calculated by the loss of current.
A disadvantage of the electrochemical sensor is the somewhat long response time to reach
T90, which explained is 90% reading of the actual concentration of gas in air. Some sensors
require above 30 seconds to reach this level, therefore a sample conducted with an elec-
trochemical sensor shall take into account the extended response time.
Working principle for PID detectors
This type of detectors is often used in portable gas detection solutions and is designed to
provide highly sensitive monitoring of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) or other gases
that need to be detected in very small quantities.
The sensors detection principle uses high-energy photons, which are usually in the Ultra-
violet (UV) range to break gas molecules into positively charged ions. When the gas mol-
ecules encounter the UV light, the UV light is absorbed, resulting in the ionisation of the
molecules. This occurs because the UV light excites the molecules, resulting in the tempo-
rary loss of their electrons and the subsequent formation of positively charged ions. This
process causes the gas to become electrically charged and the current resulting from the
positively charged ions acts as the gas detector’s signal output. This means that the higher
the electrical current, the greater the concentration of the gas in the environment because
when there is more gas, more positively charged ions are produced.
Direct gas sample procedure
Direct gas samples are drawn directly out of the air at the given sample point e.g. needle
valve etc.
Prior to braking any seal or opening any valves it shall be confirmed that all barriers are in
place, detectors and SCBA tested ready.
In the following example a Dräger X-Am 2500 multi gas detector is used. Any other similar
multi gas detector with a pump and probe installed.
Getting the detector ready
The unit shall be started in a clean and gas free area. During the start-up
sequence the user should observe the relevant data on the gas detector
display. The unit shall be within the manufacturers recommended calibra-
tion interval. The unit shall further be inspected for damages and a leak
test performed.
Once the multi-gas detector is active and the warm up sequence completed
for the CH4 sensor (this is indicated by an exclamation mark disappearing
next to the CH4 gas reading in the display) the detector is ready for use.
Pump test
If a pump with probe is used the unit is inserted in the pump adaptor. The adaptor indicates
activation with audible and visible alarms. A pump test is compulsory to complete the
adaptor setup.
A red light will indicate that a pump test is required. With the probe inserted into the
adaptor the air flow is blocked. A successful test will be indicated by a long beep and a
green light appears. Release the blockage and prepare for taking a gas sample.
Taking the sample
Fully masked up with an appropriate SCBA and a stand-by person observing the operation in an
upwind position the valve controlling the gas flow can be opened. The sample gas shall be allowed
to flow through the needle valve for 30 seconds to allow a uniform gas flow.
Align the probe next to the outlet of the needle valve no further away than 0-1 centimetres as the
gas otherwise will disperse to the surrounding air. The multi gas detector now draws the gas flow
through the sampling hose and probe into the sensors. This phase is referred to as the flushing phase
and is required during EACH gas sample.
A flushing phase is necessary to eliminate or minimise all effects associated with the use of a sam-
pling hose or a probe, e.g. memory effects, dead volume or pockets of air in the sampling hose or
probe. The extent of the flushing phase depends on different factors such as type and concentration
of the gas or vapour that are being measured. The material, length, diameter, and age of the sam-
pling hose are also to be taken into account when calculating the flushing time.
Example:
You have a new probe and sampling hose with a length of 10 m and are using an electrochemical
XXS H2S-LC sensor and a Catalytic Ex CH4 sensor installed
 Sampling hose flush is approximately 30 seconds
 The sensor response time is ≤17 seconds for CH4 and ≤18 seconds for H2S.
 In addition, flow-rate alarm is delayed by 10 to 30 seconds
The total minimum flushing time is sampling hose length + sensor reaction time, therefore the cal-
culation is 10 x 3 seconds + 18 seconds +30 seconds = approximately 90 seconds.
Once the multi gas sensors reacts on the test gas they should be given time to stabilize. Once a
given mean value has been achieved, normally within 1-2 minutes, the valve can be closed again
and the test system secured. When back in a safe area and no toxic or harmful gases have been
confirmed in the area and PPE (coverall) ventilated, the SCBA can be removed.
Peak value of the different measured gases should be noted on the gas test papers following the
specific job and the AGT shall sign it.
Gas sampling on flowlines or similar
When performing a gas sampling on a flowline, mud pit, open reservoirs or similar conditions with
lager open spaces or surfaces, the subsequent shall be followed:
Procedure for direct gas sampling with electronic devices shall be followed. During sampling the test
probe shall not be further away from the surface than 0-2 centimetres in order to draw most gases
into the probe and hose as possible without contaminating the sample.
Alternatively, a liquid sample can be taken into a glass or plastic container. The sample should then
be sealed, shaken or stirred to release the gases prior to lowering the probe or hose into the container
for sampling. This procedure can have high potential of contaminating the sample if air is let in the
container. To avoid air and contaminants in liquid sampling the DLE procedure can be followed.
18 MANUAL GAS SAMPLE PROCEDURE

