Bed and Bath Linen

Fabric Product and Styling

Presented by

Himanshu Maurya
Aradhana Kapoor
Bath linen
 Introduction

Fabric stylists and end product designers have

created many decorative variations of textile bath
products as
• Towel
• Rugs,
• Mats
• Shower curtains,
These items are often as ornamental as
they are functional.
 Bath linen

• Todays, bath products are produced and marketed for both

household and institutional use.

• Non textile shower curtains, these products are subject to the

provision of the textile fibre products.

• Small rugs and bath mats are also subject to a federal

flammability standard.
 Towel And Towelling

• Various fabrication techniques, including weaving, stitching, knitting and bonding

webs of fibers, are used to produce towelling.

• Towels and towelling are composed primarily of cotton. Manufacturers often

produce cotton and polyester blended towelling to save on cost, however, this
decreases the softness of the hand, the comfort, and the absorbency.
 Construction Of Towel

• Towel comes in a variety of sizes and with a variety of edge and end
finishes. Trims and embellish their surface.

• TYPE AND SIZES- several type of towel are included in today’s market
assortment.

Type Inches (width *length)

Dish towel 12*24 to 16*30
Fingertip/guest 9*14 to 11 *20
Washcloth 12*12 to 14*14
Face/hand towel 15*25 to 20*36
Bath towel 20*40 to 27*50
Bath sheet 35*66 to 45 *75
Physical Performance Properties of towel

• Breaking Force (load)

• Dimensional Change
• Bow and Skew
• Appearance
• Microbe Resistance
 Evaluating colourfastness

• Colourfastness to laundering
• Colourfastness to crocking
• Colourfastness to light

Evaluating Absorbency

Evaluating Flammability
 Caring for towel

• All towels carry instructions for machine washing using warm water and
machine drying.
• Towel with fancy borders and highly decorative trims may using hand
wash in cool water and line dry.
• White items should be bleached with chlorine compounds only when
necessary.
• Deep toned colours should be laundered separately.
 Bath Rugs AND MATS

• Bath rugs are larger and normally heavier than bath mats.

• Used continuously for decoration, softness underfoot, or insulation.

• Bath mats are used temporarily to protect the floor from moisture and to
prevent bather from slipping.

• Both floor covering product are subject to a federal flammability

mandate.
 Construction and finishing bath rugs and mats

• Bath rugs are generally cut from tufted or knitted carpet that has a lower
pile construction density.
• No secondary backing is applied but an adhesive is used to secure the
tufts.
• For skid resistance, the adhesive compound is normally embossed.
• End product producers cut various sizes of round , square, oval, and
rectangular shapes.
• Bath mats may be woven in narrow widths, with the selvages as the side
edges and small hems finishing the ends, or they may be cut from wide
fabric and hemmed on all edges.

• Two different colours of warp pile yarns may be used to produce mats
with different colour of loop on each side, or several colour of pile yarn
may be used to produce richly patterned.
 Shower curtain

• Shower curtains may be constructed of textile fabric or polymer film

sheeting. Both type are often produced as part of a coordinated bath
ensemble.

• Polymer film shower curtain- various type of polymer film sheeting are
used to produce non textile shower curtains.

• Textile shower curtain- heavy and stiff in structure. For protect the
fabric from water and shop coat the interior surface with a waterproofing
compound.
 Evaluating colourfastness

• Colourfastness to laundering
• Colourfastness to crocking
• Colourfastness to light

Evaluating water resistance

EVALUATING FLAMMABILITY
BED LINEN

Mattress
Pillows
Blankets
Sheets
Bedspreads
quilts
comforters
Bedding

• 40% of total fiber usage for home textiles goes into production of beddings.

• Primary function of bed coverings is to provide warmth and comfort for

sleeping, bedding products like towelings have high visual impact as well.

• Bedding products –

Mattress and Covers

Sheets and Pillowcases
Quilts
Throws
Comforters
Blankets
Bedspreads
Mattresses,
Mattress Foundations,
Mattress Protectors
 Mattress

• A mattress is a large pad for supporting the reclining body, used as or on a bed
• Mattresses may consist of a quilted or similarly fastened case, usually of heavy cloth,
that contains hair, straw, cotton, foam rubber, etc.; a framework of metal springs; or
they may be inflatable.
• Mattresses are usually placed on top of a bed base which may be solid, as in the
case of a platform bed, or elastic, e.g. with an upholstered wood and wire box
spring or a slatted foundation

Innerspring
A common innerspring mattress consists of three components: the spring core, the
foundation, and the upholstery layers.
 Foundtion

• A traditional box spring consists of a rigid frame containing extra heavy duty
springs. This foundation is often paired with an innerspring mattress, as it extends
the life of the spring unit at the mattress's core. All-foam mattresses are often
paired with platform-style bases.
An all-wood foundation usually has
seven or eight support slats disposed
below paperboard or beaverboard. This
foundation, variously called a "no-
flex," "low-flex" or zero-
deflection unit, as well as an "ortho
box," provides support similar to a
platform foundation. All-wood
foundations have become increasingly
prevalent as U.S. mattress makers
shifted to super-thick, one-sided
mattresses.
A grid-top foundation is a combination of steel and wood.
 Upholstry

Upholstery layers cover the mattress and provide cushioning and comfort. Some
manufacturers call the mattress core the "support layer" and the upholstery layer
the "comfort layer." The upholstery layer consists of three parts:
* The insulator - The insulator separates the mattress core from the middle
upholstery. It is usually made of fibre or mesh and is intended to keep the middle
upholstery in place.

* The middle upholstery -is usually made from materials which are intended to
provide comfort to the sleeper, including flexible polyurethane foam, visco-elastic
foam, latex foam, felt, polyester fiber, cotton fiber, wool fiber and nonwoven fiber
pads

* The quilt - Made of light foam or fibers stitched to the underside of the ticking, it
provides a soft surface texture to the mattress and can be found in varying degrees
of firmness.
 Flammability Standards

• The Standards for Flammability of Mattresses, 16 CFR 1632, is followed to

protect the public against unreasonable risk of mattress fibers leading to death.

• In 2007, Consumer Product Safety Commission established another test

method: 16 CFR Part 1633, Standard Test Method for the Flammability of
Mattress Sets.
Pillows

Two categories:
• Bed pillows
• Decorative pillows
 Size and form

Bed pillows

• Basically rectangular in shape – 20*21 inches.

• Length varies according to width of the mattress.
• Standard pillows for twin or double mattress are 26 – 27 inches long.
• Queen size pillows – 30 to 31 inches.
• King size pillows – 37 to 38 inches.

Decorative pillows

• Neck roll pillows (cylindrical) 6*14 or 7*17 inches.

• Boudoir / Breakfast pillows – 12*16 inches.
• Bolster (cylindrical) – 40 to 50 inches in length.
• Turkish pillows (gathered corners) – 16 inches square.
• European pillows – 26 inches square.
• Round pillows – 26 inches diameter.
 Fillings and Tickings

Pillows may be filled with

• Fiberfill
• Down
• Feathers
• Foam

Mostly the filling material are enclosed in a non

removable casing. Commonly used fabrics for interior
casings are:
•Muslin
• Percale
• Twill-woven ticking
• cotton damask
 Decorative Covering for Pillows

• For nighttime, plain or hem decorated pillowcases are used.

• For daytime display decorative pillow shams may be used, shams are generally styled to
match decorative pillows placed on bed.

• Decorations (trimmings/embellishments) include –

Monograms
Contrasting piping/fabric binding
Embroidery
Appliqué
Ribbons
Ruffles
 Sheets and Pillowcases

• Most sheeting fabrics use plain-woven interlacing.

• Finer yarns and higher fabric counts define high quality sheets.

• Sateen weave sheets are growing popular.

• Weft knitting is also used to produce knitted sheets in a jersey fabric(used

because of its stretchability and smooth fitting)

• Mainly rotary screen printing is used.

Types and sizes

There are three styles of sheets:

• Flat sheets: these are hemmed at both ends and may

be used as top or bottom sheets.

• Semi fitted: these are top sheets that are fitted at the
foot of the bed with elastic corners for extra
neatness and greater comfort. They don't untuck
and stay in place better.

• Fitted or Contour sheets: These have four contour

corners and can be used only as bottom sheets. The
sheeting selvedges provide a finished edge on the
sides of all sheets.
TYPE AND NAME Inches (width * length)
Flat sheets
Crib 45*68
Twin 66*104
Double or Full 81*104
Queen 90*110
King 108*110
FITTED SHEETS
Crib 29*54
Twin 39*75
Double or full 54*75
Queen 60*80
King 78*80
Pillowcases
Standard 21*35
Queen 21*39
King 21*44
Hems and border embellishments

• The hems may be simple or highly

decorative.

• Decorative hems have such border

embellishments as delicate lace, scaloped
eyelet trim, and contrasting piping.
Blankets

• Blankets are primarily used for warmth.

• Can be manufactured in two ways –
*Using yarns through weaving, knitting and
tufting.
*Using fibers through felting, flocking or
needlepunching.
 Weaving Blanketing

• Plain weaving and leno

weaving are mostly used to
produce blanketing.
• The leno-woven thermal
blanket is often lightweight
and lofty for thermal
insulation.
• Weaving one set of warp
yarns and two set of filling
yarns together produces
double-faced blanketing, or
reversible blanketing.
 Knitting blanketing

• Generally constructed on raschel knitting

machine, using interlooping patterns.

• Thermal efficiency can be adjusted by

varying the size of the yarns and the
knitting gauge used.
 Tufted Blankets

• Used extensively for production of soft floor coverings and upholstery

coverings, now used for blanketing.

• Pile yarns are punched into base fabric and the pile surface is napped
thus increasing the diameter of pile yarns and fixing them in the fabric.
 Needlepunched Blankets

• Use of needlepunching for commercial operation began in mid-1960’s.

• Made by cross layering a thick batt with webs of staple length fibers on each
side of a web of yarns.

• These fibers are entangled into a chain stitch.

• Subsequent napping raises some surface fibers, softening the appearance and
improving the thermal efficiency.
 Flocked Blankets

• Lightweight, warm blankets can be produced by

flocking nylon over the surfaces of a thin slab of
polyurethane foam.

• Together the flocked fiber and the cellular

foam serve to minimize heat transfer by
restricting air flow.
 Caring for Blankets

• Wool blankets must be stored with some type of moth repellent to protect the
fibers from moth larvae.

• To avoid felting shrinkage, blankets composed of wool fiber should be dry

cleaned, unless wash care label directs otherwise.

• Electric blankets must always be laundered;

dry cleaning solvents may damage the
insulating material covering the heating wires.
 Bedspreads,Comforters and Quilts

• Bedspreads are defined as “a type of bed covering that is placed over the blankets
and sheets for appearance or warmth.”

• Comforters are defined as “a bedcovering assembly, consisting of an insulating filler

secured between two layers of fabric, used primarily to reduce heat loss.”

• Quilts are defined as “a bedcovering assembly used primarily for warmth, consisting
of an insulating filler secured
between two layers of fabric, but generally l
ighter in weight and thinner than a comforter.”
 Quilting

• Commercially produced quilts usually have a printed, solid color or yarn dyed
face fabric, a fibrous or polyurethane batting, and a coordinating solid-colored
or printed back fabric.

• Patterned machine stitching is normally used to stabilize the layers.

Patchwork quilt - The patches are often square or rectangular.

• Finishing touches differ from quilt to quilt.

• Quilting stitches should be uniformly placed to stabilize the
structure.
• The stitches create a three-dimensional effect and can be used
to create surface patterns.
 Types of quilts

Patterned quilts - several pieces are

shaped to create a specific pattern repeat.

Crazy quilts - the pieces are irregularly shaped

and they vary in color styling.
 Trapunto quilting

• Done by placing quilting stitching around a single motif in a pattern repeat.

• The interior the quilted shape is then filled by inserting batting material
through tiny slits cut in the backing fabric.
• Trapunto quilting is particularly effective when used for decorative pillow
coverings with
large motif.
 Shadow quilting

• Done by covering an appliquéd fabric surface with a sheer fabric such as

organdy or voile.

• Quilting stitches are then placed around the outlines of the appliqués
joining the layers together.

• The color appliqués have a softened or shadowed appearance.

Bedspreads

• Most bedspreads are

chosen primarily for their
styling and decorative
fabric.

• Others,especially quilted
ones, are selected for their
insulative value.
 Styles

• Various styles of drops are seen with

bedspreads, ranging from tailored to
ruffled.

• The qualities of fabric must always be

appropriate for the styling features of
the spreads.

• Eg. A heavy fabric would be suitable

for use in a throw style but would not
drape properly in a style with gathered
or shirred sides.
 Fabrics
• Virtually any fabric can be used for bedspreads.
•Pile bedspreads fabrics are produced by weaving , knitting or tufting.
• Corduroy, is used for tailored spreads.
• Velvet is used for throw spreads.
• Pile knitting produces fur fabrics often used for throw style coverings.
• In chenille spreads, the pile tufts are closely spaced and cut, producing the caterpillar-like
appearance of chenille yarns.
• In candlewick spreads, the pile tufts are individually spaced, but, viewed collectively form a
design.
 Comforters
• Comforters are usually filled with down, feathers or fiberfill; those filled with down are
frequently known as duvets.
• Spunbonded fabric can also be used as an interior lining, allowing the use of decorative fabric
on both sides of the comforters.
• To minimize the need for cleaning, manufacturers often recommend that comforters be
enclosed in a sheet casing.
• Most comforters are channel quilted to minimize shifting and clumping of the filling.
Evaluating Bedspread fabrics, Quilts and comforters

• ASTM D 4037 Standard Performance Specifications for Woven, Knitted, or Flocked

Bedspreads fabrics.

• ASTM D 4721 Standard Practice for Evaluation of the Performance of Machine

Washable and drycleanable bed coverings and Accessories.

• ASTM D 4769 Standard Specifications for woven and warp Knitted Comforters
Fabrics.
 Bibliography

Encarta encyclopedia

Encyclopedia Britanica

Textile Products for Bath, Household and Industrial Textile

http://web.nmsu.edu/~jocogdil/CMT130/zoo/box.html