Lectures 16 & 17

Sinusoidal Signals, Complex

Numbers, Phasors, Impedance
& AC Circuits

Nov. 7 & 9, 2011

Material from Textbook by Alexander & Sadiku and Electrical Engineering:

Principles & Applications, A. R. Hambley is used in lecture slides.
 Sinusoids and Phasors
Chapter 9

9.1 Motivation
9.2 Sinusoids’ features
9.3 Phasors
9.4 Phasor relationships for circuit elements
9.5 Impedance and admittance
9.6 Kirchhoff’s laws in the frequency domain
9.7 Impedance combinations

3
 How to determine
v(t) and i(t)?

vs(t) = 10V ->

AC

How can we apply what we have learned before to

4
determine i(t) and v(t)?
 War of the Currents
•  Edison’s DC power
was first
–  Good for lights & vs
motors
–  Ease of generation
–  Not easy transmit long
distances
•  Westinghouse &
Tesla (AC power)
–  Needed math skils
–  Needed generator
and other technology
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
–  Easy for long distance
War_of_Currents
transmission
 Sinusoids
•  A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of the sine or
cosine function.
•  A general expression for the sinusoid,

where
Vm = the amplitude of the sinusoid
ω = the angular frequency in radians/s (ω = 2 π f)
Ф = the phase
6
 Sinusoids
A periodic function is one that satisfies v(t)
= v(t + nT), for all t and for all integers n.

•  Only two sinusoidal values with the same

frequency can be compared by their amplitude
and phase difference.
•  If phase difference = zero, they are in phase; if7
phase difference ≠zero, they are out of phase.
 Sinusoid Examples
Example

Given a sinusoid, , calculate its

amplitude, phase, angular frequency, period, and
frequency.

Solution:

Amplitude = 5, phase = –60o, angular frequency

= 4π rad/s, Period = 0.5 s, frequency = 2 Hz.
8
 Sinusoid Example
Example 2

Find the phase angle between

and , does i1 lead or lag i2?

Solution:

Since sin(ωt+90o) = cos ωt

therefore, i1 leads i2 155o

9
 EE 101 Schedule
Version 11-8-11
Class Lecture Date Topic Reading Ahead Homework Quiz
1 1 9-23-11 Introduction Review Math
2 2 9-26-11 Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering A & S Ch 1 Pre-Req
3 3 9-28-11 Circuit Laws, Voltage & Current Dividers A & S Ch 2
4 4 9-30-11 Node/Loop Analysis A& S Ch 3 Hmwk 1 Due
5 5 10-3-11 Node/Loop Analysis 1
6 6 10-5-11 Thévenin Equivalent Circuits A & S Ch 4
7 7 10-7-11 Norton Equivalent Circuits Hmwk 2 Due
8 8 10-10-11 Amplifiers A & S Ch 5
9 10-12-11 Review for Midterm 1
10 10-14-11 Midterm 1
11 9 10-17-11 Op Amps Hmwk 3 Due 2
12 10 10-19-11 Op-Amp Circuits
13 11 10-21-11 Op-Amp Circuits
14 12 10-24-11 Inductance and Capacitance A & S Ch 6 Hmwk 4 Due 3
15 13 10-26-11 First Order Transient Response A & S Ch 7
16 14 10-28-11 RC/RL Circuits, Time Dependent Op Amp Circuits
17 15 10-31-11 Second Order Transient Response A & S Ch 8 Hmwk 5 Due
18 11-2-11 Review for Midterm 2 4
19 11-4-11 Midterm 2
20 16 11-7-11 Sinusoidal Signals, Complex Numbers, Phasors A & S Ch 9
21 17 11-9-11 Phasor Circuits Hmwk 6 Due
11-11-11 Veteran’s Day
22 18 11-14-11 AC Power, Thevenin A & S Ch 10 Hmwk 7 Due
23 19 11-16-11 Fourier Analysis, Transfer Function, Decibels, Low Pass Filters A & S Ch 18 + Ch 17
24 20 11-18-11 Bode Plot, Series & Parallel Resonance. High Pass Filters A & S Ch 17 Hmwk 8 Due 5
24 21 11-21-11 2nd Order Filters, Active Filters, Resonances
25 22 11-23-11 Magnetic Circuits, Materials A & S Ch 13 Hmwk 9 Due
11-25-11 Thanksgiving Day
26 23 11-28-11 Mutual Inductance & Transformers
27 24 11-30-11 AC Power Engineering Parts of A&S Chs 11&12 Hmwk 10 Due 6
12-2-11 Review for Final at normal class time and place
Final Exam Thursday, December 8th (noon to 3 pm)
Resources to Learn Complex Numbers
& other Topics for Engineering
•  http://www.khanacademy.org/ The Kahn Academy has lessons and
worked examples on a multitude of math topics, including complex
numbers
•  Here are some complex number videos at the Kahn Academy
•  http://www.khanacademy.org/video/introduction-to-i-and-imaginary-
numbers
•  http://www.khanacademy.org/video/calculating-i-raised-to-arbitrary-
exponents
•  http://www.khanacademy.org/video/i-as-the-principal-root-of--1--a-
little-technical
•  http://www.khanacademy.org/video/complex-numbers--part-1
•  http://www.khanacademy.org/video/complex-numbers--part-2
•  There are also exercises for practice at the Kahn Academy site
•  Others sites for useful links for students
•  http://www.engineerguy.com/
•  http://www.youtube.com/education
•  http://www.apple.com/education/itunes-u
 Phasors
•  A phasor is a complex number
that represents the amplitude
and phase of a sinusoid.

•  It can be represented in one of

the following three forms:

a.  Rectangular
b.  Polar
c.  Exponential
where
12
 Phasor
Mathematic operation of complex number:
1.  Addition

2.  Subtraction

3.  Multiplication

4.  Division

5.  Reciprocal

6.  Square root

7.  Complex conjugate

8.  Euler’s identity

13
 Phasor

Example
•  Evaluate the following complex numbers:

a.

b.

Solution:
a. –15.5 + j13.67
b. 8.3 + j2.2 (See Appendix A p.10)

14
 Phasor
•  Transform a sinusoid to and from the time domain to
the phasor domain:

(time domain) (phasor domain)

•  Amplitude and phase difference are two principal

concerns in the study of voltage and current sinusoids.

•  Phasor will be defined from the cosine function in all our

further study. If a voltage or current expression is in the
form of a sine, it will be changed to a cosine by
subtracting from the phase.

•  Frequency ω = 2 π f is implicit, i.e. understood from other

information. 15
 Phasor

Example
Transform the following sinusoids to phasors:
i = 6cos(50t – 40o) A
v = – 4sin(30t + 50o) V

Solution:
a. I A (frequency is understood to be ω = 50 r/s
b. Since –sin(A) = cos(A+90o);
v(t) = 4cos (30t+50o+90o) = 4cos(30t+140o) V

Transform to phasor => V V

16
 Phasor Example

Example:
Transform the phasors corresponding to sinusoids:
a. 
b.  I = j(12 + j5) A

€
Solution:
a)  v(t) = 10cos(ωt + 210o) V (phases are typically > 0)
5
b)  Since I = 12 + j5 = 12 2 + 5 2 ∠ tan −1 ( ) = 13∠ 22.62°
12
i(t) = 13cos(ωt + 22.62o) A
17
€
 Phasor Notation

The differences between v(t) and V:

•  v(t) is instantaneous or time-domain representation
V is the frequency or phasor-domain representation.
•  v(t) is time dependent, V is not.
•  v(t) is always real with no complex term, V is
generally complex.

Note: Phasor analysis applies ; when

it is applied to two or more sinusoid signals only if they have
the same frequency.

18
 Phasor
Relationship between differential, integral operation
in phasor listed as follow:

19
 Phasor

Example
Use phasor approach, determine the current i(t) in a
circuit described by the integro-differential equation.

Answer: I got i(t) = 2.24 cos(2t + 208o) A

See what you get for this.
20
 Phasor
•  In-class exercise, we can derive the differential equations for the
following circuit in order to solve for vo(t) in phase domain Vo.

•  However, the derivation may sometimes be very tedious.

Is there any quicker and more systematic methods to do it?
21
 Phasors & Circuits
The answer is YES!
Instead of first deriving the differential equation
and then transforming it into phasor to solve
for Vo, we can transform all the RLC
components into phasor first, then apply the
KCL laws and other theorems to set up a
phasor equation involving Vo directly.

22
 Phasor Relationships
for Circuit Elements
Resistor: Inductor: Capacitor:

23
 Phasor Relationships
for Circuit Elements
Summary of voltage-current relationship
Element Time domain Frequency domain

24
 Phasor Relationships
for Circuit Elements
Example

If voltage v(t) = 6 cos(100t – 30o) is applied to a 50 µF

capacitor, calculate the current, i(t), through the
capacitor.

Answer: i(t) = 0.03 cos(100t + 60o) mA

25
 Impedance and Admittance
•  The impedance Z of a circuit is the ratio of the phasor
voltage V to the phasor current I, measured in ohms Ω.

where R = Re, Z is the resistance and X = Im, Z is the

reactance. Positive X is for L and negative X is for C.

•  The admittance Y is the reciprocal of impedance,

measured in siemens (S).

26
 Impedance and Admittance

Impedances and admittances of passive elements

Element Impedance Admittance
R

27
Impedance and Admittance

28
 Impedance and Admittance

After we know how to convert RLC components

from time to phasor domain, we can transform
a time domain circuit into a phasor/frequency
domain circuit.
Hence, we can apply the KCL laws and other
theorems to directly set up phasor equations
involving our target variable(s) for solving.

29
 Impedance and Admittance
Example

Refer to Figure below, determine v(t) and i(t).

Answers: i(t) = 1.118cos(10t – 26.56o) A; v(t) = 2.236cos(10t + 63.43o) V

30
 Amplitude & Phase Relationships

•  vs = 5 cos (10 t) = 5 cos (10 t + 360)

•  i(t) = 1.11 cos(10 t – 26.6°) = 1.11 cos (10 t + 333.4)
•  v(t) = 2.236 cost (10 t + 63.4°)
 Kirchhoff’s Laws
in the Frequency Domain
•  Both KVL and KCL are hold in the phasor
domain or more commonly called frequency
domain.

•  Moreover, the variables to be handled are

phasors, which are complex numbers.

•  All the mathematical operations involved are

now in complex domain.
32
 Impedance Combinations

•  The following principles used for DC circuit

analysis all apply to AC circuit.

•  For example:
a.  voltage division
b.  current division
c.  circuit reduction
d.  impedance equivalence
e.  Y-Δ transformation
33
 Impedance Combinations
Example

Determine the input impedance of the circuit in figure below

at ω =10 rad/s.

Answer: Zin = 32.5 – j73.7

34