Natural, ambient air is chemically a mixture of gases that consists of 78 % nitrogen, 21 % oxygen,
0.03% carbon dioxide and 0.97% other gases such as argon, helium and other rare gases. Any
concentrations that differ significantly from this is considered a hazardous atmosphere. Tubes, sen-
sors electrochemical or not react to the different substances in air.
For determining hazardous substances in a gas mixture using test tubes, a chemical reaction of a
substance in the tube is occurring with the test gas. The effect will lead to a change in colour of the
test tube and can be used for verifying concentration.
The sampling is basically performed drawing a defined volume through a test tube by using a hand
pump. The length of coloured layer is proportional to the concentration of the substance (or sub-
stance class) under investigation.
The advantage of using test tubes is that the measured concentration is obtained quickly and directly
after sampling.
Using test tubes, the Authorized Gas Tester shall take into consideration the following:
 Possible reactions of tube chemicals with accompanying substances
 Problems in reading or interpreting the coloration
 Error in determining correct temperature and pressure for calculating gas concentration
Usually, tubes are possible to interpreted due to indication of the substance conversion as a length-
of-stain indication.
When measuring with tubes it is important to verify the correct tube for the given gas reading as
some tubes require a certain amount of humidity to react with gases.
For H2S tubes the basis reaction pattern is the chemical reactions of metal salts. Metal salts react
with hydrogen sulphide and form slightly soluble metal sulphides. This is a fast ion reaction which is
nearly independent of the flow rate through the tube. In order to make this reaction occur, a small
amount of water, i.e. humidity, is necessary: H2S + Cu2+ 2 H+ + CuS
The selected equipment for this tutorial as a Gastec hand pump. Other hand pump systems such as
Kitigawa or Dräger Accuro can be used as well.
Prior to braking any tubes or opening any valves it shall be confirmed that all barriers are in place,
SCBA tested and ready.
Getting the detector tube ready

After selecting the appropriate gas detector tube for the tar-
get gas, the tips on both ends are broken off.
Break off the tips on both ends using the tip-breaker holder or
the built-in tip breaker
Make sure the pump handle is fully pushed. Then insert the de-
tector tube into the rubber inlet of the pump with the arrow on
the tube pointing towards the pump
Taking the sample
A glass or plastic container with a sealed inlet and an unsealed outlet are the recommended gas
dispersion container to be used when taking a gas sample from a needle-valve with a hand pump as
there is no overpressure in the container.
Fully masked up with an appropriate SCBA and a stand-by person observing the operation in an
upwind position the valve controlling the gas flow can be opened. The sample gas shall be allowed
to flow through the sample container for a minimum of 30 seconds to ensure a uniform gas mix. No
personnel should be allowed any operations downwind of the RAZ during this part of the procedure.
Align the guide mark (red line) on the back of the cyl-
inder and the guide mark on the handle. At start, the
handle must be fully retracted (pushed in).
Point the tube end towards the desired sampling target area with a minimum of distance to the gas
dispersion area (preferably 0-0,5 cm.) and pull out the handle fully (for 100mL sampling) or halfway
(for 50mL sampling) in one thrust until it locks in place.
Keep the tube (and pump) pointed towards the target area with no greater distance than 0,5 cm.
until the prescribed amount of time has elapsed.
The number of sampling strokes and the sampling time and the sampling time differs for the individ-
ual detector tube types. Be sure to always consult the respective instruction sheet. The following
procedures should be used to ensure that the correct volume has been aspirated.
Turn the handle 90 degrees and let go; it should remain in place without
retracting. Wait until the sampling time has elapsed. Completion of 100mL
or 50mL sampling can be verified using the flow finish indicator in the handle.
Reading the measurement
After sampling (the time allowed to measure the presence of target gas) has been completed, the
colour change layer in the calibrated tube is interpreted to determine the correct concentration.
When the end of the colour When the end of the colour When the demarcation of
change layer is flat, simply change layer is slanted, the colour change layer is
read the value at the end. read the value in the mid- pale, the mean value be-
dle of the slant. tween the dark and the
pale layer ends is taken.
In all the above sampling cases the reading would be 5%.
19 MANUAL DLE GAS SAMPLE PROCEDURE

The Dräger Liquid Extraction method (DLE) is used for the determination of volatile contaminants in
water (Liquids). The measurement basically consists of two steps:
 The extraction of the contaminant
 The measurement
The DLE Method is designed for the rapid analysis of water, waste water, oil sludge, soil, drilling fluid
and multiphase samples by using Drä-
ger-Tubes.
DLE Mechanism
 An activated charcoal tube is at-
tached to the inlet of the bottle to
prevent any airborne contaminants
from entering the water (liquid)
during the test.
 The Dräger-Tube is attached to the

outlet of the bottle and a specific
volume of air is drawn through the
water (liquid) sample.
 The porous frit in the bottle produces a high number of small air bubbles in the water (Liquid)
which extract the contaminant as they break at the surface.
 The extracted contaminant is measured from the headspace of the bottle in the Dräger-Tube.
Glass cylinders shall not be exposed to pressure.
DLE Measurement Steps

1) Grab the sample in the Drager beaker and put it in the Drager cylinder to determined level.
2) You have to prepare two Drager tubes:
a. Carbon pre- An activated charcoal tube attached to one inlet of the connector to
prevent any airborne contaminants from entering the system during the test.
b. Contaminant detection tube (Dräger tube) e.g. H2S or SO2 tubes. You have to know
a range for the contaminant you face to determine tube to be used
3) Break off both tips of both tubes using the Drager tube opener.
4) Begin constructing the system by inserting the gas measuring tube in the Dräger pump;
arrow points towards the pump.
5) Complete setting up the system by putting the connector inside the sample cylinder,
connecting rubber hose to each tip of the connecter, and inserting the tubes in the rubber
hoses.
6) When stroking the pump, squeeze it as far

as possible & allow it to open again fully,
according to the number of strokes published
by the Dräger tube manual.
7) Reset the pump counter to zero using the
reset button.
8) After Finishing the measuring process, the
chemical in the tube will change color (Ex. In
case of H2S from white to brown). See
examples of different collorations of tubes on
the picture.
20 CONTAMINATION OF THE SAMPLE

Commen errors in gas reading results are an outcome of poor sample container cleanliness, incorrect
air in the sample container or lack of calibrated equipment.
Prior to a sample container is to be used, it should be entirely clean and free of any contaminants
that may contaminate the analysis of the flowing gas stream. Sample containers or cylinders, must
be cleaned and entirely purged after each use. This can be performed by either steam cleaning or
flushing the unit. After steam cleaning the cylinders are dried and purged and prepared for the next
collection period.
Another contamination issue is allowing air contamination of the collection system and consequently
the sample. This is typically a result of either not sealing the sample container/cylinder to the ex-
traction point or improper handling of the sample container/cylinder.
During sampling the Authorized Gas Tester should avoid to:
 Open the valve on the sample point too quick.

 Allow a flow of gas mixture to fill the sample container/cylinder sufficiently prior to taking the
sample.
 If using manual detector tubes; Ensure a complete seal between gas test tube and sample con-
tainer/cylinder.
 If using multi gas detector; Ensure a complete seal between probe and sample container/cylin-
der.
 Measuring in an over-pressured sample container/cylinder.
21 RESPONSIBILITIES
All personnel are responsible for sounding the alarm upon detecting volatile or toxic gases either on
their personal detector or otherwise. General actions shall be to don personal escape equipment,
warn others in the area and proceed to their primary muster area as stated in the local contingency
plan.
All personnel shall be trained according to their respective roles and responsibilities. Personal who
have not been trained accordingly have the obligation to inform their line manager of this.
All personnel shall:
 Have a personal detector in their possession while working within the RAZ. Personal detectors
will be issued during the briefing for the specific operation. Personnel detectors shall be
returned upon completion of the operation.
 Listen for announcements such as voice and audible alarms or otherwise watch the visible
warning system.
 Know the location of the Safe Briefing Area (SBA).
 Know the location of the protective breathing apparatus (SCBA).
 Inform your working partner or team of an alert or an emergency situation.
 Do not enter a suspicious area without breathing apparatus until the concentration of volatile
or toxic gas has been checked and the area declared clear.
22 REPORTING OF UNINTENDED GAS RELEASE INCIDENTS:

When volatile or toxic gases have been detected released unintentionally within the RAZ and appro-
priate actions have been taken, a report on the incident must be immediately forwarded to the
relevant authorities onshore. The platform manager, OIM and/or area responsible supervisor is re-
sponsible for implementing this as soon as possible or upon resuming normal operational conditions.
23 REFERENCES
23.1 Internal References
Document Name Document ID
1 Confined Space Entry Procedure D4
2 General work routines for H2S Supervisors D4
3 Safe Job Analysis D4
4 Reporting D4
23.2 External References
Title Reference
1 [Name] [Reference number]
24 REQUIREMENTS
This section is mandatory and shall describe the requirements established by the document.
[Text]
25 TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS
Terms, abbreviations and acronyms included in this document are specific to the contents
of the same terms
Can Used to indicate statements of possibility and capability.
Dispensation, Advance permission to deviate from a stated requirement.

Deviation
Liaise Used to indicate that direct involvement is required.
Mandatory Must be followed or implemented.
May Verbal form used to indicate a course of action permissible within the limits
of the procedure. Designates a Permissive Statement – an option that is
neither mandatory nor specifically recommended.
Optional Not necessary to comply with stated requirements.
Required Necessary to comply with stated requirements.
Shall Indicates the requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform to this

procedure. Deviations from shall requirements shall be subject to waiver
approval.
Should Indicates that among several possibilities, one is recommended as

particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others or that a certain
course of action is preferred but not necessarily required. Other possibilities
may be applied subject to agreement.
25.1 Abbreviations & Acronyms
ALARP As Low As Reasonably Practicable
AGT Authorized Gas Tester
API American Petroleum Institute
BHA Bottom Hole Assembly
CCR Central Control Room
CO Carbon monoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
COLT WEBA for connecting to a cascade manifold
C/T Coiled Tubing
HAZID Hazard Identification
HAZOP Hazards and Operability Analysis
HC Hydro Carbon
H2S Hydrogen Sulphide
IDHL Immediately Dangerous to Health and Life
LEL Lower Explosive Limit
LMV Lower Master Valve
LTI Lost Time Incident
MODES Maersk Oil Design Standard
MODU Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit
Installation Includes any platform, drilling rigs, production units, vessels etc. that is used
for performing operations offshore
O2 Oxygen, concentrated sources of oxygen can contribute to ignition
PLL Potential Loss of Life
PA Public Announcement system
PIC Person in Charge
POP Production Operational Procedures
PPM Parts per million
PROBES Used as an extension of a gas extraction instrument.
PTW Permit to Work
QRA Quantitative Risk Assessment
RAZ Restricted Area Zone
RER Rupture Exposure Radius
SAMPLE CONTAINER A container for collecting the gas sample during indirect gas sampling
SAMPLE PROBE A device used to distribute gas from a gas sample point to a gas detector
SAMPLING POINT A point in a gas stream where a representative sample can be obtained
SBA Safe Briefing Area. Also known as the muster area. The Safe Briefing Area
will be located upwind in regards to the prevailing wind. An alternative Safe
Briefing Area should also be appointed.
SCBA Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
SOLAS Safety Of Life At Sea
SO2 Sulphur Dioxide, A non-flammable and colourless toxic gas
SOP Standard Operational Procedure
SRB Sulphate Reducing Bacteria
SSC Sulphide Stress Corrosion
Surface Safety Valve, an automated spring-assisted fail-safe valve installed

SSV on a wellhead to automatically shut in flow during an abnormal condition.
E.g. upper master valve, a wing valve or a production valve
Subsurface Safety Valve, an automated valve installed below surface level

SSSV
in the tubing string of an oil or gas well
Time Weighted Average. The allowable average concentration of H 2S over a
T.W.A. period of 8 hours.
UEL Upper Explosive Level
UNCLOS United Nations Law Convention on the Law of the Sea
UPD Uninterrupted Power Supply
WEA Danish Working Environment Authority
WEBA Work & Escape Breathing Apparatus
Wellhead The valve manifold directly at the top of the well bore

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Gas sampling standard

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Revision Date Notes

2.0 01-05-2016 New layout

2.0 01-05.2017 Content reviewed and updated

5 WORKPLACE ASSESSMENTS: .......................................................................... 4

7 PRE JOB MEETING ......................................................................................... 6

8 SELECTING THE CORRECT MEASUREMENT METHOD .......................................... 6

10 GAS SAMPLING AREA..................................................................................... 8

11 DEFINING GAS CONCENTRATION .................................................................... 8

12 GAS DISPERTION CALCULATION ..................................................................... 9

14 PRECAUTIONS WHILE WELL-TESTING .............................................................11

15 SAMPLING PROCEDURE WITH MANUAL DETECTION INSTRUMENTATION .............11

16 GAS OR LIQUID CONTAINERS AND BAGS ........................................................12

18 MANUAL GAS SAMPLE PROCEDURE .................................................................17

19 MANUAL DLE GAS SAMPLE PROCEDURE ..........................................................19

20 CONTAMINATION OF THE SAMPLE ..................................................................20

22 REPORTING OF UNINTENDED GAS RELEASE INCIDENTS: ..................................21

25 TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS ...........................................................23

25.1 Abbreviations & Acronyms .........................................................................23

American Petroleum Institute (API), Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Chapter 14 –

 Toxic gas properties

Our policy is to:

 Preserve the good health and wellbeing of all employees.

- A prioritisation of the risks

- A plan for their resolution

- A plan for following up on the work

6 COMPETENCY AND TRAINING

Personnel working Personnel performing Personnel performing

 Supervisor responsibilities in relation to the contingency plan.

7 PRE JOB MEETING

The following topics must be discussed and clarified:

 Actual work to be carried out

8 SELECTING THE CORRECT MEASUREMENT METHOD

Normally, following difference between gas risks are used:

Lack or excess of oxygen

9 GAS DETECTION INTRUMENTATION

Manual gas extraction instruments

In general, two systems are in use:

 Inspect the instrument for any damage.

 Perform a leak test for a minimum of one (1) minute.

Electronic gas detection instruments

 Inspect the instrument for damages.

 Perform a leak test for a minimum of the pump-unit.

10 GAS SAMPLING AREA

Restricted Area Zone

11 DEFINING GAS CONCENTRATION

12 GAS DISPERTION CALCULATION

Rupture Exposure Radius (RER)

Determination of Rupture Exposure Radius (RER)

- The area shall be restricted with a barrier to prevent unauthorized access.

- A designated watchman shall be assigned to the operation with sufficient fire-

- Personnel performing the actual breaking/opening/venting of closed systems shall

14 PRECAUTIONS WHILE WELL-TESTING

 Always open up a well slowly, using the upper master valve.

 Always pressure test the installation prior to well opening.

15 SAMPLING PROCEDURE WITH MANUAL DETECTION INSTRUMENTATION

16 GAS OR LIQUID CONTAINERS AND BAGS

Personal and portable monitoring

For atmospheres containing dust the prefix 2 is added:

Working principle for electronic detectors

Electrochemical-type gas sensors are aerometric fuel cells

When toxic gas such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) diffuses