Power Engineering Guide

Transmission and Distribution

4th Edition
Power Engineering Guide
Transmission and Distribution

Your local representative:

Sales locations worldwide (EV):

http://www.ev.siemens.de/en/pages/salesloc.htm

Distributed by:
Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
Power Transmission and Distribution Group
International Business Development,
Dept. EV IBD

P.O. Box 3220

D-91050 Erlangen
Phone: ++ 49 - 9131-73 45 40
Fax: ++ 49-9131-73 45 42

Power Transmission and Distribution

group online:
http://www.ev.siemens.de

Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition

Foreword
This Power Engineering Guide is de-
vised as an aid to electrical engineers
who are engaged in the planning and
specifying of electrical power genera-
tion, transmission, distribution, control,
and utilization systems. Care has been
taken to include the most important
application, performance, physical and
shipping data of the equipment listed in
the guide which is needed to perform
preliminary layout and engineering
tasks for industrial and utility-type
installations.
The equipment listed in this guide is
designed, rated, manufactured and
tested in accordance with the Interna-
tional Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) recommendations.
However, a number of standardized
equipment items in this guide are de-
signed to take other national standards
into account besides the above codes,
and can be rated and tested to ANSI/
NEMA, BS, CSA, etc. On top of that, we
manufacture a comprehensive range of
transmission and distribution equipment
specifically to ANSI/NEMA codes and
regulations.
Two thirds of our product range is
less than five years old. For our cus-
tomers this means energy efficiency,
environmental compatibility, reliability
and reduced life cycle cost.
For details, please see the individual
product listings or inquire.
Whenever you need additional infor-
mation to select suitable products from
this guide, or when questions about
their application arise, simply call your
local Siemens office.
Sales locations worldwide:
http://www.ev.siemens.de/en/pages/
salesloc.htm
Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition
Siemens AG is one of the world’s
leading international electrical and
electronics companies.
With 416 000 employees in more than
190 countries worldwide, the company
is divided into various Groups.
One of them is Power Transmission and
Distribution.
The Power Transmission and
Distribution Group of Siemens with
24 700 employees around the world
plans, develops, designs, manufactures
and markets products, systems and
complete turn-key electrical infrastruc-
ture installations.
The group owns a growing number
of engineering and manufacturing
facilities in more than 100 countries
throughout the world. All plants are,
or are in the process of being certified
to ISO 9000/9001 practices. This is of
significant benefit for our customers.
Our local manufacturing capability
makes us strong in global sourcing,
since we manufacture products to IEC
as well as ANSI/NEMA standards in
plants at various locations around the
world.
Siemens Power Transmission and
Distribution Group (EV) is capable of
providing everything you would expect
from an electrical engineering company
with a global reach.
The Power Transmission and Distribu-
tion Group is prepared and competent,
to perform all tasks and activities in-
volving transmission and distribution
of electrical energy.
Siemens Power Transmission and
Distribution Group offers intelligent so-
lutions for the transmission and distri-
bution of power from generating plants
to customers. The Group is a product
supplier, systems integrator and service
provider, and specializes
in the following systems and services:
■ High-voltage systems
■ Medium-voltage systems
■ Metering
■ Secondary systems
■ Power systems control and
energy management
■ Power transformers
■ Distribution transformers
■ System planning
■ Decentralized power supply systems.
Siemens’ service includes the setting
up of complete turnkey installations,
offers advice, planning, operation and
training and provides expertise and
commitment as the complexity of this
task requires.
Backed by the experience of worldwide
projects, Siemens can always offer its
customers the optimum cost-effective
concept individually tailored to their
needs.
We are there – wherever and when-
ever you need us – to help you build
plants better, cheaper and faster.
Dr. Hans-Jürgen Schloß
Vice President
Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
Power Transmission and Distribution
Quality and Environmental Policy

Quality and Environmental –

Our first priority
Transmission and distribution equipment
from Siemens means worldwide activities
in engineering, design, development, man-
ufacturing and service.
The Power Transmission and Distribution
Group of Siemens AG, with all of its divi-
sions and relevant locations, has been
awarded and maintains certification to
DIN EN ISO 9001 and DIN EN ISO 14001.

