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This paper proposes a simplified equivalent circuit model that can be used in the presentation of characteristic
harmonic components generated by full wave diode rectifiers. In the model, the load current is assumed to be
constant as in many industrial applications. In order to obtain an accurate and exact analysis, the proposed model
involves both current harmonics on AC side and voltage harmonics on DC side of the full wave rectifiers. The
model depends on Fourier series expansion for the load voltage and the source current waveforms.
Key words: Harmonic Model, Equivalent Circuit, Full Wave Rectifier
ud(t)
id(t)
Um Id RL
+
wt ud(t) ~
2 3
(a) Load voltage and current L
us(t)
is(t)
Id DC side
wt Fig. 4. Equivalent voltage source, ud (t), applied to the
load
-Id
(b) Source voltage and current
ud4 (t),. . . in Fig.5, where Ud is average load voltage as
DC source, ud2 (t) is a AC source having ω2 frequency,
ud4 (t) is a AC source having ω4 frequency,. . . .
Fig. 3. Waveforms of a diode rectifier
Second, Let’s deal with the current harmonics in AC
side of the rectifier circuit in Fig.1. The source current on
an exact analysis, it is necessary to deal with both harmon- AC side, is (t), is dependent on the load current, Id . Al-
ics. For this purpose, a new equivalent circuit model con- though the current on DC side of the converter is constant,
taining both current harmonics and voltage harmonics is the current on AC side is bidirectional as shown in Fig. 3b.
proposed. It depends on Fourier series expansion for the In other words, the source current has a bidirectional form
load voltage and the source current waveforms. of load current. The source current, is (t), is expressed by
First, Let’s consider the output voltage harmonics in Fourier series as follows.
DC side of the rectifier circuit in Fig. 1. In the rectifier cir-
cuits, an AC source is processed through a set of switches ∞
X 4
to create a well-defined waveform. We can represent the is (t) = Id sin(nωt)is (t) = isf (t) + ish (t)
combined action of an actual source (AC source) and a n=1,3,5,...
nπ
set of switches by an equivalent source. The equivalent (4)
sources provide a very strong advantage: The new circuits
are linear, and avoid the nonlinearity and complication of isf and ish represents the fundamental component, the har-
switches. We can use superposition, Laplace transforms, monic component of the source current, respectively.
or other techniques from linear network analysis to ana- Since the source current on AC side is dependent on the
lyze rectifiers. Based on superposition, a term-by-term for load current, Id , this current is modeled by a current con-
the Fourier series of the current and voltage in the rectifier trolled current source, which is controlled with load cur-
circuits can be solved. Equivalent voltage source, ud (t), rent. The dependent harmonic current source, Js (t), equal
applied to the load in Fig. 1, is presented in Fig. 4. to is (t), is shown in Fig.6. Although the load current is
The equivalent voltage source, ud (t), contains both the almost constant, the harmonic current source has a square
fundamental component and harmonic components of the wave form as in the source current of Fig. 3b.
voltage. The equivalent source waveform, accordingly the Now, to derive the new equivalent circuit containing
output voltage of the rectifier circuit, is given in Fig. 3a. harmonic currents on the AC side and harmonic voltages
The Fourier series expression relating to the voltage ud (t) on the DC side of full wave diode rectifier, we discuss an
is given by equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 7. This model, primarily,
is a combination of Fig. 4 and Fig. 6.
∞
X Since the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 7 contains
2Um 2Um 2
uD (t) = − cos(nωt). both AC side and DC side of the rectifier circuit, it meets
π π n2 − 1
n=2,4,6... the need for exact analysis of the rectifier circuit. The
(3) switching circuit is converted into a linear circuit with re-
Every component of Fourier series corresponds to a gards to harmonics. Therefore, any circuit analysis tech-
voltage source. They are symbolized as Ud , ud2 (t), nique can be used to analyze the rectifier circuit.
is(t) r id(t)
id(t)
RL
+ us(t) + +
Ud Js(t) ud(t)
~ ~
L
+ RL
ud2(t) ~
AC side DC side
Rectifier
ud(t) +
ud4(t) ~ Fig. 7. Exact harmonic model of diode rectifier circuit
L isf(t) r idf(t)
+
RL
udn(t) ~ us(t) + +
Js1(t) ud1(t)
~ ~
L
r
Fig. 8. Equivalent circuit to fundamental components on
the DC and AC side
is(t)
+ Jah (t) and udh (t) represents the sources relating to har-
us(t) Js(t) monic components.
~
ish(t) r idh(t)
RL
+
AC side Jsh(t) udh(t)
~
L
Fig. 6. Dependent harmonic current source
From the point of harmonic studies, the equivalent cir- AC side DC side
Rectifier
cuit can be divided into two circuits: one is an equivalent
circuit to the fundamental component and the other is an Fig. 9. Equivalent circuit to harmonic components on the
equivalent circuit to harmonics. DC and AC side
First, the equivalent circuit to the fundamental compo-
nents on both the AC side and the DC side of the rectifier
is discussed. In this case, the first harmonic components of 4 SIMULATION RESULTS
dependent current source, Js (t), and voltage source ud (t) In Fig. l, let the internal resistance r on the AC side of
in the model are considered: Js1 (t), ud1 (t). The source the rectifier be 1Ω and the resistance RL on the DC side
voltage, us (t) remains unchanged. According to (3), Since be 10Ω, the inductance L on the DC side be 1000mH, the
ud (t) has even harmonics, ud1 (t) is equal to 0. The equiv- max. value of the source voltage Um be 100V and the
alent circuit to the fundamental components is obtained as frequency be 50Hz. The diodes are assumed to be ideal.
in Fig.8. The load voltage, ud (t), and source current, is (t),
Next, the equivalent circuit to harmonic components on waveforms relating to the exact equivalent circuit in Fig.
both the AC side and the DC side of the rectifier is dis- 7 are given in Fig. 10. It can be seen that the waveforms
cussed. This equivalent circuit can be obtained under the obtained from the proposed equivalent circuit model are
condition that the source voltage us (t) = 0, the first com- the same as the waveforms of Fig. 3.
ponent of harmonic current source Js1 (t) = 0 in Fig.7. The fundamental component, isf (t), of source current
The equivalent circuit to harmonics is shown in Fig. 9. obtained from Fig. 8, is given in Fig. 11.
100 5 CONCLUSION
80
The most important process in harmonic analysis is
to obtain correct models relating to harmonic-generating
u(t)(V)
60
sources. The paper describes the equivalent circuit con-
d
2
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i (t)(A)
0
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s
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