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Induced emf:
When a charge q moves with velocity v in a magnetic X X
field B then it experiences a force given by F = q vxB. If a
X X X X
conducting rod (having electrons in it) moves with velocity v,
in a region of magnetic field B, then each electron X X X X
experiences this force. [Which side is +ve? Find direction of v _
+
force on the electron, using Fleming’s left hand rule. We see
L
that in the figure below, the right end is negative.]
Due to it, one side of the rod becomes relatively –ve
with respect to the other side or say that there is a potential difference between the ends
of the rod, and correspondingly an electric field exists along the rod.
This electric field keeps on increasing as more and more electrons reach the
right end of the rod so that after some time F = q vxB becomes equal to qE.
If V is the induced emf (motional) and L is the length of the rod, then E = V/L so
that the magnitude of induced emf V = BLv. (Note – Vinduced emf, v velocity)
Q. Is it possible that the rod moves in a magnetic field, still there is no induced emf?
Induced current:
The wire behaves as a source of emf. If we join the
two ends of the rod, current will flow in the connecting wire.
B
The direction of the current in external circuit is from +ve to I
–ve. Inside the wire it is from right to left (-ve to +ve).
v
(The direction of induced current is given by Fleming’s
“right hand rule” – If the thumb of right hand represent + -
direction of motion of wire, the index finger the direction of
field, then the middle finger gives the direction of induced
current).
If R is the resistance of the circuit, then induced current, i = BLv/R,
Q. What if the whole frame moves as one piece inside the magnetic field?
Q1. Two railway tracks insulated from each other and the ground, are connected to a
millivoltmeter. What is the reading of the millivoltmeter when a train travels at a speed of
18 km/hr along the track given that BV = 0.2 x 10- 4 wb/m2 and the rails are separated by
1 m? Track is south to north.
Q2. A metallic rod of length L is rotated with angular velocity , with one end hinged at
the centre and the other end at the circumference of a circular metallic ring of radius R,
about an axis passing through the centre and perpendicular to the plane of the ring. A
constant and uniform magnetic field B parallel to the axis is present everywhere. What is
the emf between the centre and the metallic ring?
Q3. A square metal wire loop of side 10 cm and resistance 1 is moved with a constant
velocity vo in a uniform field B = 2 wb/m2 as shown in the figure. The loop is connected to
a network of resistors each of value 3 . The X X
V
X X
0
Ex. 6, 11, 12, 14-18, 20 (pg. 298 - 301), Q 16, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37-39, 41-64 (pg. 307-311)
Mutual Induction - When two coils are placed together, then the change in current in
one coil gives rise to varying magnetic flux in the other, leading to an induced emf in it.
The current due to this induced emf is such that it opposes the rise in current in the first
coil. This is called Mutual induction.
Flux associated with the second coil is proportional to the current in the first coil
i.e. 2 i1 2 = Mi1 where M is the mutual inductance of the coils.
We define M as the flux associated with the second coil when 1A current passes
through the first coil Or from V2 = -d2/dt = -Mdi1/dt we define M as the induced emf in
the second coil when rate of change of current is unity in the first coil.
If a coil of n2 turns per unit length and length l2, area A2 is placed along the axis
of another coil of n1 turns per unit length then
2 = BA2N2 = (on1I1) A2 (n2l2) = (on1n2l2 A2) I1
So M = on1n2l2 A2 = o (n1n2) l A measured in Henry.
This concept that when current or magnetic flux is changed through one of the
two coupled coils, then induced emf is produced in the other coil, forms the principle of
the Transformer (and also of the induction coil).
AC Generator –