Certified quality
Siemens Quality Management and Environ-
mental Management System gives our
customers confidence in the quality of
Siemens products and services.
Certified to be in compliance with
DIN EN ISO 9001 and DIN EN ISO 1400,
it is the registered proof of our reliabilty.

Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition

Contents

General Introduction
Energy Needs Intelligent Solutions

Power Transmission Systems 1

High Voltage 2

Medium Voltage 3

Low Voltage 4

Transformers 5

Protection and Substation Control 6

Power Systems Control and Energy Management 7

Metering 8

Services 9

System Planning 10

Conversion Factors and Tables

Contacts and Internet Addresses
Conditions of Sales and Delivery

Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition

General Introduction –
Transmission and Distribution

The sum of experience for

integral solutions Power generation
The world‘s population is on the increase
along with the high energy demand in in-
dustrialized countries and the rapidly grow-
ing demand in the developing and newly
industrializing nations as well. Safe, reliable
and environmentally sustainable power
transmission and distribution are therefore
one of the great challenges of our time.
Siemens is making an important contribu- Remote
tion towards solving this task, with future- hydro-electric
oriented technologies for the construction, power station
modernization and expansion of power Generator
unit trans-
systems at all voltage levels. former Long-distance transmission
The Siemens Power Engineering Guide, EHV AC up to 800 kV or HV DC
Transmission and Distribution gives a short
summary of the activities, products and Interconnected transmission system up to 550 kV
systems of the Power Transmission and
Distribution Group.
Transmission and distribution networks are
the link between power generation and the
consumers, whose requirements for elec-
trical energy determine the actual genera-
tion. Industry, trade and commerce as well
as public services (transportation and com-
munication systems including data pro-
cessing), not to mention the private sector
(households), are highly dependent upon a
reliable and adequate energy supply of
high quality at utmost economical condi-
tions. These are the basic conditions for
installation and operation of transmission HV/HV
transformer level
and distribution systems. feeding the subtrans-
mission systems
Transmission
The transmission of electrical energy from
the generating plants, which are located Subtransmission system up to 145 kV
under the major constraints of primary en-
ergy supply, cooling facilities and environ-
mental impact, to the load centers, whose Regional supply system Internal supply system Regional supply system
locations are dictated by high-density urban Urban and/or industrial Large industrial com- Rural areas
or industrial areas, requires a correspond- areas, also with local plexes also with own
ingly extensive transmission system. power stations power generation
These mostly interconnected systems, e.g.
up to 550 kV, balance the daily and season-
al differences between local available gen-
erating capacity and load requirements and HV/MV
transport the energy to the individual regions Step-down trans-
of demand. For long-distances and/or high- former level
capacity transmission, extra-high-voltage
levels up to 800 kV or DC transmission
systems are in use. Main substation with transformers up to 63 MVA
In interconnected transmission systems,
more and more substations for the sub- HV switchgear MV switchgear
transmission systems with high-voltage
levels up to 145 kV are needed as close
as possible to the densely populated areas,
feeding the regional supply of urban or in-
dustrial areas. This calls for space-saving
enclosed substations and the application
of EHV and/or HV cable systems.
Fig. 1: Transmission: Principle configuration of transmission system

Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition

General Introduction

Energy management systems are also im-

portant, to ensure safe and reliable opera- Main substation with transformers up to 63 MVA
tion of the transmission network.

