Colligative properties of Electrolytes

and Non electrolyte solutions

Fourth grading period
 Colligative properties
• Colligative properties are properties of a
solution that depend only on the number and
not on the identity of the solute particles.
• these depend on the collective effect of the
concentration of solute particles present in an
ideal solution.
• Non volatile solute- a solute that does not
have a vapor pressure of its own
 Different properties of Colligative
solutions
Colligative properties include the following:
(1) vapor pressure lowering;
(2) boiling point elevation; and
(3) freezing point depression.
 Effect of solute concentration on the
colligative properties of solutions
• The concentration or amount of nonvolatile
solute (i.e., a solute that does not have a vapor
pressure of its own) in the solution has an effect
on the colligative properties of solutions.
• The effect would depend on the ratio of the
number of particles of solute and solvent in the
solution and not on the identity of the solute.
• However, it is necessary to take into account
whether the solute is an electrolyte or a
nonelectrolyte.
Effects of electrolyte and nonelectrolyte on colligative properties solutions .
1) Vapor Pressure Lowering
• Vapor pressure is a direct measure of escaping tendency of molecules.
• A pure liquid (solvent) in a closed container will establish equilibrium with its
vapor. And when that equilibrium is reached, the pressure exerted by the vapor is
called the vapor pressure.
• A substance that has no measurable vapor pressure is nonvolatile, while one that
exhibits a vapor pressure is volatile.
• When a liquid evaporates easily, it will have a large number of its molecules in the
gas phase resulting to a high vapor pressure.
• a nonvolatile solute like salt or sugar has been dissolved into the solvent, having
the effect of diluting the water.
• The addition of a nonvolatile solute resulted to a lowering of the vapor pressure
of the solvent.
• The lowering of the vapor pressure depends on the number of solute particles
that have been dissolved.
• The chemical nature of the solute is not considered because vapor pressure is
merely a physical property of the solvent and does not undergo a chemical
reaction with the solvent and does not itself escape into the gas phase.
• It is important to note that
the reduction in the vapor
pressure of a solution is
directly proportional to the
fraction of the volatile
molecules in the liquid,
which is the mole fraction
of the solvent.
• This reduced vapor pressure
can be determined using
Raoult’s Law
 Electrolyte and nonelectrolyte
• it is important to take into consideration whether the
solute is an electrolyte or nonelectrolyte.
• Ionic compounds like sodium chloride, NaCl, are strong
electrolytes that dissociate into ions when they
dissolve in solution results in a larger number of
dissolved particles.
• Consider two different solutions of equal
concentration:
• one is made from ionic compound NaCl, while the
other is made from the molecular compound glucose
(C6H12O6). This is a nonelectrolyte compound
• The equations below show what happens
when these solutions dissolve :
• NaCl(s) ———> Na+ (aq) + Cl“ (aq) 2 dissolved
particles
• C6H12O6 (s) ————-> C6H12O6 (aq) 1
dissolved particle
 Interpretation of the equation:
• The sodium chloride, NaCl dissociates into 2 ions,
while glucose does not dissociate.
• Thus, equal concentrations of each solution will result
in twice as many dissolved particles as in the case of
NaCl.
• The vapor pressure of the solvent in NaCl solution
(electrolyte) will be lowered twice as much as that of
the solvent in the glucose (nonelectrolyte) solution.
• Since the surface now of salt solution is covered by
more solute particles, there is less room for solvent
molecules to evaporate lowering the vapor pressure
of the solvent, water.
Effects of electrolyte and nonelectrolyte on colligative
properties solutions.

2) Boiling Point Elevation

• The addition of a nonvolatile solute lowers the vapor pressure of the
solution; consequently the temperature must be raised to restore the
vapor pressure of the solution to the value conforming to the pure
solvent.
• Specifically, the temperature at which the vapor pressure is 1 atm will be
higher than the normal boiling point by an amount known as the boiling
point elevation.
• In this case the sucrose solution has a higher boiling point than the pure
solvent.
• Since the vapor of the solution is lower, more heat must be supplied to
the solution to bring its vapor pressure up to the pressure of the external
atmosphere.
• The boiling point elevation is the difference in temperature between the
boiling point of the pure solvent and that of the solution.
• The lowering of the vapor
pressure
• in a solution causes the
boiling point of the solution
to be higher than the pure
solvent
• For dilute solution the
elevation of the boiling
point is directly
proportional to the molal
concentration of the solute:
• 3) Freezing Point Depression
• The freezing point of a substance is the temperature at
which the solid and liquid forms can coexist indefinitely, at
equilibrium.
• Under these conditions molecules pass between the 2
phases at equal rates because their escaping tendencies
from the two phases are identical.
• The solute lowers the vapor pressure of the solvent
resulting in a lower freezing point for the solution
compared to the pure solvent.
• The freezing point depression is the difference in
temperature between the freezing point of a pure solvent
and that of a solution.
• The lowering of the vapor
pressure in a solution
causes the boiling point of
the solution to be higher
than pure solvent (purple).
• As a result, the freezing
point of a solvent decreases
when any solute is dissolved
into it.
• at a given temperature, if a substance is added to
a solvent like water, the solute-solvent
interactions prevent the solvent from going into
the solid phase, requiring the temperature t o
decrease further before the solution will solidify.
• Meaning, more energy must be removed from
the solution in order to freeze it and the freezing
point of the solution is lower than that of the
pure solvent.
• The magnitude of the freezing point depression is
directly proportional to
• The magnitude of the freezing
point depression is directly
proportional to the molality of
the solution. Thus:

Where:
• Kf – is the molal freezing - point
depression constant., a constant
that is equal to the change in the
freezing-point for a 1 molal
solution of a nonvolatile
molecular solute
• Tf – freezing point depression
• M – molality of solute