STUDY OF BASIC OPAMP CONFIGURATIONS

AND SIMPLE MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS

SHIVAM AWASTHI
Msc. Physics
16510077
January 23, 2018

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Contents
1 AIM 3

2 THEORY 3
2.1 Inverting amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Non-Inverting amplfier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 Summing amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.4 Differentiator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.5 Integrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.6 Low pass filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.7 High Pass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3 Observation 7
3.1 Inverting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 Non-Inverting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 Adder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4 Differentiator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5 Integrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.6 Low pass filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.7 High pass filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4 Results and Discussion 12

5 Error calculation 13

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1 AIM
To study basic operations of an operational amplifier by implementing various configurations.

2 THEORY
The operational amplifier(OPAMP) is fundamentally a voltage amplifying device designed
to be used with external feedback components such as capacitors and resistors between its
output and input terminal.

2.1 Inverting amplifier

Fig-1

The above figure shows inverting amplifier and its input resistance is ideally infinite.The
closed loop gain is given as

V0 R
Vi
= − Rinf

The negative sign indicates that output is 1800 out of phase with input.

2.2 Non-Inverting amplfier

Fig-2

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Here the signal is applied to the non-inverting terminal.The resistors Rf and Rg form a
voltage divider at the input terminal.

Vout Rf
Vin
=1+ Rg

is the close-loop voltage gain.The output is in phase with input.

2.3 Summing amplifier

Fig-3

For the above shown configuration,we can write

I1 + I2 + ...... + I3 = If
V1
Rin
+ RVin
2
+ ........ + RVin
n
= − RV0f
R
V0 = − Rinf (V1 + V2 + ...... + Vn )
If Rf = Rin
V0 = −(V1 + V2 + ...... + Vn )

In this case the output is exactly equal to the sum of inputs with a change in sign because
the input is applied to the inverting terminal.

2.4 Differentiator

Fig-4

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All the input current Ic flows through the feedback resistor R i.e. Ic = Ir

Ir = 0−V
R
0
= − VR0 andVc = Vi
and Ic = C dV dt
c
= C dV
dt
i

V0 dVi
- R = C dt
V0 = −RC dV dt
i

which shows that the output is the differentiation of the input with an inversion.

2.5 Integrator

Fig-5

The point A is virtual grounded as seen from figure above and because of infinite impedance
of the OPAMP, all of the input current I flows through the capacitor i.e. I=Ic

i= VRi
also voltage across capacitor is Vc = 0 − V0 = −V0

Ic = CdV
dt
c
= − CdV
dt
0

vi dv0
therefore, R = −C dt
or, dV
dt
0
= − RC1
Vi
and, integrating both sides, we get

1
R
V0 = − RC Vi dt

2.6 Low pass filter

Filters can be divided into two distinct types: active filters and passive filters. Active filters
contain amplifying devices to increase signal strength while passive do not contain amplify-
ing devices to strengthen the signal.

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The low pass filter only allows low frequency signals from 0Hz to its cut-off frequency, c point
to pass while blocking those any higher.

Fig-6

2.7 High Pass Filter

A high-pass filter is an electronic circuit that passes signals with a frequency higher than
a certain cutoff frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff
frequency.
It can also be used alongside a low pass filter to design a band-pass filter. The cutoff
frequency is given by
1
fc = 2π∗Rin Cin

Fig-7

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3 Observation
3.1 Inverting
R1 = 1KΩ and R2 = 10KΩ
Vout
Sl. input(Vin ) output(Vout ) Vin
No. (V) (V)
1 0.008 -0.09 11.25
2 0.047 -0.47 10.00
3 0.442 -4.46 10.09
4 0.665 -6.71 10.09
5 1.064 -10.73 10.08
6 1.325 -12.93 9.76
7 1.548 -12.97 8.38

3.2 Non-Inverting
R1 = 1KΩ and R2 = 10KΩ
Vout
Sl. input(Vi n) output(Vout ) Vin
No. (V) (V)
1 0.175 1.9 10.86
2 0.382 4.2 10.99
3 0.795 8.7 10.94
4 1.280 14.1 11.01
5 1.308 14.4 11.01
6 1.448 14.4 9.94

3.3 Adder
a) R = 1kΩ, Rf = 10KΩ

Sl. (V1 ) (V2 ) Vout

No. (V) (V)
1 0.312 0.0 -3.167
2 0.429 0.104 -5.39
3 0.429 0.416 -8.54
4 0.590 0.416 -10.16
5 0.923 0.678 -12.97
6 0.964 0.791 -12.97

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3.4 Differentiator
Rf = 10KΩ; C = 0.1µF

Fig-8 Input=sawtooth wave and output=square wave

Fig-9 Input=square wave and output=spikes

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3.5 Integrator
Rf = 10KΩ; C = 0.01µF

Fig-10 Input=sine wave and output=cos wave

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3.6 Low pass filter

R1 = 1kΩ, R2 = 10kΩ and C = 0.01µF
Table: Data to plot Gain vs Frequency graph

Serial Frequency Input Output(V) Av = 20 log Av

No. (in Hz) (in V) (in V) ( VVoi )
1 113.4 1.62 13.8 8.51 18.59
2 151.5 1.52 14.2 9.34 19.40
3 181.5 1.62 14.0 8.64 18.73
4 236.4 1.54 13.6 8.83 18.91
5 301.2 1.52 13.6 8.95 19.03
6 359.7 1.58 13.4 8.48 18.56
7 440.9 3.10 28.0 9.03 19.11
8 506.6 3.10 27.2 8.77 18.86
9 628.9 3.12 26.0 8.33 18.41
10 776.9 2.98 24.8 8.32 18.39
11 858.4 3.06 24.0 7.84 17.88
12 1080 3.0 21.6 7.2 17.14
13 1104 3.02 21.4 7.09 17.01
14 1179 3.02 20.6 6.82 16.67
15 1215 2.94 20.8 7.08 16.99
16 1268 2.96 20 6.76 16.59
17 1296 3.02 19.8 6.56 16.34
18 1345 3.2 20.4 6.38 16.09
19 1409 3.16 19.8 6.27 15.94
20 1436 3.16 19.4 6.14 15.76
21 1503 3.02 19.2 6.36 16.06
22 1569 3.10 18.6 6.0 15.56
23 1606 3.08 18.2 5.91 15.43
24 1643 3.0 18.0 6.0 15.56
25 1691 3.14 17.8 5.67 15.06
26 1736 3.08 17.6 5.71 15.13
27 1826 3.12 17.0 5.45 14.72
28 1908 3.12 16.6 5.32 14.52
29 2036 3.08 15.8 5.13 14.19
30 2515 3.22 13.6 4.22 12.51
31 3382 3.16 10.6 3.35 10.49
32 5103 3.08 7.6 2.47 7.84
33 6768 3.16 6.0 1.9 5.57
34 8479 3.08 5.0 1.62 4.19
35 9709 2.4 2.8 1.33 2.48

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Fig-11 Graph- Frequency vs decibel gain

3.7 High pass filter

R1 = 10kΩ, R2 = 10kΩ and C = 0.01µF
Table: Data to plot Gain vs Frequency graph

Serial Frequency Input Output(V) Av = 20 log Av

No. (in Hz) (in V) (in V) ( VVoi )
1 146.3 5.2 1.2 0.23 -12.77
2 211.0 5.2 1.44 0.28 -11.06
3 323.6 5.2 1.84 0.35 -9.12
4 434.8 5.2 2.08 0.40 -7.96
5 714.3 5.4 2.88 0.53 -5.51
6 961.5 5.2 4.08 0.79 -2.05
7 1010 6.2 5.52 0.89 -1.01
8 1099 6.0 5.0 0.83 -1.61
9 1256 5.76 4.20 0.73 -2.73
10 1323 5.84 4.80 0.82 -1.72
11 1381 5.60 5.40 0.96 -0.35
12 1524 3.8 3.28 0.86 -0.07
13 1577 2.8 2.32 0.83 -1.61
14 1626 2.8 2.56 0.91 -0.82
15 1675 2.8 2.64 0.94 -0.03
16 1711 3.2 3.04 0.95 -0.46
17 1803 3.00 2.96 0.99 -0.09
18 1988 3.20 3.28 1.025 0.21

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Fig-12 Graph- Frequency vs decibel gain

4 Results and Discussion

• A theoretical gain of 10 was applied to the inverting configuration and was verified
accurately till 13V after which saturation was achieved.

• A theoretical gain of 11 was applied to the non-inverting configuration.Experimental

results verified it with good accuracy.Saturation came at 14.4 V.

• Summing amplifier was made with two input voltages and different combinations were
verified.It was a pretty simple task for an amplifier.

• As expected for a differentiator,square wave was obtained as output for a triangular

input and square input resulted in spikes.

• The sine wave was integrated to obtain a cosine wave thus verifying our integrator
circuit.

• The frequency response curves were studied for both low and high pass filters.Graphs
were plotted between frequency and decibel gain thus calculating experimental cut-off
frequency(the frequency at which gain is 3db less than the maximum value
1
Theoretical cutoff freq. fc = 2πRC =1.59 KHz
for both configurations.

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– Low pass:
Experimental cut off frequency for low pass filter=1.32 KHz
Log graph was plotted for low pass filter because the values ranged from 100 Hz
to 10 KHz.The behaviour was pretty much close to the theoretical one.

– High pass:
Experimental cut off frequency for high pass filter=911.94 Hz
The results were constrained to a frequency of around 2 KHz as the functional
generator could not provide input above that value so they were plotted on a
linear scale as the range allowed.

5 Error calculation
• Inverting amplifier
Theoretical value=10V , Expt. value=10.21V
%Error=2.10%

• Non-inverting amplifier
Theoretical value=11V , Expt. value=10.962V
%Error=0.35%

• Low pass filter

Theoretical value=1.59KHz, Expt. value=1.32KHz
%Error=16.9%

• High pass filter

Theoretical value=1.59KHz, Expt. value=911.94Hz
%Error=42.64%

The DC operations were verified with decent accuracy and precesion while on the other hand
due to unstable frequency input the AC operations specially the high pass filter were quite
erroneous.
Although the characteristic frequency response curves were obtained still a large part of the
instrumental error was reflected in the experimental cut off frequency values.

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