Distribution HV switchgear MV switchgear

In order to feed local medium-voltage dis-
tribution systems of urban, industrial or ru-
ral distribution areas, HV/MV main substa-
tions are connected to the subtransmission
systems. Main substations have to be lo-
cated next to the MV load center for rea-
sons of economy. Thus, the subtransmis-
sion systems of voltage levels up to 145 kV Local medium-voltage distribution system
have to penetrate even further into the
populated load centers.
The far-reaching power distribution system
in the load center areas is tailored exclusive-
ly to the needs of users with large numbers
of appliances, lamps, motor drives, heating,
chemical processes, etc. Most of these
are connected to the low-voltage level. Ring type Feeder cable Spot system
The structure of the low-voltage distribu-
tion system is determined by load and re- Public supply Connection of Industrial supply
liability requirements of the consumers, as large consumer and large buildings
well as by nature and dimensions of the
area to be served. Different consumer char-
acteristics in public, industrial and commer- Medium voltage substations
cial supply will need different LV network
configurations and adequate switchgear MV/LV substation Circuit-
and transformer layout. Especially for indus- looped in MV cable breaker
trial supply systems with their high number by load-break switch- Load-
of motors and high costs for supply inter- gear in different break
ruptions, LV switchgear design is of great combinations for switch
individual substation
importance for flexible and reliable opera- design, transformers Consumer-connection substation looped
tion. up to 1000 kVA in or connected to feeder cable with circuit-
Independent from individual supply charac- breaker and load-break switches for connec-
teristics in order to avoid uneconomical LV fuses tion of spot system in different layout
high losses, however, the substations with
the MV/LV transformers should be located
as close as possible to the LV load centers. MV/LV
The compact load center substations should transformer
be installed right in the industrial produc- level
tion area near to the LV consumers.
The superposed medium-voltage system
has to be configured to the needs of these Low-voltage supply system
substations and the available sources (main
substation, generation) and leads again to Public supply Large buildings with Industrial supply with
different solutions for urban or rural public with pillars and distributed transformers distributed transformers
supply, industry and large building centers. house connections vertical LV risers and with subdistribution board
internal installation internal installation per floor and motor control center
In addition distribution management sys-
tems can be tailored to the needs, from
small to large systems and for specific re-
quirements. Consumers

Fig. 2: Distribution: Principle configuration of distribution systems

Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition

General Introduction

Despite the individual layout of networks,

common philosophy should be an utmost Power system substation
simple and clear network design to obtain
■ flexible system operation Power system switchgear
■ clear protection coordination
■ short fault clearing time and Bay protection Bay switching
■ efficient system automation. interlocking
– Overcurrent
The wide range of power requirements for – Distance
individual consumers from a few kW to – Differential etc. Control
some MW, together with the high number Other Other
of similar network elements, are the main bays Bay coordination level bays
characteristics of the distribution system
and the reason for the comparatively high
specific costs. Therefore, utmost standard-
ization of equipment and use of mainte- Substation coordination level
nance-free components are of decisive im- BB and BF (busbar
portance for economical system layout. and breaker failure) Substation control Data processing
Siemens components and systems cater protection
to these requirements based on worldwide
experience in transmission and distribution Switchgear Automation
Data and signal
networks. interlocking input/output Metering

Protection, operation, control

and metering
Safe, reliable and economical energy supply Power network telecommunication systems
is also a matter of fast, efficient and reliable Other Other
system protection, data transmission and sub- sub-
processing for system operation. The com- stations stations
ponents required for protection and opera- Power line carrier Fiber-optic
tion benefit from the rapid development of communication communication
information and communication technology.
Modern digital relays provide extensive
possibilities for selective relay setting and
protection coordination for fast fault clear-
ing and minimized interruption times. Re-
mote Terminal Units (RTUs) or Substation System coordination level
Automation Systems (SAS) provide the data
for the centralized monitoring and control
of the power plants and substations by the SCADA functions Distribution Network analysis
management
energy management system. functions
Siemens energy management systems
ensure a high supply quality, minimize gen-
eration and transmission costs and opti- Power and Grafical Training simulator
mally manage the energy transactions. scheduling information
Modularity and open architecture offer the applications systems
flexibility needed to cope with changed or
new requirements originating e.g. from de-
regulation or changes in the supply area
size. The broad range of applications in-
cludes generation control and scheduling,
management of transmission and distribu- Control room equipment
tion networks, as well as energy trading.
Metering devices and systems are impor-
tant tools for efficiency and economy to
survive in the deregulated market. For ex-
ample, Demand Side Management (DSM)
allows an electricity supply utility from a
control center to remotely control certain
consumers on the supply network for load
control purposes. Energy meters are used
for measuring the consumption of electricity,
gas, heat and water for purposes of billing
in the fields of households, commerce,
Fig. 3: System Automation:
industry and grid metering. Principle configuration of protection, control and communication systems

Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition

General Introduction

Overall solutions – System planning

Of crucial importance for the quality of
power transmission and distribution is the
integration of diverse components to form
overall solutions. Generation
Especially in countries where the increase Transmission
in power consumption is well above the
average besides the installation of gener- Distribution
ating capacity, construction and extension
of transmission and distribution systems Consumers
must be developed simultaneously and
together with equipment for protection,
supervision, control and metering. Also, for
the existing systems, changing load struc-
tures, changing requirements due to energy
market deregulation and liberalization and/
or environmental regulations, together with
the need for replacement of aged equip-
ment will require new installations.
Integral power network solutions are far
more than just a combination of products Applications
and components. Peculiarities in urban de-
velopment, protection of the countryside
and of the environment, and the suitability
for expansion and harmonious integration Light Power Heat
in existing networks are just a few of the
factors which future-oriented power sys-
tem planning must take into account.
Monitoring, Control, Automation
Outlook
The electrical energy supply (generation,
transmission and distribution) is like a pyra-
mid based on the number of components
and their widespread use. This pyramid Fig. 4: Industrial applications
rests on a foundation formed by local expan-
sion of the distribution networks and pow-
er demand in the overall system, which is
determined solely by the consumers and
their use of light, power and heat. These
basic applications arise in many variations
and different intensities throughout the en-
tire private, commercial and industrial sec-
tor (Fig. 4).
Reliability, safety and quality (i.e. voltage
and frequency stability) of the energy sup-
ply are therefore absolute essentials and
must be assured by the distribution net-
works and transmission systems.

Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition

Energy Needs Intelligent Solutions

The changing state of the world’s ener-

gy markets and the need to conserve re-
sources is promoting more intelligent
solutions to the distribution of man’s
silent servant, electricity. Change is gen-
erally wrought by necessity, often driven
by a variety of factors, not least social,
political, economic, environmental and
technological considerations. Currently
the world’s energy supply industries –
principally gas and electricity – are in
the process of undergoing radical and
crucial change that is driven by a mix-
ture of all these considerations. The col-
lective name given to the factors affect-
ing the electricity supply industry
worldwide is deregulation.
This is the changing operating scenario the
electricity supply industry as a whole faces
as it moves inexorably into the 21st century.
How can it rise to the challenge of liberal-
ized markets and the opportunities presented
by deregulation? One of the answers is the
better use of information technology and
“intelligent” control to affect the necessary
changes born of deregulation. However, to Fig. 5: Superconducting current limiter: lightning fast response
achieve this utilities need to be very sure
of the technical and commercial compe-
tence of their systems suppliers. Failure
could prove to be very costly not just in fi- ogies is to be found in decentralized energy is a crucial factor in the economic and so-
nancial terms, but also for a utility’s reputa- supply concepts and in meeting the needs cial development of a particular country. In
tion with its consumers in what is becom- of urban conurbations. Siemens is no longer the industrialized countries the concept of
ing increasingly a buyer’s market. Forming just a manufacturer of systems and equip- the “decentralized power supply” is also
and maintaining close partnerships with ment, it is now much more. Overall con- gaining ground, largely because of environ-
long-established systems suppliers such as cepts are becoming ever more important. mental concern. This has had its conse-
Siemens is the best way of ensuring suc- quences for the generation of electricity:
cess with deregulation into the millennium. All change! wind power is experiencing a renaissance,
Siemens can look back on over 100 years Power distribution technology has not more development work is being carried
of working in close co-operation with power changed significantly over the past forty out into photovoltaic devices and combined
utilities throughout the world. This accumu- years… indeed, the “rules of the game” heat and power cogeneration plants are
lated experience allows the company’s have remained the same for a much longer growing in popularity in many areas for
Power Transmission and Distribution Group period of time. both ecological and economic reasons.
to address not just technical issues, but These developments are resulting in some
also better appreciate many of the opera- A new challenge entirely new energy network structures.
tional and commercial aspects of electricity
Recently decentralized power supply sys- Additional tasks...
distribution. Experience gained over the past
tems have cornered a growing share of the
decade with the many-and-varied aspects of The scope and purpose of tomorrow’s dis-
market for a number of reasons. In devel-
deregulation puts the Group in an almost tribution systems will no longer be to sim-
oping and industrializing countries, it has
unique position to advise utilities as to the ply “supply electricity”. In future they will
become clear that the energy policies and
best solutions for taking full advantage of be required to “harvest” power and redis-
systems solutions adopted by nations with
the opportunities offered by deregulation. tribute it more economically and take into
well-established energy infrastructures are
not always appropriate. Frequently it is account, among other considerations, envi-
Innovation the issue of change more prudent to start with small decentral- ronmental needs. In the past it was no easy
Although today’s technology obviously ized power networks and to expand later in task to supply precisely the right amount of
plays a very important role in the company’s a progressive way as demand and eco- electricity according to demand because, as
current business, innovation has always nomics permit. Much benefit can also be is well-known, electricity cannot be readily
been at the vanguard of its activities; gained if generation makes use of natural stored and the loads were continually chang-
indeed it is the common thread that has or indigenous resources such as the sun, ing. Demand scheduling was very much
run through the company since its incep- water, wind or biomass. Countries that based on statistical forecasting – not an ex-
tion 150 years ago. In future power dis- struggle with population growth and migra- act science and one that cannot by its very
tribution technology, computer software, tion to the towns and cities clearly need to nature take into account realtime variations.
power electronics and superconductivity pay close attention to protecting their bal- Demand scheduling problems can become
will play increasingly prominent roles in in- ance of payments. In such cases, the expan- particularly acute when power stations of
novative solutions. Scope for new technol- sion of power supplies into the countryside limited generating capacity are on line.

Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition

Energy Needs Intelligent Solutions

Nowadays these and similar problems are

not insoluble because of decentralized
power supplies and the use of “intelligent”
control. The Power Transmission and Dis-
tribution Group has developed concepts for
the economic resolution of peak energy de-
mand. One is to use energy stores. Batteries
are an obvious choice, for these can be
equipped with power electronics to en-
hance energy quality as well as storing
electricity.

Intelligent energy management…

One of the options for matching the amount
of electricity available to the amount being
demanded is, even today, the rarely used
technique of load control. Energy saving
can mean much more than just consuming
as few kilowatt-hours as possible. It can
also mean achieving the flexibility of demand
that can make a valuable contribution to a
country’s economy. Naturally, in places such
as hospitals, textile factories and electronic
chip fabrication plants it is extremely impor-
tant for the power supply not to fail – not
even for a second. In other areas of elec-
tricity consumption, however, there is much
more room for manoeuvre. Controlled in-
Fig. 6: Silicon carbide
terruptions of a few minutes, and even a
few hours, can often be tolerated without
causing very much difficulty to those in-
volved. There are other applications where
the time constant or resilience is high, e.g.
cold stores and air-conditioning plants, where
energy can be stored for periods of up to
several hours. Through the application of
“intelligent” control and with suitable finan-
cial encouragement (usually in the form of
flexible tariff rates) there is no doubt that
very much more could be made of load
control.

Improving energy quality…

Power electronics systems, for example
SIPCON, can help improve energy quality –
an increasingly important factor in deregu-
lated energy markets. Energy has now be-
come a product. It has its price and a de-
fined quality. Consumers want a definite
quality of energy, but they also produce
reaction effects on the system that are
detrimental to quality (e.g. harmonics or
reactive power).
Energy quality first has to be measured and
documented, for example with the SIMEAS®
family of quality recorders. These measure-
ments are important for price setting, and
can serve as the basis for remedial action,
such as with active or passive filters. Power
electronics development has opened up
many new possibilities here, although con-
siderable progress may still be made in
this area – a breakthrough in silicon carbide
technology, for example.
Fig. 7: GIL
Alternatives…
It should be appreciated, however, that de-
centralized power supplies are not a pana-
cea. For those places where energy density
requirements are high, large power stations
are still the answer, and especially when
they can supply district heating. Theoreti-
cally, it should still be possible to employ
conventional technology to transport very
large amounts of electricity to the megaci-
ties of the 21st Century. Even if the use of
overhead power lines was not an option,
due to say there being insufficient space or
resistance from people living nearby, it
would be possible to use gas-insulated lines
(GIL), an economical alternative investigated
by Siemens.
The development aim of reducing costs has
meanwhile been attained here, and cost-
effective applications involving distances of
serveral kilometres are therefore possible.
The system costs for the gas-insulated trans-
mission lines (GIL) developed by Siemens
exceed those of overhead lines only by
about a factor of 10.

Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition

Energy Needs Intelligent Solutions
Wind energy
Solar energy
Biomass power plant
Energy store
GIL
Fig. 8: The mega-cities of the 21st century and the open countryside will need different solutions – very high values of connection density in the former and decentralised
configurations in the latter
This has been achieved by laying the tubu-
lar conductor using methods similar to those
employed with pipelines. Savings were
also made by simplifying and standardizing
the individual components and by using a
gas mixture consisting of sulfur hexafluo-
ride (SF6) and nitrogen (N2).
The advantages of this new technology
are low resistive and capacitive losses. The
electric field outside of the enclosure is zero,
and the magnetic field is negligibly small.
No cooling and no phase angle compensa-
tion are required. GILs are not a fire hazard
and are simple to repair.
Energy trade
The new “rules of the game” that are being
introduced in power supply business eve-
rywhere are demanding more capability
from utility IT systems, especially in areas
such as energy trading. Siemens has been
in the fortunate position of being able to
accumulate early practical experience in
this field in markets where deregulation is
being introduced very quickly – such as the
United Kingdom, Scandinavia and the USA
– and so is now able to offer sophisticated
systems and expertise with which utilities
can get to grips with the demands of the
new commercial environment.
In the past it was always security of supply
that took the highest priority for a utility.
Now, however, although it remains an im-
portant subject, more and more sharehold-
Energy management via satellite
Long-distance DC transmission
Power plants
Converter station Pumping station
Irrigation system
Switching station Fuel cells
Distribution station Cooling station (liquid nitrogen)
ers are demanding a more reasonable re- nies and independent operating utilities will
turn on their investment. Deregulation gen- no longer confine their activities to just en-
erally means privatization; profit orientation ergy production; they will be expected to
is therefore clearly going to take over from become increasingly involved in energy dis-
concern with cost. In addition this means tribution too.
that competition will inevitably produce
some concessions in the price of electrici- Potential for the future
ty, which will increase the pressure on en- The ongoing development of high-temper-
ergy suppliers. Many power supply compa- ature superconductors will doubtless ena-
nies are striving to introduce additional ble much to be achieved. Major operational
energy services, thereby making the pure innovations will, nonetheless, come from
price of energy not the only yardstick their the more pervasive use of communications
customers apply when deciding how to and data systems – two areas of technolo-
make their purchases. gy where innovations can be seen every
18 months. Consequently, it will be from
these areas that the enabling impetus for
Siemens – the energy systems house significant advances in power engineering
Siemens is offering solutions to the prob- will come.
lems that are governed by the new “rules
of the game”. The company possesses con-
siderable expertise, mainly because it is a
global player, but also because it covers the
total spectrum of products necessary for the
efficient transmission and distribution of
electricity. As with other Groups within the
company, Power Transmission and Distribu-
tion no longer regards itself as simply a pur-
veyor of hardware. In future Siemens will
be more of a provider of services and total
solutions. This will mean embracing many
new disciplines and skills, not least finan-
cial control and complete project manage-
ment. One of the reasons is that in future
“BOT” (Build, Operate & Transfer) compa-
Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition